Engineering Commons^™

On The Importance Of Novel Adsorption Processes And Structured Adsorbents For Biogas Upgrading And Storage, Kyle Newport

Doctoral Dissertations

The current adsorption processes investigated for biogas upgrading encounter severe challenges with regards to both adsorbents and processes, which necessitate the design and development of novel approaches to effectively separate carbon dioxide from methane and, hence, produce pipeline-grade renewable natural gas (RNG) as a fuel. These key challenges include (i) moderate CO2/CH4 selectivity, (ii) relatively long cycle times, (iii) high regeneration energy requirements, (iv) high-pressure drop, and (v) short adsorbent lifetime. The current biogas upgrading processes typically rely on pressure swing adsorption (PSA) or temperature swing adsorption (TSA). While PSA cycles are fast, the system requires large amounts of energy …

Characterizations Of Eco-Friendly Class C Fly Ash-Based Alkali-Activated Mixtures For Various 3d-Printing Techniques, Fareh Abudawaba

Doctoral Dissertations

This study explored the potential of using high-calcium class C fly ash (FA) as the main precursor for synthesizing alkali-activated mortar (AAM) suitable for 3D-printed concrete (3DPC) applications. The objective was to broaden the selection of AAMs, designed to suit various printing techniques, including continuous mixing and pumping, large batch mixing, and set-on-demand processes. The study began by assessing the fresh properties of various mixtures, utilizing tests such as open time (OT), initial setting time (IST), immediate axial deformation, and penetration test (PT), to determine the mixtures' extrudability and buildability. The study optimized mixtures with a broad spectrum of cycle …

Power Supply Induced Jitter Analysis In High-Speed Drivers, Yifan Ding

Doctoral Dissertations

The Input/Output Buffer Information Specification (IBIS) model faces challenges in accurately simulating power-supply-induced jitter (PSIJ), particularly under nonlinear and time-varying power noise conditions with pre-driver stages. This work introduces advancements in IBIS model modification algorithms to enhance PSIJ simulation accuracy for high-speed drivers.

First, a correction coefficient-based approach was developed to adjust switching coefficients K_pu and K_pd using pre-driver DC jitter sensitivity, significantly improving model robustness under DC and AC power noise. However, its effectiveness diminished under large noise amplitudes due to coefficient shape dominance.

To address this, a simplified algorithm bypassed correction coefficient, directly correlating switching transitions with jitter …

A Comprehensive Analysis Of Climate Resilience Strategies For Small Island Developing States, Ashley-Ann Davis

Doctoral Dissertations

Small Island Developing States (SIDS) face unique and disproportionate challenges in their efforts to achieve climate resilience due to their geographic vulnerabilities, limited resources, and systemic economic and social constraints. This dissertation provides a comprehensive analysis of climate resilience strategies tailored to SIDS, addressing critical systemic issues and exploring interdisciplinary solutions. It synthesizes findings across four interconnected studies, including an analysis of disaster preparedness and response mechanisms in developing countries to identify gaps and opportunities for improving resilience in extreme events. The research investigates economic factors influencing energy portfolio transitions in the Caribbean, emphasizing the complexities of renewable energy adoption. …

Thermal Hydraulics Investigation Of A Horizontal Dual Channel Setup Representing Micro Nuclear Reactors Using Integrated Advanced Measurement Techniques, Zeyad Zeitoun

Doctoral Dissertations

The urgency to reduce greenhouse gas emissions has spotlighted nuclear energy as a carbon-free solution. Despite its promise, nuclear safety concerns, highlighted by the 2011 Fukushima disaster, necessitate advancements in reactor technology. The United States has prioritized the development of safer, prismatic micronuclear reactors for the coming decade, focusing on the safe operation of these facilities. These reactors' design addresses potential hazards, particularly in loss of flow accident scenarios, making the understanding of natural circulation gas flow dynamics critical. Experiments on a horizontal dual-channel plenum-to-plenum facility (P2PF) were conducted to closely mimic the conditions within prismatic micronuclear reactors. This study …

