Engineering Commons^™

Separation Of Gas Mixtures Via Batch Parametric Pumping : A Theoretical Study, Jose G. Lopez

Theses

An equilibrium plug?flow model, for the batch isothermal separation of a binary gas mixture in a pressure changing parametric pump, was investigated for the system propane?argon on carbon, with the aid of a G. E. Pack 4020 computer. Separation factors comparable to a temperature changing parametric pump are predicted by the model. A change in pressure of the gas mixture may be carried out very rapidly, compared with a temperature change of similar magnitude. The effects of temperature, pressure, concentration, and penetration are discussed.

Dynamics Of Interconnected Systems With Pulse Frequency Modulators, Halil Ozcan Gulcur

Dissertations

The objective of this dissertation is to study the dynamics of systems consisting of interconnections of an arbitrary number of complete-reset pulse frequency modulators (CRPFM's) and linear dynamical subsystems (in general, time-varying, lumped and/or distributed). CRPFM, which represents a generalization of several types of pulse frequency modulators (PFM's), consists of two basic components; a multi-input dynamic element, called the timing-filter (TF) and a threshold device (TD). Whenever the output of the TF reaches a given threshold value the TD generates an impulse and, at the same time, resets all the states of the TF to zero. This dissertation is devoted …

The Effect Of Variation In The Ratio Of Specific Heats With Temperature And Pressure On Horsepower Requirements Of Reciprocating Compressors, Selim Piskin

Theses

The expansion and compression of fluids is discussed in relation to the design of reciprocating compressors. As part of this thesis, the design equations for reciprocating compressors are developed for both ideal and reel gases.

The resulting design equations contain, as one of the parameters, the ratio of the specific heats. Using published componential specific heat data, a correlation was developed relating the dependence of the ratio of specific heat on temperature and pressure for the nore common gases. These correlations were developed so as to be compatible with the compressor design equation and to provide rapid evaluation of the …

Correlation Of Drain Breakdown With Excess Noise And Other Surface-Related Phenomena In Enhancement Mosfets, Jerry J. Rij

Theses

An investigation of semiconductor surface-related phenomena has been undertaken to correlate 1/F noise with drain breakdown in P-channel enhancement MOSFET's. Increases in the intensity of drain current fluctuations at 10Hz and at 1KHz, particularly at the higher frequency, was observed following accelerated life-testing for threshold voltage drift. It was also concluded that mobile ions near the oxide-semiconductor interface produce a sharp increase in fast trapping centers. It was also found that 1/F noise intensity consistently peaked at the threshold of drain breakdown and that it steadily decreased with further increases in drain current. Of all the transistors tested, those with …

Rubbery Acrylic Polymer Adhesives, Steven Walter

Theses

This study shows how rubbery acrylic polymer adhesives can be used to adhere rubber substrates to each other. Two substrate rubber compounds were used. A styrene-butadiene copolymer and a styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer. The adhesives were homopolymers based on polybutyl acrylate and poly2-ethyl hexyl acrylate.

Two reference standards were used. The first was commercial rubber based, solvent cements. The second was commercial acrylic solution polymers. All experimental work was compared to these standards. An attempt was made to optimize the adhesive components, as well as the adhesive application procedures and curing conditions.

A primer coating consisting of polymer, monomer, and catalyst was …

Biocatalytic Oxidation Of Nitrilotriacetate, Saul Hammerman

Theses

The specific scope of this work is to study the biological and chemical effects of a single genetic strain of bacteria, Bacillus subtilis #9524, on the specific destruction to innocuous products of sodium nitrilotriacetate (NTA) and sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP). Insofar as the same strain of bacteria was used each time, under limited variability and sterile conditions, the side effects of multiple bacterial strains and their inter-relationships among themselves and the organic substrates are eliminated. This has allowed for excellent replication of results.

This is a generalized technique for the evaluation of the biodegradability of a compound. Whereas tests with activated …

Adaptive, Differential Pulse-Code Modulation For Speech Processing, Peter Cummiskey

Dissertations

The objective of the research reported here is the design of efficient speech coders that can easily be implemented in integrated circuit hardware. Companding techniques like those introduced by M. R. Winkler, J. A. Greefkes, F. DeJager, A. Tomozawa and H. Kaneko were explored along with a large body of theory concerning the application of linear prediction to speech coding.

The best features of the speech signal to be measured and coded are the overall amplitude, the resonant frequencies and dampings of the vocal cavity and the fundamental frequency of the vocal cord oscillations. Adaptive quantization was used to track …

A Simulation Modeling Approach To Central City Dynamics, Leonard William Schaper Jr.

