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Articles 10771 - 10800 of 21775
Full-Text Articles in Engineering
Lessons Learned From Slope And Trench Failures In Japan, Yasuo Toyosawa, Sahaphol Timpong, Kazuya Itoh
Lessons Learned From Slope And Trench Failures In Japan, Yasuo Toyosawa, Sahaphol Timpong, Kazuya Itoh
International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering
This paper presents case histories of slope and trench failure accidents in Japan during the period of 1989 to 2001 based on the database from construction industrial labor accident reports. The major risk factors of the failures are identified by considering the location of slope and trench failures, types of construction, slope and trench geometries, scale of slope failure, time of occurrence and characteristics of worker involved in the failures. It was found that it is necessary to improve the safety standards and provide more safety education and training especially in the small construction projects to prevent the slope and …
Design And Construction Of Circular Secant Pile Walls In Soft Clays, Hadi Suroor, Mahi Galagoda, Chris Mcghee
Design And Construction Of Circular Secant Pile Walls In Soft Clays, Hadi Suroor, Mahi Galagoda, Chris Mcghee
International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering
This paper presents design and construction aspects of two similar circular Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) impoundment basins in deep soft clays. Each basin has a design spill containment volume of 70,630 cubic feet. The inside diameter of each basin is 60 ft; bottom of the excavation is 32 ft below grade and the excavation retained permanently by concrete secant pile walls. The circular wall is constructed of 3 ft nominal diameter concrete piles overlapping adjacent piles by 6 in; the wall penetrates 60 ft below grade. Excavation stability during construction is the primary concern in soft clays; an inadequate retention …
The Simplified Kzp5 Method For Soil Nail Design In Granular Soils, Kumars Zand-Parsa, Kamran Zand-Parsa
The Simplified Kzp5 Method For Soil Nail Design In Granular Soils, Kumars Zand-Parsa, Kamran Zand-Parsa
International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering
A lot of soil nail retaining walls in southern California are under construction. Some of them will be used as shoring systems for bridge or other kind of retaining wall constructions. Design and design review process are very time consuming, and the possibility of mistakes encourages us to find a simplified method for designing the soil nail walls. The maximum height of the soil nail walls in that region were about 14m, including 9 rows of 25mm steel rods (nails) in 150mm diameter holes with different lengths. Whole length of the drilled holes will be filled with grout after setting …
Direct 3d Layer Metal Deposition, Jianzhong Ruan, Lie Tang, Todd E. Sparks, Robert G. Landers, Frank W. Liou
Direct 3d Layer Metal Deposition, Jianzhong Ruan, Lie Tang, Todd E. Sparks, Robert G. Landers, Frank W. Liou
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
Multi-axis slicing for solid freeform fabrication (SFF) manufacturing processes can yield non-uniform thickness layers, or 3D layers. Using the traditional parallel layer construction approach to build such a layer leads to a staircase which requires machining or other post processing to form the desired shape. This paper presents a direct 3D layer deposition approach. This approach uses an empirical model to predict the layer thickness based on experimental data. The toolpath between layers is not parallel; instead, it follows the final shape of the designed geometry and the distance between the toolpath in the adjacent layers varies at different locations. …
Direct-To-Part Machining Waste Recycling Using Laser Metal Deposition, Todd E. Sparks, Frank W. Liou
Direct-To-Part Machining Waste Recycling Using Laser Metal Deposition, Todd E. Sparks, Frank W. Liou
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
Laser metal deposition typically uses metal powders as the build material of choice. The ability to reprocess waste materials using this technology would significantly reduce the material cost and cradle-to-grave energy content of parts produced using these methods. This capability will also greatly increase the utility of laser deposition, to potential industrial uses. This paper explores the usage of machining chips as an alternate source of build material. Topics covered include material handling, material preprocessing, and comparison to powder- based deposition.