Investigation Of The Transport And Plugging Behavior Of Preformed Particle Gels (Ppgs) In Fractures For Conformance Control In Carbonate Reservoirs, Abdulaziz A. Almakimi

Doctoral Dissertations

This study aims to systematically evaluate the performance of preformed particle gels (PPGs) in fractured carbonates mainly through a series of core flooding experiments. Carbonate reservoirs exhibit unique features of heterogeneity and pore geometry, while (PPGs) are known for their plugging efficiency, deformability, and dehydratable nature. The main goal of gel injection in fractured reservoirs is to place a gel pack appropriately into the fracture, diverting injected fluid to the oil-bearing matrix and reducing excessive water production. However, considerable dehydration of (PPGs) is possible at the adjacent matrix and within the fracture, which could lead to a filter-cake formation and/or …

Implication And Applications Of Machine Learning On Biomedical Images, Jason Hagerty

Doctoral Dissertations

Medical imaging ranges in modality including computer tomography imaging, x-ray imaging, digital microscopy, and macro-focus dermoscopy images. The latter two modalities are the focus of the presented work.

To perform a diagnostic evaluation on the captured dermoscopy image, it begins with what is usually a labor-intensive operation that requires an expert to perform the initial segmentation for localizing a region of interest (ROI). Once that ROI is obtained, a physician with years of training and experience will observe biological markers that can be used to visually differentiate whether a lesion is benign or malignant. A similar process is used for …

2024 Scholarly Productivity Report, Missouri University Of Science And Technology

Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Scholarly Productivity Reports

No abstract provided.

High-Frequency Gold Price Forecasting: Optimizing Multi-Layer Perceptron With Genetic Algorithm, Vrtagic Sabahudin, Fatih Dogan

Materials Science and Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Accurately forecasting gold price actions is critical in financial markets due to gold's role as a safe-haven asset. This paper addresses the challenge of forecasting gold prices by applying a Genetic Algorithm (GA) with a Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) model. The research exploits historical financial data from various instruments, including gold futures, Bitcoin, and key currency pairs, to improve prediction accuracy. By optimizing the MLP's hyper parameters through GA, the model efficiently captures complex relationships in high-frequency data, achieving a remarkable R² score of 0.9993. This level of precision demonstrates the model's potential for providing actionable insights for traders and investors. …

Harnessing Extrinsic Dissipation To Enhance The Toughness Of Composites And Composite Joints: A State-Of-The-Art Review Of Recent Advances, Gilles Lubineau, Marco Alfano, Ran Tao, Ahmed Wagih, Arief Yudhanto, Xiaole Li, Khaled Almuhammadi, Mjed Hashem, Ping Hu, Hassan A. Mahmoud, Fatih Oz

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Interfaces play a critical role in modern structures, where integrating multiple materials and components is essential to achieve specific functions. Enhancing the mechanical performance of these interfaces, particularly their resistance to delamination, is essential to enable extremely lightweight designs and improve energy efficiency. Improving toughness (or increasing energy dissipation during delamination) has traditionally involved modifying materials to navigate the well-known strength-toughness trade-off. However, a more effective strategy involves promoting non-local or extrinsic energy dissipation. This approach encompasses complex degradation phenomena that extend beyond the crack tip, such as long-range bridging, crack fragmentation, and ligament formation. This work explores this innovative …

Zeolite 13x Particles With Porous Tio2 Coating And Ag2o Nanoparticles As Multi-Functional Filler Materials For Face Masks, Wei Su, Kaiying Wang, Han Yu, Fateme Fayyazbakhsh, Jeremy Watts, Yue-Wern Huang, Jee-Ching Wang, Xinhua Liang

Geosciences and Geological and Petroleum Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Adsorbent components in face masks are crucial for protecting individuals exposed to dangerous situations. In this study, one porous TiO₂ layer was deposited on zeolite 13X particles by coating hybrid organic/inorganic titanium alkoxide film via molecular layer deposition (MLD), followed by heat treatment to remove organic components in the MLD film. Various concentrations of Ag₂O nanoparticles were impregnated on the TiO₂-coated 13X particles, offering a wide range of antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral characteristics. The obtained composite particles were characterized using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and thermal gravimetric analysis to study the composition and mass loading of …