Dissertations

This dissertation describes a computer simulation model of a central city with emphasis on its application to Newark, New Jersey. The work begins with a review of the Forrester Urban Dynamics Model; the first attempt to simulate the entire system of the city. The objections to this model which have appeared in the literature are discussed, and the model is viewed in the light of other work in the field. A set of guidelines to aid the "second generation" model building effort is developed. The actual construction of a model which attempts to follow these guidelines is described. First, the …

Representation And Characterization Of Thixotropic Fluids, Huei-Hsiung Wang

Dissertations

Thixotropy is a time-dependent rheological behavior of a group of fluids which are characterized by an isothermal reversible breakdown induced by a mechanical disturbance. Based on this definition, a mathematical model of reversible degradation kinetics is set up. Its development leads to two equations which represent quantitatively the hysteresis loop and torque-decay curve. These equations consist of five independent parameters with their physical meanings. These parameters can be used to characterize the properties of thixotropic materials.

The original Weissenberg Rheogoniometer was modified to measure the thixotropic behavior of blood with the step change and the ramboid change of shear rate. …

The Effect Of Ultrasonic Vibrations On Heterogeneous Catalysis, William Lintner

Dissertations

The effect of ultrasonic vibrations on the vapor phase decomposition of cumene to benzene and propylene was investigated employing silica-aluminum cracking catalyst.

The catalytic reactor consisted of a 1 cm. diameter stainless steel tube containing a 20 in. long preheater and a 4 in. long catalyst chamber. The catalyst bed was irradiated from above by means of an ultrasonic horn which transmitted acoustical energy directly into the vapor.

The reactor was run at temperatures of 650°F. and 1050°F., frequencies of 26,000 cps and 39,000 cps, feed rates of 20 to 600 gms./hr., power outputs of 0.5 to 1.3 watts/cm.^{2 …}

Antoine Type Equation For Liquid Viscosity Correlations, Edward Goletz Jr.

Theses

A modified Andrade⁴ equation, similar to the Antoine equation for vapor pressure-temperature correlations, was developed for liquid viscosity-temperature correlations. Included in the investigation were the following compounds: n-alkanes (C₂-C₂₀), n-alkenes (C₂-C₂₀), n-alkyl benzenes (C₆-C₁₀), n-alkyl cyclohexanes (C₆-C₂₂), and fifteen polar compounds. Except for propene, errors of less than 5% were obtained. Normal heptadecane was used to compare correlations developed by Andrade⁴, Walther²⁰, and Doolittle⁹, with the modified Andrade equation. The latter was found to give the best …

A Theoretical Study Of Continuous Parametric Pumping At Constant Temperature, Philip Weingartner

Theses

A continuous parametric pump, operating at constant temperature with pressure as the driving force, is analyized by means of an equilibrium theory. A thorough explanation of the process and the resulting mathematical model reveal how the parameters effect pump performance. The experimental data cited agree well with the analytical results in the CO₂-He on silica gel system. Complete removal of the solute from one of the product streams can be achieved through the proper selection of penetration distances and pressure levels.

The Quantitative Characterization Of Middle Distillate Fuels For Reduced Smoke Emission And Improved Low Temperature Operability, R. S. Feamster

Theses

Forty-eight inference equations are presented to approximate the hydrocarbon composition of middle distillate fuels and of the solids separating from these fuels at temperatures below their cloud points by consideration of fuel physical inspections. The physical inspections consist of API gravity, aniline point, cloud point, and distillation curves for ten fuels from major United States and European refineries. To determine the percentage of solids separating from cooled fuels, each fuel is filtered over a temperature range from the cloud point to -40 F in 10 F increments. Aromatic, naphthenic, and paraffinic hydrocarbon contents and the r-paraffin carbon number distributions of …

Stress-Relaxation Of Cross-Linked Polyethylene At Elevated Temperature, Ravio Luik

Theses

Polyethylene because of its excellent chemical, physical, mechanical and electrical properties, as well as its easy adaptability to extrusion, molding and other processes and its low cost has become a very widely used material for hundreds of applications. But, because it is a thermoplastic, it also deforms and flows when temperatures approach or exceed the crystalline melting point. This handicap, however, can be reduced by crosslinking the polymer chains and thereby converting the thermoplastic to a thermoset material. To further expand the possible uses of this popular material and to further improve the properties, fillers and antioxidants may be compounded …

A Computer Solution For Absorbers And Strippers Using The Newton-Raphson Iterative Method, Robert J. Lukach

Theses

The solution of absorber or stripper calculations by traditional methods can be a tedious, time consuming, if not a completely fruitless procedure. Hence a computer solution of these calculations is both desirable and, as the complexity of chemical process plants increases, necessary.

The component oriented Newton-Raphson procedure was programed to perform this calculation, and makes full use of the material and enthalpy balance equations to perform the iterative equilibrium stage calculations. A Newton-Raphson stage oriented method was also developed as a verification program to check the solutions obtained from the Newton-Raphson component oriented procedure.

