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Articles 13831 - 13860 of 21751

Full-Text Articles in Engineering

Lateral Strength Of Wind Load Bearing Wall Stud-To-Track Connection, R. M. Schuster, S. R. Fox Oct 2000

Lateral Strength Of Wind Load Bearing Wall Stud-To-Track Connection, R. M. Schuster, S. R. Fox

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

A common application of cold formed steel in building construction is for wind load bearing steel studs (curtain walls). These wall studs are designed to carry lateral load only, and frame into horizontal steel track members at the top and bottom of the wall assembly. The stud-to-track connection consists of studs framing perpendicularly into the track and are connected with sheet metal screws. The design of the wall stud must include a check of the web crippling capacity at the end reactions. The current design expressions, however, do not apply to the type of bearing in these stud-to-track connections. Reported …

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Tests And Design Of Cold-Formed Unlipped Channels Subjected To Web Crippling, Ben Young, Gregory J. Hancock Oct 2000

Tests And Design Of Cold-Formed Unlipped Channels Subjected To Web Crippling, Ben Young, Gregory J. Hancock

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

A series of tests on cold-formed unlipped channels subjected to web crippling is presented in this paper. The tests were conducted under the four loading conditions specified in the Australian/New Zealand Standard (AS/NZS 4600, 1996) and the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI, 1996) Specification for cold-formed steel structures. The four specified loading conditions are the End-One-Flange (EOF), Interior-One-Flange (IOF), End-Two-Flange (ETF) and Interior-Two-Flange (ITF) loading. The loading of concentrated load or reaction forces were applied by means of bearing plates which acted across the full flange widths of the channels. The web slenderness values of the tested channel sections …

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Web Crippling Behaviour Of Channels With Flanges Restrained, Ben Young, Gregory J. Hancock Oct 2000

Web Crippling Behaviour Of Channels With Flanges Restrained, Ben Young, Gregory J. Hancock

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

The paper presents a comparison of web crippling tests of cold-formed unlipped channels with flanges restrained or unrestrained. The tests were performed under end and interior two-flange loading conditions specified in the Australian/New Zealand Standard (AS/NZS 4600, 1996) and the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI, 1996) Specification for cold-formed steel structures, namely End-Two-Flange (ETF) and Interior-Two-Flange (ITF) loading conditions. The concentrated load was applied by a bearing plate at the top flange of the channels, and the reaction force applied by an identical bearing plate at the bottom flange of the channels. The bearing plates acted across the full …

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A Theoretical And Experimental Analysis Of Cold-Formed Steel Shapes Subjected To Bending - Channel And Simple Lipped Channel, Roberto Martins Goncalves, Maximiliano Malite, Carlos Eduardo Javaroni Oct 2000

A Theoretical And Experimental Analysis Of Cold-Formed Steel Shapes Subjected To Bending - Channel And Simple Lipped Channel, Roberto Martins Goncalves, Maximiliano Malite, Carlos Eduardo Javaroni

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

Cold-formed steel shapes have been widely employed in steel construction, where they frequently offer a lower cost solution than do traditional laminated shapes. A classic application of cold-formed steel shapes is purlins in the roof panel of industrial buildings, connected to the roof panel by means of screws. The combined effect of these two elements has been the subject of investigations in some countries. Design criteria were included in the AISI Code in 1991 and 1996. This paper presents and discusses the results obtained from bending tests carried out on shapes commonly used in Brazil, i.e., the channel and the …

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Calibration Of Cold Formed Steel Shear Equations, B. Craig, R. M. Schuster Oct 2000

Calibration Of Cold Formed Steel Shear Equations, B. Craig, R. M. Schuster

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

There is a difference in the shear design criteria between the Canadian cold formed steel design Standard, CSA S136-94 (from here on referred to as S136) and the American Iron and Steel Institute Specification for the design of cold formed steel structures, AISI-96 (from here on referred to as AISI). The focus of this paper was to carry out the appropriate calibrations for the factor of safety, Ω, and the resistance factor, Ï•, using the current design approaches of both countries. In the case of the S136 Standard, only the resistance factor was determined. It was assumed at the outset …

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Elastic-Plastic Interactive Buckling Of Thin-Walled Steel Compression Members, Dan Dubina, Viorel Ungureanu Oct 2000

Elastic-Plastic Interactive Buckling Of Thin-Walled Steel Compression Members, Dan Dubina, Viorel Ungureanu