Optimized Fabrication Of Dendritic Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles As Efficient Delivery System For Cancer Immunotherapy, Varsha Godakhindi, Mostafa Yazdimamaghani, Sudip Kumar Dam, Farzana Ferdous, Andrew Z. Wang, Mubin Tarannum, Jonathan Serody, Juan L. Vivero-Escoto

Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

In the past decade, cancer immunotherapy has revolutionized the field of oncology. Major immunotherapy approaches such as immune checkpoint inhibitors, cancer vaccines, adoptive cell therapy, cytokines, and immunomodulators have shown great promise in preclinical and clinical settings. Among them, immunomodulatory agents including cancer vaccines are particularly appealing; however, they face limitations, notably the absence of efficient and precise targeted delivery of immune-modulatory agents to specific immune cells and the potential for off-target toxicity. Nanomaterials can play a pivotal role in addressing targeting and other challenges in cancer immunotherapy. Dendritic mesoporous silica nanoparticles (DMSNs) can enhance the efficacy of cancer vaccines …

Microstructured Microstructure: Effects Of Concentration Variations On Shock Initiation Of Hmx-Based Plastic Explosives, Dana D. Dlott, Lawrence Salvati, Siva Kumar Valluri

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

We studied shock-compressed plastic-bonded explosives (PBX) consisting of HMX (cyclotetramethylene-tetranitramine) with PDMS (poly-dimethylsiloxane) binder, where we varied the HMX weight percent (wt%) up to a maximum of 60 wt%. In this lower-concentration regime, HMX particle clustering causes the PBX structure to consist of HMX clusters and PDMS islands. Structural analysis by optical microscopy allowed us to compute a radial correlation function that gives the mean distance from an average HMX particle to the nearest polymer island. Short-duration 20 GPa shocks (4 ns) created hot spots, and time-resolved thermal emission was used to obtain the growth rate of the subsequent deflagration. …

Accelerating Shock-Driven Reactions In Metal Nanocomposites, Siva Kumar Valluri, Edward L. Dreizin, Dana D. Dlott

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Metal powders are sought as energetic additives to conventional explosives. However, due to their sluggish reaction kinetics with external gaseous oxidizers, pure metals are replaced with metallic composites with intimately mixed condensed phase oxidizers prepared by arrested reactive milling (ARM). Such composites can be initiated by non-thermal, mechanical means; through shear mixing of fuel and oxidizer under a shock compressive load. Since the ARM preparatory technique allows for tuning multiple powder attributes such as fuel/oxidizer of interest, their degree of mixing, amount of oxidizer, particle porosity, among others, a parametric study is crucial in identifying suitable traits for fast reactions …

Hyperspectral Imaging For Temperature Measurements Of Hot Spots In Shocked Plastic-Bonded Explosives, Dhanalakshmi Sellan, Siva Kumar Valluri, Dana D. Dlott

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Hot spots are formed when energetic microstructures are shocked, and they play a critical role in shock sensitivity. It is important to know both the time-dependent size and temperature of the hot spots, in order to generate a kinetic model to describe reaction growth in plastic-bonded explosives (PBX). Here we use a recently developed technique where PBX is fabricated in the form of a thin wafer, embedded within a transparent polymer binder, and shocked with a laser-launched flyer plate that produces pressures of about 30 GPa range. In this method, every crystal of the cyclotetramethylene-tetranitramine (HMX)-based PBX can be observed …

Complex Precipitation Behavior In A Co-Free High Entropy Alloy During Aging, Matthew Luebbe, Fan Zhang, Jonathan D. Poplawsky, Jiaqi Duan, Haiming Wen

Materials Science and Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

High entropy alloys (HEAs) demonstrate high strength, thermal stability, and irradiation resistance, making them desirable for applications in nuclear reactors and other harsh environments. Many existing HEAs contain cobalt (Co), which makes them unsuitable for nuclear applications due to the long-term activation of Co. A previously studied Co-free alloy, (Fe_0.3Ni_0.3Mn_0.3Cr_0.1)₈₈Ti₄Al₈, exhibits high strength but compromised ductility due to its network of brittle precipitates upon aging. This work investigates the formation mechanism and evolution of the precipitates, including L1₂ (Ni₃Ti type, ordered face-centered cubic …