Distillation Design Techniques, Ronald Michael Carlucci

Theses

A design method for binary distillation systems is presented that minimizes the required rigorous calculations. A computer program is developed that finds the number of theoretical stages, and feed stage for a specified separation and reboiler vapor rate. Results for three binary systems are presented.

The design method and computer program are extended to the multicomponent case at the condition of total reflux. Results for one ternary system are presented. The possibility of using the method at other than total reflux is discussed. Usage of the method to search for multicomponent azeotropes and results are also presented.

Analytic equations are …

Computer Simulation Of A Split Feed Claus Sulfur Recovery Plant, Thomas R. Woolley

Theses

A computer program which calculates a complete heat and material balance around a "split feed" Claus sulfur recovery plant was written in Fortran IV for the RCA Spectra 70 computer. The program provides for up to three catalytic reactors, the hot gas bypass method of reheating, and a feed gas containing hydrogen sulfide, water vapor, hydrogen, and nitrogen. The program user specifies as input data the feed stream composition and temperature, the number of reactors, the combustion air temperature, the conversion in each reactor, the outlet temperature in each condenser, and the fraction of burner exit gas used for reheating …

The Photolysis Of Chlorobenzene In An Aqueous Environment, Louis John Del Tufo

Theses

Chlorobenzene was chosen as a model system for the study of photochemically induced reactions in an aqueous environment. It was the goal of this research to achieve a reaction system which best approximates conditions existing in the environment. To do this, a basic model system was established, and then the effect on the rate by various parameters was studied. These parameters, which included the presence of oxygen and such inorganic compounds as might be present in receiving waters, (e.g. nitrate, sulfate, and phosphate), were chosen so as to meet the goal of this research.

Kinetic data was obtained for seven …

An Analysis Of The Geneva Mechanism As A Timing Device, Hubert W. Meyer

Theses

A mathematical analysis of the Geneva mechanism was conducted to determine the potential of this device as a tinting mechanism, and the feasibility of replacing the widely used pallet and starwheel escapement with a Geneva mechanism.

The primary objective of the study was to determine if the Geneva mechanism will attain a terminal velocity, and if so, how much time is required to reach this velocity.

To accomplish this objective, the differential equation of motion for the system was derived using Lagrangian dynatos. The equation was programmed and solved on a digital computer.

The study indicated that the Geneva mechanism …

Aboveground Fuel Oil Storage Tanks, Lawrence George Palmer

Theses

A review of the American Petroleum Institute Standard 650 and Appendixes points out the advantages of using high strength steel and the variable point design method (Appendix K) to obtain reasonably uniform shell stresses. Design limitations imposed by notch toughness and residual stresses are pointed out.

Design considerations for the installation of an internal floating roof in a standard cone roof tank are discussed. Methods of calculating evaporation losses and an economic justification for a floating roof are included. Budget estimate figures have been compiled as a function of tank capacity for tanks, site preparation and tank ringwall or piled …

Sidestream Tower Fractionation : A Short-Cut Calculation Method, Richard David Prickett

Theses

A short-cut procedure has been developed for making calculations on a complex fractionation tower. A Simplification of the Thiele-Geddes plate-to-plate procedure provided the basis for the short-cut procedure. The application discussed in this paper is for a tower with a liquid sidestream drawoff in the rectifying section.

The tower was broken at the feed point and sidestream drawoff locations into three calculation sections. The fractionation in each tower section can then be represented by a rigorous series solution expressed in terms of absorption or stripping factors. These rigorous equations can then be simplified by the use of average absorption or …

Separation Of Glucose - Fructose - Water Systems Via Thermal Parametric Pumping, Zikri Mostafa Ahmed

Theses

Series of experiments were carried out to determine the effect of different factors on adsorption from aqueous solutions of sugar using fuller's earth ( LW 16-30 Mesh ) as an adsorbent. The equilibrium data were fitted to the Langmuir's equation., and an explanation for the deviation of some of these data has been given.

Systems of glucose-fructose and water mixtures were subjected to semi-continuous and continuous parametric pumping operations using activated carbon (400 Filterasorb) as an adsorbent. The results obtained confirm the equilibrium theory of the parametric pump and essentially fulfill the requirements established by Chen and Hill (6) to …

Diffusion Studies With Novel Plastics, Marion Toohey Conway

Theses

The rates of diffusion through two fluorinated groups and two non-fluorinated groups of laboratory prepared membranes were compared with each other and with commercially available cellulose membranes. The membranes.were evaluated, in particular, for possible use with the artificial kidney. Diffusion experiments were conducted with sodium chloride, urea and uric acid. Experimental results were compared to diffusion coefficients calculated in the literature for cellulose membranes. The results show that the rates of diffusion of all of the solutes tested for the laboratory prepared membranes are comparable to that of the cellulose membranes. The fluorinated group had a slightly higher diffusion coefficient …

Minimum Reflux In Fractionating Columns : A New And Improved Short-Cut Method, Elizabeth Garcia

Theses

A short-cut method is presented for calculating the minimum, reflux rate for multicomponent systems. This new method is best suited for use on the computer and gives a very accurate estimate of this important factor in the design of fractionating columns. It does so without going to the tedious and time-consuming calculations of the rigorous methods.