Layer-To-Layer Height Control For Laser Metal Deposition Processes, Lie Tang, Jianzhong Ruan, Todd E. Sparks, Robert G. Landers, Frank W. Liou
Layer-To-Layer Height Control For Laser Metal Deposition Processes, Lie Tang, Jianzhong Ruan, Todd E. Sparks, Robert G. Landers, Frank W. Liou
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
A Laser Metal Deposition (LMD) height controller design methodology is presented in this paper. The height controller utilizes the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm to estimate model parameters between layers using measured temperature and track height profiles. The process model parameters for the next layer are then predicted using Exponentially Weighted Moving Average (EWMA). Using the predicted model, the powder flow rate reference profile, which will produce the desired layer height reference, is then generated using Iterative Learning Control (ILC). The model parameter estimation capability is tested using a four-layer deposition. The results demonstrate the simulation based upon estimated process …
Microstructural Characterization Of Diode Laser Deposited Ti-6al-4v, Tian Fu, Zhiqiang Fan, Syamala R. Pulugurtha, Todd E. Sparks, Jianzhong Ruan, Frank W. Liou, Joseph William Newkirk
Microstructural Characterization Of Diode Laser Deposited Ti-6al-4v, Tian Fu, Zhiqiang Fan, Syamala R. Pulugurtha, Todd E. Sparks, Jianzhong Ruan, Frank W. Liou, Joseph William Newkirk
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
Laser Direct Metal Deposition (DMD) is an effective approach to manufacturing or repairing a range of metal components. The process is a layer-by-layer approach to building up a three dimensional solid object. The microstructure influences mechanical properties of the deposited parts. Thus, it is important to understand the microstructural features of diode laser deposited parts. This paper presents a microstructure analysis of a diode laser deposited Ti-6Al-4V onto a Ti-6Al-4V substrate. laser deposited parts. This paper presents a microstructure analysis of a diode laser deposited Ti-6Al-4V onto a Ti-6Al-4V substrate.
Product Focused Freeform Fabrication Education, Frank W. Liou, Ming-Chuan Leu
Product Focused Freeform Fabrication Education, Frank W. Liou, Ming-Chuan Leu
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
Presented in this paper is our experience of teaching freeform fabrication to students at the Missouri University of Science and Technology, and to high school students and teachers. The emphasis of the curriculum is exposing students to rapid product development technologies with the goal of creating awareness to emerging career opportunities in CAD/CAM. Starting from solid modeling, principles of freeform fabrication, to applications of rapid prototyping and manufacturing in industry sponsored product development projects, students can learn in-depth freeform fabrication technologies. Interactive course content with hands-on experience for product development is the key towards the success of the program.
Freeform Fabrication Of Zirconium Diboride Parts Using Selective Laser Sintering, Ming-Chuan Leu, Erik B. Adamek, Tieshu Huang, Greg Hilmas, Fatih Dogan
Freeform Fabrication Of Zirconium Diboride Parts Using Selective Laser Sintering, Ming-Chuan Leu, Erik B. Adamek, Tieshu Huang, Greg Hilmas, Fatih Dogan
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
Using the Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) process, both flexural test bars and 3D fuel injector components have been fabricated with zirconium diboride (ZrB2) powder. Stearic acid was selected as the binder. Values of SLS process parameters were chosen such that the green parts could be built with sharp geometrical features and that the sintered parts could have good mechanical properties. After binder burnout and sintering, the SLS fabricated ZrB2 test bars achieved 80% theoretical density, and the average flexural strength of the sintered samples was 195 MPa. These values demonstrate the feasibility of the SLS process for …
Modeling And Experimental Results Of Concentration With Support Material In Rapid Freeze Prototyping, Frances D. Bryant, Ming-Chuan Leu
Modeling And Experimental Results Of Concentration With Support Material In Rapid Freeze Prototyping, Frances D. Bryant, Ming-Chuan Leu
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
Ice structures with complex geometries and overhung areas are created by the Rapid Freeze Prototyping (RFP) process in a sufficiently cool environment by freezing water into ice as the main material in conjunction with a eutectic dextrose-water solution as the sacrificial support material. The supported areas in an ice structure are removed via an increase in temperature in a separate environment after the structure is completely fabricated. To understand to what extent these two materials mix during fabrication, two methods of modeling the concentration changes that occur near the interface of the main and support materials have been developed. The …
Ccfss Technical Bulletin Fall 2008, Wei-Wen Yu Center For Cold-Formed Steel Structures
Ccfss Technical Bulletin Fall 2008, Wei-Wen Yu Center For Cold-Formed Steel Structures
CCFSS Technical Bulletins (1993 - 2020)
No abstract provided.