Geochemical Evidence Of Drying During The 4.2 Ka Event In Sediment Cores From The Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico, Derek K. Gibson, Jonathan Obrist-Farner, Alex Correa-Metrio, Alejandra Rodriguez-Abaunza, Carlos Castañeda-Posadas

Geosciences and Geological and Petroleum Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Tropical hydroclimate variability during the Middle and Late Holocene was investigated using geochemical indicators of local-scale precipitation and evaporation preserved in sediment cores from two sites in the Mexican Yucatán Peninsula. Scanning X-Ray fluorescence spectroscopy data show generally decreasing precipitation trends during the Early and Middle Holocene. During the transition between the Middle and Late Holocene, geochemical evidence of reduced watershed erosion and increased evaporation indicate that a centennial-scale drying event impacted the region between 4.3 and 4.0 ka (kilo-anum; thousand years before present). These findings suggest that the 4.2 ka drying event, which has been previously recorded in Europe, …

Deep Learning For Bitcoin Price Direction Prediction: Models And Trading Strategies Empirically Compared, Oluwadamilare Omole, David Enke

Engineering Management and Systems Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

This paper applies deep learning models to predict Bitcoin price directions and the subsequent profitability of trading strategies based on these predictions. The study compares the performance of the convolutional neural network–long short-term memory (CNN–LSTM), long- and short-term time-series network, temporal convolutional network, and ARIMA (benchmark) models for predicting Bitcoin prices using on-chain data. Feature-selection methods—i.e., Boruta, genetic algorithm, and light gradient boosting machine—are applied to address the curse of dimensionality that could result from a large feature set. Results indicate that combining Boruta feature selection with the CNN–LSTM model consistently outperforms other combinations, achieving an accuracy of 82.44%. Three …

Harmonizing Vaccine And Infrastructure Development To Tame Cholera Outbreaks Across Africa, Amira Mohamed Taha, Hussam Mahmoud, Emad M. Hassan, Mohamed M. Ghonaim

Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Vaccines and clean water shortages continue to give rise to cholera outbreaks in Africa. Coordinated efforts to increase vaccine distribution and improve physical infrastructure are needed while considering future outbreaks and water demands due to conflicts and climate events.

A Fiber Optics Based Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Sensor For Chemical And Biological Sensing, Jiayu Liu, Bohong Zhang, Amjed Abdullah, Sura A. Muhsin, Jie Huang, Mahmoud Almasri

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

This paper investigates an innovative surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) sensor developed on a side-polished multimode optical fiber core. The optical fiber was integrated into specifically designed 3-dimensional printed mold, where manual polishing of the fiber took place. Microsphere Photolithography (MPL) techniques was employed to pattern periodic nanoantenna arrays on the polished surface, incorporating multiple disk diameters at a fixed periodicity. Subsequent gold deposition/lift-off were carried out to transfer the pattern from the photoresist to the fiber core, resulting in highly periodic hexagonal closed pack (HCP) arrays of nano disks. These arrays can significantly enhance the SERS signal intensity compared to …

Optimisation Of Open Pit Slope Design Considering Groundwater Effects Using Particle Swarm Optimisation And Scaled Boundary Finite Element Method, Dakshith Ruvin Wijesinghe, Ethmadalage Perera, Ean Hin Ooi, Sundararajan Natarajan, Taghi Sherizadeh, Ean Tat Ooi

Mining Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Slopes are a crucial structure in open pit mines. Their design has implications on the economic, safety and environmental operation of the mining industry. Designing stable slopes can be challenging due to the complexities introduced by the stratigraphy and hydrology of the strata. With rising commodity costs and inflation rates, mining operating costs are increasing. Reducing operational costs is necessary for mining industries to remain competitive. While steepening the pit slope can decrease stripping materials and save money, it also increases the risk associated with slope surges. Therefore, optimizing slopes is crucial for both financial and safety reasons. Numerical models …