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

In the actual design codes the interaction formula for local and overall buckling modes of thin-walled steel compression (TWSC) members, the effect of local buckling. is introduced by means of effective strength of short members. This paper proposes to replace, into the Ayrton-Perry interaction formula, the short member "effective" strength, which is based on the "effective width" approach by the plastic strength evaluated by means of local plastic mechanism analysis. There are some papers by Murray et al. [1,2,3], in which the plastic mechanisms corresponding to the local buckling of plates and TWSC members in compression are analysed. On this …

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Finite Element Analysis Of Cold-Formed Channel Columns, Ben Young, Jintang Yan Oct 2000

Finite Element Analysis Of Cold-Formed Channel Columns, Ben Young, Jintang Yan

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

The paper presents a numerical investigation into the behaviour and strengths of cold-formed plain and lipped channel columns using finite element analysis. A non-linear finite element model is developed and verified against the fixed-ended channel column tests conducted by Young and Rasmussen (1998a, 1998b and 1998c). Geometric and material non-linearities were included in the finite element model. It is demonstrated that the finite element model closely predicted the ultimate loads and the behaviour of the tested cold-formed channel columns. Hence, the model was used for an extensive parametric study of cross-section geometries. Furthermore, the results of the numerical investigation are …

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Purlin Design To Aisi Lrfd Using Rational Buckling Analysis, Murry J. Clarke, Gregory J. Hancock Oct 2000

Purlin Design To Aisi Lrfd Using Rational Buckling Analysis, Murry J. Clarke, Gregory J. Hancock

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

The latest edition of the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) Specification for the Design of Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members was published in 1996 (AISI, 1996). Design rules are presented in both allowable stress design (ASD) and load and resistance factor design (LRFD) formats. The LRFD rules of the latest AISI Specification form the basis of the Australian/New Zealand Standard AS/NZS 4600:1996 Cold-Formed Steel Structures (SA/SNZ, 1996), which was published in late 1996 and supersedes the corresponding Australian permissible stress Standard AS 1538-1988. One of the main applications of cold-formed steel is purlins and girts in metal roof and wall …

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Racking Performance Of Long Steel-Frame Shear Walls, Alexander J. Salenikovich, Daniel J. Dolan, Samuel W. Easterling Oct 2000

Racking Performance Of Long Steel-Frame Shear Walls, Alexander J. Salenikovich, Daniel J. Dolan, Samuel W. Easterling

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

The response of cold-formed steel-frame shear walls to lateral forces is the focus of the paper. Results are presented for monotonic and cyclic tests of sixteen full-size shear walls with and without openings. Walls of five configurations with sheathing area ratio ranging from 1.0 to 0.3 were tested. The specimens were 12-m (40-ft.) long and 2.4-m (8-ft.) high with 11-mm (7/16-in.) oriented strandboard (OSB) sheathing. One specimen had additional 13-mm (0.5-in.) gypsum wallboard sheathing. All specimens were tested in horizontal position with no dead load applied in the plane of the wall. Resistance of walls was compared with predictions of …

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Flexural Behavior Of Profiled Composite Beams, Jun-Yep Song, Young Bong Kwon Oct 2000

Flexural Behavior Of Profiled Composite Beams, Jun-Yep Song, Young Bong Kwon

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

The behavior of composite beams, which are composed of cold-formed steel sheeting and normal strength concrete, has been studied. A series of flexural tests of composite beams has been executed and analytical methods to trace the nonlinear behavior of composite beams have been developed. The nonlinear moment-curvature relation of the composite beam has been described using a simple power model and cross section analysis procedure. The load-deflection behavior of the composite beam simulated by the step-by-step numerical integration method has been compared with test results.

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The 1999 Supplement To The Aisi Design Specification, Roger L. Brockenbrough Oct 2000

The 1999 Supplement To The Aisi Design Specification, Roger L. Brockenbrough

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

The AISI Committee on Specifications for Cold-Formed Steel recently developed Supplement No. 1 to the 1996 Specification for the Design of Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members. The Supplement reflects new information developed through research projects, brings provisions in agreement with other specifications where appropriate, and also provides certain clarifications and corrections. The Supplement and the Specification have both been recently accepted as ANSI standards. The present paper reviews the major items included in the Supplement. The Committee continues to sponsor research projects aimed at developing a better understanding of particular areas of cold-formed steel behavior and more comprehensive design rules. Projects …