Ccfss News Fall 2008, Wei-Wen Yu Center For Cold-Formed Steel Structures
Ccfss News Fall 2008, Wei-Wen Yu Center For Cold-Formed Steel Structures
CCFSS Newsletters (1999 - 2008)
No abstract provided.
Labevolution: What's The Next Mutation?, James D. Sterling
Labevolution: What's The Next Mutation?, James D. Sterling
Business and Information Technology Faculty Research & Creative Works
No abstract provided.
An Open Framework For Highly Concurrent Real-Time Hardware-In-The-Loop Simulation, Ryan C. Underwood, Bruce M. Mcmillin, Mariesa Crow
An Open Framework For Highly Concurrent Real-Time Hardware-In-The-Loop Simulation, Ryan C. Underwood, Bruce M. Mcmillin, Mariesa Crow
Computer Science Faculty Research & Creative Works
Hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) real-time simulation is becoming a significant tool in prototyping complex, highly available systems. The HIL approach permits testing of hardware prototypes of components that would be extremely costly or difficult to test in the deployed environment. In power system simulation, key issues are the ability to wrap the systems of equations (such as Partial Differential Equations) describing the deployed environment into real-time software models, provide low synchronization overhead between the hardware and software, and reduce reliance on proprietary platforms. This paper introduces an open source HIL simulation framework that can be ported to any standard Unix-like system on …
Nanoparticulate Composites Of Melt Textured Yba2cu3o7−X Superconductors, Oratai Jongprateep, Fatih Dogan
Nanoparticulate Composites Of Melt Textured Yba2cu3o7−X Superconductors, Oratai Jongprateep, Fatih Dogan
Materials Science and Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
It has been shown that Nd1+xBa2−xCu3O7−x could exhibit a pronounced Jc(H) peak effect, which results in an enhancement of the critical current density under the medium range magnetic field. Additions of small quantities of Nd2O3 into Pt-doped YBa2Cu3O7−x (Y123) resulted in the formation of nanosized (30–60 nm) secondary phases which are expected to have a significant effect on superconducting properties of melt textured Y123 single crystals. By considering of solidification kinetics, effect of neodymium oxide and platinum addition on processing parameters of melt textured Y123 superconductors are …
Differential Vias Transition Modeling In A Multilayer Printed Circuit Board, Matteo Cocchini, Wheling Cheng, Jianmin Zhang, John Fisher, Jun Fan, James L. Drewniak, Yaojiang Zhang
Differential Vias Transition Modeling In A Multilayer Printed Circuit Board, Matteo Cocchini, Wheling Cheng, Jianmin Zhang, John Fisher, Jun Fan, James L. Drewniak, Yaojiang Zhang
Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
A 26-layer printed circuit board including several test sites has been analyzed. All the sites have a transition from coupled microstrips to coupled striplines through signal vias. Differential measurements have been performed on some of these test sites to estimate the effect on S-parameters and eye diagrams due to via and antipad radius variation, and different lengths of via stub. The focus of this paper is on a test site with a transition from top to the sixth layer. At the same time, a physics based circuit model has been assembled in a spice-based simulation tool and a full-wave model …
Reinforcement Learning Based Dual-Control Methodology For Complex Nonlinear Discrete-Time Systems With Application To Spark Engine Egr Operation, Peter Shih, Brian C. Kaul, Jagannathan Sarangapani, J. A. Drallmeier
Reinforcement Learning Based Dual-Control Methodology For Complex Nonlinear Discrete-Time Systems With Application To Spark Engine Egr Operation, Peter Shih, Brian C. Kaul, Jagannathan Sarangapani, J. A. Drallmeier
Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
A novel reinforcement-learning-based dual-control methodology adaptive neural network (NN) controller is developed to deliver a desired tracking performance for a class of complex feedback nonlinear discrete-time systems, which consists of a second-order nonlinear discrete-time system in nonstrict feedback form and an affine nonlinear discrete-time system, in the presence of bounded and unknown disturbances. For example, the exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) operation of a spark ignition (SI) engine is modeled by using such a complex nonlinear discrete-time system. A dual-controller approach is undertaken where primary adaptive critic NN controller is designed for the nonstrict feedback nonlinear discrete-time system whereas the secondary …