Thermal Conductivity Characterization Of High Oleic Vegetable Oils Based Hybrid Nanofluids Formulated Using Gnp, Tio2, Mos2, Al2o3 Nanoparticles For Mql Machining, Anthony Chukwujekwu Okafor, Tobechukwu Kingsley Abor, Saidanvar Esanjonovich Valiev, Ignatius Echezona Ekengwu, Abiodun Saka, Monday Uchenna Okoronkwo

Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

This paper presents the results of thermal conductivity characterization of six high oleic soybean oil (HOSO) and four high oleic canola oil (HOCO)-Based hybrid nanofluids formulated with four types of nanoparticles (Graphene nanoplatelet (xGnP), TiO₂, MoS₂, and Al₂O₃) at nanoparticles wt.% concentration from 1 % to 7 % in 1 % increment using the two-step method for use in MQL machining of difficult-to-cut metals. Thermal conductivity of the formulated hybrid nanofluids were measured using Thermtest Transient Hot Wire Liquid Thermal Conductivity Meter at temperatures from 25 °C to 75 °C in increment …

Uncovering Upconversion Photoluminescence In Layered Pbi2 Above Room Temperature, Sharad Ambardar, Xiaodong Yang, Jie Gao

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

As a van der Waals (vdW) layered semiconductor material, lead iodide (PbI2) possessing a direct bandgap with strong photoluminescence emission in visible range has gained wide attention in applications of photonic and optoelectronic devices. Here, up conversion photoluminescence (UPL) in exfoliated PbI2 flakes is demonstrated at room temperature and elevated temperatures. The linear power dependence of UPL emission with 532 nm excitation suggests the one-photon involved multiphonon-assisted UPL emission process, which is revealed by the temperature-dependent UPL emission measurement. Meanwhile, the nonlinear power dependence of UPL emission with 561 nm excitation indicates the transition of UPL emission mechanism from linear …

Fpga-Based Sensors For Distributed Digital Manufacturing Systems: A State-Of-The-Art Review, Laraib Khan, Sriram Praneeth Isanaka, Frank Liou

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

The combination of distributed digital factories (D2Fs) with sustainable practices has been proposed as a revolutionary technique in modern manufacturing. This review paper explores the convergence of D2F with innovative sensor technology, concentrating on the role of Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) in promoting this paradigm. A D2F is defined as an integrated framework where digital twins (DTs), sensors, laser additive manufacturing (laser-AM), and subtractive manufacturing (SM) work in synchronization. Here, DTs serve as a virtual replica of physical machines, allowing accurate monitoring and control of a given manufacturing process. These DTs are supplemented by sensors, providing near-real-time data to …

A Strategic Insight Into The Market For Carbon Management Capacity, Mahelet G. Fikru, Ting Shen, Jennifer Brodmann, Hongyan Ma

Economics Faculty Research & Creative Works

This study presents the market for carbon management capacity via carbon capture, utilization, and storage technologies, identifying demand and supply forces, as well as clarifying the potential impact of market and non-market-based shocks on technology developers versus adopters. The paper addresses a prevailing gap in market analysis, introducing a microeconomic framework and unique dataset to identify key players, market forces, and policy incentives shaping the carbon capture, utilization, and storage landscape. The analysis equips industry stakeholders, policymakers, and investors with valuable insights regarding (1) leaders in the design, development, and manufacture of carbon capture, utilization, and storage technologies (supply), (2) …

Fitting Quality Of Nmr Relaxation Data To Differentiate Asphalt Binders, Rebecca M. Herndon, Kevin Lai, Magdy Abdelrahman, Klaus Woelk

Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Asphalt binder performance grades (PGs) are important metrics in designing pavements for effective transportation infrastructure. the PG system relies on the binder's stiffness and is determined through energy- and time-intensive physical testing. Physical properties, like stiffness, can also be determined by spin–lattice NMR relaxometry, a non-destructive chemical method. NMR relaxometry can quantify the molecular mobility of materials by determining relaxation times from exponential decays of excited nuclear magnetization. While relaxation times have been used to determine physical properties of materials, a quantitative relation to the PG grades of asphalt binder is yet to be established. in this study, T1 NMR …