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Yield Strength Increase Of Cold Formed Sections Due To Cold Work Of Forming, P. A. Sloof, R. M. Schuster Oct 2000

Yield Strength Increase Of Cold Formed Sections Due To Cold Work Of Forming, P. A. Sloof, R. M. Schuster

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

The design approach for predicting the increase in yield strength due to cold work of forming in the AISI 1996 Specification for the Design of Cold-Formed Steel Structural members is different from the approach used by the CSA Standard, CSA S136-94, Cold Formed Steel Structural Members. The AISI approach is based on the experimental work conducted by Karren and Winter, while the S136 approach is based on theoretical work by Lind and Schroff. Lind and Schroff used Karren and Winter's data to substantiate their theory. Karren and Winter conducted tests on five full sections and also collected strength data on …

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Distortional Buckling Of Cold-Formed Stainless Steel Compression Members, A. Liang, G. J. Van Den Berg, Rudolph Laubscher Oct 2000

Distortional Buckling Of Cold-Formed Stainless Steel Compression Members, A. Liang, G. J. Van Den Berg, Rudolph Laubscher

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

In this paper the critical local buckling strength of cold-formed stainless steel compression members, with special emphasis on the method developed by Lau and Hancock for distortional buckling is discussed. Cold-formed stainless steel channel and I-section members under axial compression in distortional buckling are analysed. A control experiment is carried out for comparing analytical methods with a finite element method and experimental values.

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L-Header Testing, Evaluation And Design Methodology, Roger A. Laboube, N. R. Elhajj Oct 2000

L-Header Testing, Evaluation And Design Methodology, Roger A. Laboube, N. R. Elhajj

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

Cold-formed steel L-shaped headers have gained popularity over the past few years due to their simplicity and cost effectiveness. While cold-formed steel conventional headers are widely used and can be designed for most applications, often it is necessary to reduce cost by using less material and labor hours. The L-shaped header provides both, a fast and economical solution to safely transfer applied loads to other structural elements in a building. As the name suggests, the main components of an L-shaped header is a piece of cold-formed steel formed into a shape resembling the letter L. An L-header assembly consists of …

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Spatial Buckling Behavior Of High-Rise Rack Frames, Lip H. Teh, Gregory J. Hancock, Murray J. Clarke Oct 2000

Spatial Buckling Behavior Of High-Rise Rack Frames, Lip H. Teh, Gregory J. Hancock, Murray J. Clarke

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

The paper investigates the global elastic buckling behavior of a high-rise adjustable pallet rack frame composed of thin-walled open sections. It is concluded that the simple element used in many commercial programs for 3D frame analysis is not sufficiently refined for accurate linear buckling analyses of high-rise rack frames.

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Design Of Cold-Formed Steel Plain Channels, Fang Yiu, Teoman Pekoz Oct 2000

Design Of Cold-Formed Steel Plain Channels, Fang Yiu, Teoman Pekoz

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

This paper gives an overview of the design procedures formulated for plain channels. These formulations are based on experimental and finite element studies. The scope of the work covers laterally braced beams, columns and beam-columns of cross-sections in the range of practical applications by the industry. The recommendations treat members that are made up of elements that may be in the post-buckling or post yielding range.

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Eccentrically Loaded Bolted Connections For Type 304 And 3cr12 Stainless Steel Lipped Channels, P. Van Tonder, Q. C. Oliphant, G. J. Van Den Berg Oct 2000

Eccentrically Loaded Bolted Connections For Type 304 And 3cr12 Stainless Steel Lipped Channels, P. Van Tonder, Q. C. Oliphant, G. J. Van Den Berg

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

In this paper the results of a study on eccentrically loaded bolted connections in lipped channels are presented. The steels chosen for this study are AISI Type 304 and Type 3CR12 stainless steel. It is concluded in this investigation that an acceptable prediction of the strength of eccentrically loaded bolted connections of stainless steel lipped channels may be obtained through the combination between the eccentric loaded equation and the normal bolted connection equations for stainless steel.

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Optimum Design Of Cold Formed Steel Residential Roof Trusses, L. Xu, H. Min Oct 2000

Optimum Design Of Cold Formed Steel Residential Roof Trusses, L. Xu, H. Min

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

A computer-based optimal design approach for residential roof trusses using cold-formed steel C-sections is presented. The truss design is based on CSA S136-94 and the truss design guide published by the American Iron and Steel Institute and the Canadian Sheet Steel Building Institute. A genetic algorithm was adopted to obtain the minimum cost design with consideration to truss topology and member size simultaneously. The presented design examples demonstrate the applicability and efficiency ofthe proposed approach.