The calculation approach is based on a simplification of the Thiele and Geddes method for fractionating columns under minimum reflux conditions.

The program is written in Fortran IV language and was used on an IBM 370 computer. Input specifications include the split of the …

Kinetic Modeling Study Of Catalytic Hydrogenation Of Codimer, William Mounce

Theses

A kinetic modeling study was made on a gas phase catalytic reaction. The data used was that on the hydrogenation of codimer, collected by Tschernitz, et al, The objective was to determine if non-linear least squares regression offers an advantage over linear least squares regression in discriminating between Langmuir. Hinshelwood kinetic equations.

For the experimental data in question, it was found that neither linear nor non-linear regression could distinguish between the two plausible mechanisms. With the particular mechanistic equations and range of data used in this study, the more laborious non-linear analysis offered no advantage over linear regression in discriminating …

A Study Into The Feasibility Of Constructing A Pedestrian Mall In Newark Downtown, Stephen Wesley Warren

Theses

Newark's central business district has been suffering steady economic decline for at least a decade. In an attempt to halt this trend, and perhaps even reverse it, a feasibility study has been conducted toward the goal of implementing a pedestrian mall in the area.

This study was accomplished by conducting both field examinations of Halsey Street, the area under consideration, and investigating data from other existing United States pedestrian malls.

The results of this study show that it is feasible to construct a permanent pedestrian mall on Halsey Street and that the benefits of doing so far outweigh the costs …

Simulation Of A Single Feed Fractional Distillation Column Using The Thiele-Geddes Procedure, M. S. Abolahrari

Theses

This thesis constitutes a simulation model of a single feed frational distillation column consisting of a single phase distillate, liquid or vapor product, an equilibrium stage reboiler, and a cascade consisting of theoretical equilibrium stages. The model limitations in addition to the single feed and the single phase distillate are 20 identifiable components, and 100 theoretical equilibrium stages. The thermodynamic data required are vapor-liquid equilibrium data and vapor-liquid enthalpy data, both assumed to be correlatable as functions of temperature. Compositional dependence of the thermodynamic data is ignored, but minor pressure variations throughout the cascade can be incorporated into the vapor-liquid …

The Chemistry Of Azides, Edward D. Nelson

Theses

A review of the decomposition of alkyl and aryl azides by thermolysis and photolysis has been accomplished. Organic azides are a very distinct species that undergo its own unique reactions. Azides decompose to form an electron deficient nitrogen having a sextet of elcctrons. This is called a Nitrene. Nitrenes can exist in the singlet or triplet state. The triplet behaves like a diradical. General and specific reactions of nitrenes have been shown with detailed mechanisms accounting for the products. The main modes of nitrene stabilization are rearrangement, hydrogen abstraction and insertion. Insertion is characteristic of singlet species and abstraction characteristic …

Emisari: A Management Information System Designed To Aid And Involve People, Rod L. Renner, Robert M. Bechtold, Charles W. Clark, David O. Marbray, Ronald L. Wynn, Nancy H. Goldstein, United States. General Services Administration. Office Of Preparedness. Mathematics And Computation Laboratory.

Computerized Conferencing and Communications Center Reports

The EMISARI System described in this paper represents a major departure from conventional MIS design. It is oriented not toward data per se, but rather toward activities of the people who generate and use the data. Thus it provides not merely for reporting up the chain of command, but also for dissemination of policy guidance and reference material down the chain, and for lateral communication among all users. It places a premium upon flexibility, to permit rapid system modifications in response to changes in user functions and needs and it offers a greatly simplified operation, to avoid any necessity for …

Conference System User's Guide, Rod L. Renner, United States. General Services Administration. Office Of Preparedness. Mathematics And Computation Laboratory.

Computerized Conferencing and Communications Center Reports

This paper describes three methods of group communication utilizing computer terminals as the vehicle for conducting a group discussion. The system that provides; these methods was developed by OEP for a UNIVAC 1108 as a convenient form of communication among geographically dispersed individuals and/or as an adjunct to oral communications. Completely normal language is used. Use of the computer permits maintaining a written record automatically and allowing discussions in which participants need not talk and listen in synchronism (in contrast to conventional meetings and telephone conference calls). In two of the methods, the discussants need not even be participating simultaneously. …