Assessing The Critical Factors Influencing Worker Safety In Roadway Work Zones, Bahaa Chammout, Muaz O. Ahmed, Islam El-Adaway

Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Ongoing roadway construction and maintenance activities are essential for sustaining and improving infrastructure. Nonetheless, work zones in the United States continue to experience concerning frequencies of occupational and traffic accidents. Previous research highlighted multiple factors influencing work zone safety, yet their relative impact and importance remain unclear. This study addresses this gap following a multistep methodology. First, 32 safety factors were identified through an extensive literature review in a previous study. Second, a survey was administered among 298 professionals from diverse backgrounds, with an average of 17.75 years of construction experience and 13.78 years of work zone experience, to assess …

Thermal Conductivity Characterization Of High Oleic Vegetable Oils Based Hybrid Nanofluids Formulated Using Gnp, Tio2, Mos2, Al2o3 Nanoparticles For Mql Machining, Anthony Chukwujekwu Okafor, Tobechukwu Kingsley Abor, Saidanvar Esanjonovich Valiev, Ignatius Echezona Ekengwu, Abiodun Saka, Monday Uchenna Okoronkwo

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

This paper presents the results of thermal conductivity characterization of six high oleic soybean oil (HOSO) and four high oleic canola oil (HOCO)-based hybrid nanofluids formulated with four types of nanoparticles (Graphene nanoplatelet (xGnP), TiO2, MoS2, and Al2O3) at nanoparticles wt.% concentration from 1 % to 7 % in 1 % increment using the two-step method for use in MQL machining of difficult-to-cut metals. Thermal conductivity of the formulated hybrid nanofluids were measured using Thermtest Transient Hot Wire Liquid Thermal Conductivity Meter at temperatures from 25 °C to 75 °C in increment of 10 °C. Obtained results showed that thermal …

Experimental Evaluation Of A Recrosslinkable Co2-Resistant Micro-Sized Preformed Particle Gel For Co2 Sweep Efficiency Improvement In Reservoirs With Super-K Channels, Adel Alotibi, Tao Song, Ali Al Brahim, Baojun Bai, Thomas P. Schuman

Geosciences and Geological and Petroleum Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

A recross linkable CO₂-resistant branched preformed particle gel (CO₂-BRPPG) was developed for controlling CO₂ injection conformance, particularly in reservoirs with super-permeable channels. Previous work focused on a millimeter-sized CO₂-BRPPG in open fractures, but its performance in high-permeability channels with pore throat networks remained unexplored. This study used a sand pack model to evaluate a micro-sized CO₂-BRPPG under varying conditions of salinity, gel concentration, and pH. at ambient conditions, the equilibrium swelling ratio (ESR) of the gel reached 76 times its original size. This ratio decreased with increasing salinity but remained stable …

Type Ii Innate Lymphoid Cell Plasticity Contributes To Impaired Reconstitution After Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Sonia J. Laurie, Joseph P. Foster, Danny W. Bruce, Hemamalini Bommiasamy, Oleg V. Kolupaev, Mostafa Yazdimamaghani, Samantha G. Pattenden, Nelson J. Chao, Stefanie Sarantopoulos, Joel S. Parker, Ian J. Davis, Jonathan S. Serody

Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Type II innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) maintain homeostasis and barrier integrity in mucosal tissues. In both mice and humans, ILC2s poorly reconstitute after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). Determining the mechanisms involved in their impaired reconstitution could improve transplant outcomes. By integrating single-cell chromatin and transcriptomic analyses of transplanted ILC2s, we identify a previously unreported population of converted ILC1-like cells in the mouse small intestine post-transplant. Exposure of ILC2s to proinflammatory cytokines resulted in a mixed ILC1-ILC2 phenotype but was able to convert only a small population of ILC2s to ILC1s, which were found post-transplant. Whereas ILC2s protected against …