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Structural Stability Of Braced Scaffolding And Formwork With Spigot Joints, John Enright, Robert Harriss, Gregory J. Hancock Oct 2000

Structural Stability Of Braced Scaffolding And Formwork With Spigot Joints, John Enright, Robert Harriss, Gregory J. Hancock

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

Steel Scaffolding systems are often constructed from cold-formed circular hollow sections. The beams of this system are normally called "ledgers" and the columns are normally called "standards". To allow the system to be quickly erected on site, "spigot joints" are inserted in the standards. The spigot joints consist of smaller diameter tubes which slide into the larger diameter tubes to provide a safe connection under gravity load. However, the spigot joints may have a lack of fit, and when located midway between the ledgers, they can cause significant out-of-straightness in a standard. This PΔ effect may weaken the standard as …

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Buckling Of Cold Formed Stainless Steel Columns Under Concentric And Eccentric Loading, J. Rhodes, M. Macdonald, W. Mcniff Oct 2000

Buckling Of Cold Formed Stainless Steel Columns Under Concentric And Eccentric Loading, J. Rhodes, M. Macdonald, W. Mcniff

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

This paper describes the results obtained from a series of compression tests performed on cold formed stainless steel Type 304 columns of lipped channel cross-section. The cross-section dimensions, the column length and the eccentricity of the applied compressive load are varied to examine the effects on the buckling load capacity of the columns. The results obtained are compared to those obtained from the relevant design specifications in America and in Europe, and conclusions are drawn on the basis of the comparisons.

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The Development Of An Australian Standard For Stainless Steel Structures, Kim J. R. Rasmussen Oct 2000

The Development Of An Australian Standard For Stainless Steel Structures, Kim J. R. Rasmussen

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

The paper describes the recent development of an Australian standard for the design of cold-formed stainless steel structures. The standard is based on the ANSI/ASCE-8 (1991) Specification for the Design of Cold-formed Stainless Steel Structural Members but augmented to provide rules for cold-formed hollow section members and welded connections. Explicit design rules for the flexural buckling of compression members are also implemented. Further, mechanical properties are included for weldable chromium steels and austenitic-ferritic (duplex) alloys, which are in addition to the alloys included in the ANSII ASCE-8 Specification. The purpose of this paper is to summarise the new rules and …

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Mechanical Properties Of Stainless Steel Lipped Channels, M. Macdonald, J. Rhodes, G. T. Taylor Oct 2000

Mechanical Properties Of Stainless Steel Lipped Channels, M. Macdonald, J. Rhodes, G. T. Taylor

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

This paper describes and discusses the results obtained from a series of tensile tests performed on cold formed stainless steel Type 304 members of lipped channel cross-section. Standard tensile tests on coupons cut from the webs of the sections were carried out, as were full section tensile tests. Ramberg-Osgood type curves based on the procedure suggested in the ASCE design code were fitted to the stress-strain results and these are compared with the experimental results and Ramberg-Osgood type curves derived on an alternative basis.

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Automated Design Of Steel Trusses, B. Mobasher, S. D. Rajan, S. Y. Chen Oct 2000

Automated Design Of Steel Trusses, B. Mobasher, S. D. Rajan, S. Y. Chen

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

Designing an automated procedure for the optimal design of any structural system poses special challenges. Converting this methodology into a practical tool is even more challenging. In this research, a point-and-click software system is developed for the optimal design of roof truss systems. The starting point is a roof template containing minimal user input - outline of the truss, truss spacing, load information, and cost figures. A ground structure is constructed as the starting point of the design iterations. The Genetic Algorithm (GA) is used as the optimization tool to drive the design changes. Using the database of available sections, …

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Structural Behavior Of Cold-Formed Steel Header Beams For Residential Construction, Roger A. Laboube, Sutton F. Stephens Oct 2000

Structural Behavior Of Cold-Formed Steel Header Beams For Residential Construction, Roger A. Laboube, Sutton F. Stephens

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

The purpose of this experimental and analytical study was to observe the structural behavior of cold-formed steel header beams subject to a combined bending and interior-one-flange loading (IOF) condition as typically occurs in residential construction. This study focussed on the IOF loading of both back-to-back (I-beam) and box-beam configurations as specified in the "Prescriptive Method for Residential Cold-Formed Steel Framing - Second Edition." Past research conducted in the area of web crippling strength, bending strength and flange buckling of cold-formed steel members was reviewed and is discussed. The data obtained from the experimental study was analyzed and evaluated to determine …