Estimation Of The Statistical Variation Of Crosstalk In Wiring Harnesses, Meilin Wu, Daryl G. Beetner, Todd H. Hubing, Haixin Ke, Shishuang Sun
Estimation Of The Statistical Variation Of Crosstalk In Wiring Harnesses, Meilin Wu, Daryl G. Beetner, Todd H. Hubing, Haixin Ke, Shishuang Sun
Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
Analyzing interference problems in vehicle wiring harnesses requires fast and accurate methods of approximating crosstalk. Worst-case approximations using lumped element models are fast and easy to use, but run the risk of overestimating problems. Statistical methods that account for the random variation of wire position help prevent overdesign, but are often difficult and time-consuming to apply and lack a clear link between problems and their cause. Here we investigate the use of simple lumped-element models to predict the statistical variation of crosstalk in wire harness bundles. Models are based on lumped-element approximations, where inductance and capacitance values are calculated for …
Post-Configuration Testing Of Asynchronous Nanowire Crossbar Architecture, Sriram Venkateswaran, Minsu Choi
Post-Configuration Testing Of Asynchronous Nanowire Crossbar Architecture, Sriram Venkateswaran, Minsu Choi
Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
An asynchronous nanowire crossbar architecture has been recently proposed to eliminate the clock distribution network from conventional clocked counterpart. The proposed clock-free architecture is envisioned to enhance the manufacturability with simpler periodic structure and to improve the robustness by removing various timing-related failure modes. Even though the proposed clock-free architecture has numerous merits over its clocked counterpart, it is still not free from high defect rates induced by nondeterministic nanoscale assembly. In order to address this issue, our research team has been working on developing test schemes for effective mapping of threshold gates onto programmable gate macro blocks (PGMB). We …
Issues On Stability Of Adp Feedback Controllers For Dynamical Systems, S. N. Balakrishnan, Jie Ding, F. L. Lewis
Issues On Stability Of Adp Feedback Controllers For Dynamical Systems, S. N. Balakrishnan, Jie Ding, F. L. Lewis
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
This paper traces the development of neural-network (NN)-based feedback controllers that are derived from the principle of adaptive/approximate dynamic programming (ADP) and discusses their closed-loop stability. Different versions of NN structures in the literature, which embed mathematical mappings related to solutions of the ADP-formulated problems called “adaptive critics” or “action-critic” networks, are discussed. Distinction between the two classes of ADP applications is pointed out. Furthermore, papers in “model-free” development and model-based neurocontrollers are reviewed in terms of their contributions to stability issues. Recent literature suggests that work in ADP-based feedback controllers with assured stability is growing in diverse forms.
Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman Equations And Approximate Dynamic Programming On Time Scales, John E. Seiffertt Iv, Suman Sanyal, Donald C. Wunsch
Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman Equations And Approximate Dynamic Programming On Time Scales, John E. Seiffertt Iv, Suman Sanyal, Donald C. Wunsch
Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
The time scales calculus is a key emerging area of mathematics due to its potential use in a wide variety of multidisciplinary applications. We extend this calculus to approximate dynamic programming (ADP). The core backward induction algorithm of dynamic programming is extended from its traditional discrete case to all isolated time scales. Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equations, the solution of which is the fundamental problem in the field of dynamic programming, are motivated and proven on time scales. By drawing together the calculus of time scales and the applied area of stochastic control via ADP, we have connected two major fields of research.