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Dynamic Behaviour Of Floors With Cold-Formed Steel Joists, L. Xu, Z. Ling, W. C. Xie, R. M. Schuster Oct 2000

Dynamic Behaviour Of Floors With Cold-Formed Steel Joists, L. Xu, Z. Ling, W. C. Xie, R. M. Schuster

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

Presented in this paper are the results of a recent study carried out at the University of Waterloo on the performance of residential floors supported by cold-formed steel C-section floor joists. Both static and dynamic tests were conducted on steel floors with different span lengths based on different design criteria. The purpose of the static tests was to evaluate the stiffuess and load sharing among the joists, and the purpose of the dynamic tests was to evaluate the dynamic characteristics such as frequencies of the floor systems. To identify the critical parameters that contribute to the control of floor vibration, …

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Lateral Bracing Connections For C-Sections Subjected To Bending, B. Beshara, Roger A. Laboube Oct 2000

Lateral Bracing Connections For C-Sections Subjected To Bending, B. Beshara, Roger A. Laboube

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

The overall behavior under bending moment of cold-formed steel C-sections assemblies was investigated. Each test assembly consisted of C-sections acting as beams having a track to restrain the ends. Lateral bracing to restrain C-sections from rotation was provided at mid-span. To better understand the influence of the brace connection on the bending behavior, an experimental investigation was carried out with particular emphasis placed on the study of the effect of the mid-span brace connection on the bending behavior, and the effect of attaching dry wall to the tension flange. For the dry wall test specimens, lateral bracing was also provided …

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An Exafs Study Of Nanocrystalline Yttrium Stabilized Cubic Zirconia Films And Pure Zirconia Powders, Georgina E. Rush, Alan V. Chadwick, Igor Kosacki, Harlan U. Anderson Oct 2000

An Exafs Study Of Nanocrystalline Yttrium Stabilized Cubic Zirconia Films And Pure Zirconia Powders, Georgina E. Rush, Alan V. Chadwick, Igor Kosacki, Harlan U. Anderson

Materials Science and Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Detailed EXAFS (extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy) measurements have been collected for two nanocrystalline forms of zirconia, namely, dense films of yttria-stabilized cubic zirconia (YSZ) and tetragonal phase powders of pure ZrO2. Zr and Y K edge EXAFS spectra for the YSZ films with grain sizes of 6, 15, and 240 nm showed no major differences with the corresponding spectra of the bulk counterpart. This is clear proof that these nanocrystalline films exhibit similar levels of disorder to that of large crystals. In particular, there is no support for the view that the intergrain regions are highly disordered, and …

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A Design Approach For Complex Stiffeners, Andrew T. Sarawit Oct 2000

A Design Approach For Complex Stiffeners, Andrew T. Sarawit

American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) Specifications, Standards, Manuals and Research Reports (1946 - present)

No abstract provided.

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Web Crippling Data And Calibrations Of Cold Formed Steel Members, R. M. Schuster, B. Beshara Oct 2000

Web Crippling Data And Calibrations Of Cold Formed Steel Members, R. M. Schuster, B. Beshara

American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) Specifications, Standards, Manuals and Research Reports (1946 - present)

No abstract provided.

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Optical Diagnostics On Helical Flux Compression Generators, A. A. Neuber, J. C. Dickens, H. Krompholz, M. F. C. Schmidt, Jason Baird, Paul Nicholas Worsey, M. Kristiansen Oct 2000

Optical Diagnostics On Helical Flux Compression Generators, A. A. Neuber, J. C. Dickens, H. Krompholz, M. F. C. Schmidt, Jason Baird, Paul Nicholas Worsey, M. Kristiansen

Mining Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Explosively driven magnetic flux compression (MFC) has been object of research for more than three decades. Actual interest in the basic physical picture of flux compression has been heightened by a newly started Department of Defense (DoD) Multi-University Research Initiative. The emphasis is on helical flux compression generators comprising a hollow cylindrical metal liner filled with high explosives and at least one helical coil surrounding the liner. After the application of a seed current, magnetic flux is trapped and high current is generated by moving, i.e., expanding, the liner explosively along the winding of the helical coil. Several key factors …

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