Evaluating Performance Tradeoff In Defect-Tolerant Gate Programming Techniques For The Clock-Free Nanowire Crossbar Architecture, Minsu Choi, Ravi Bonam
Evaluating Performance Tradeoff In Defect-Tolerant Gate Programming Techniques For The Clock-Free Nanowire Crossbar Architecture, Minsu Choi, Ravi Bonam
Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
A novel asynchronous nanowire crossbar architecture has been recently proposed by authors' research group. The proposed clock-free architecture provides numerous significant benefits over its clocked counterparts which include better manufacturability, scalability, modularity and robustness. We also proposed various gate mapping and reconfiguration algorithms for defect-tolerant programming of PGMB (programmable gate macro blocks) - which is the primary building block of the proposed architecture. These algorithms were tested by simulations and a variety of parameter values were applied to show their performance characteristics. The most important performance metric of the proposed techniques is the programmability (i.e., the ratio of successfully programmed …
The Influence Of Test Parameters On Tem Cell Measurements Of Ics, Vijay Kasturi, Daryl G. Beetner
The Influence Of Test Parameters On Tem Cell Measurements Of Ics, Vijay Kasturi, Daryl G. Beetner
Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
The IEC 61967-2 TEM cell standard allows for variations in test parameters which may cause variations in the measured emissions from integrated circuits (ICs). To test the impact of these parameters, two printed circuit boards were designed within the IEC standard using "poor" PCB design strategies and using "good" design strategies. Emissions from three pin-for-pin compatible 8051 microcontrollers were tested. Emissions were measured using both PCBs, changing the PCB configuration, and changing test parameters like the program running on the IC, the rise time of the input clock, and I/O switching. Emissions from the "poor" PCB were about 3-8 dB …
Time Synchronized Near-Field And Far-Field For Emi Source Identification, Gang Feng, Wei Wu, David Pommerenke, Jun Fan, Daryl G. Beetner
Time Synchronized Near-Field And Far-Field For Emi Source Identification, Gang Feng, Wei Wu, David Pommerenke, Jun Fan, Daryl G. Beetner
Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
The evaluation of a product in terms of radiated emissions involves identifying the noise sources. Spectrum analyzer (SA) measurements alone are unable to identify noise sources when multiple sources are responsible for emissions at a particular frequency. In this paper, an approach using combined near-field and far-field measurements is proposed. This method consists of recording signals from a near field probe and from an antenna in the far-field using a high speed oscilloscope and analyzing the relationship between them via different post processing methods. The noise source can be identified by varying the location of near-field probe and searching for …
Using Twdp To Quantify Channel Performance With Frequency-Domain S-Parameter Data, Surbhi Mittal, Zhiping Yang, Jun Fan, Francesco De Paulis
Using Twdp To Quantify Channel Performance With Frequency-Domain S-Parameter Data, Surbhi Mittal, Zhiping Yang, Jun Fan, Francesco De Paulis
Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
This paper presents an approach to quantify channel performance using TWDP (Transmitter Waveform and Dispersion Penalty) with frequency-domain S-parameter data. TWDP is initially defined to characterize the performance of a transmitter in optical links. The same concept has been extended to quantify channel performance as well, especially in high-speed copper links. This paper focuses on channel characterization. Instead of using time-domain oscilloscope measurements as defined in the original approach, a new method is proposed by using the frequency-domain S-parameter data, obtained either from measurements or simulations. A parametric study on TWDP with respect to bit rate, number of samples per …
Emi Analysis Methods For Synchronous Buck Converter Emi Root Cause Analysis, David Pommerenke, Robert Steinfeld, Keong W. Kam, Cheung-Wei Lam
Emi Analysis Methods For Synchronous Buck Converter Emi Root Cause Analysis, David Pommerenke, Robert Steinfeld, Keong W. Kam, Cheung-Wei Lam
Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
DC/DC synchronous buck converters cause broadband emissions. A variety of methods are applied to analyze the root cause of the EMI. Time-domain voltage measurement and joint-time-frequency analysis allows to determine the location of the noise source. The near field scan reveals the current paths, and impedance measurement and 3D modeling can be used for further analysis of the noise source. A dual port TEM cell allows to distinguish E from H field coupling, This paper shows the application of those methods to a synchronous buck converter and reveals the sources of EMI leading to advice on the optimal PCB design. …
Control Of Nonaffine Nonlinear Discrete Time Systems Using Reinforcement-Learning-Based Linearly Parameterized Neural Networks, Qinmin Yang, Jonathan B. Vance, Jagannathan Sarangapani
Control Of Nonaffine Nonlinear Discrete Time Systems Using Reinforcement-Learning-Based Linearly Parameterized Neural Networks, Qinmin Yang, Jonathan B. Vance, Jagannathan Sarangapani
Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
A nonaffine discrete-time system represented by the nonlinear autoregressive moving average with eXogenous input (NARMAX) representation with unknown nonlinear system dynamics is considered. An equivalent affinelike representation in terms of the tracking error dynamics is first obtained from the original nonaffine nonlinear discrete-time system so that reinforcement-learning-based near-optimal neural network (NN) controller can be developed. The control scheme consists of two linearly parameterized NNs. One NN is designated as the critic NN, which approximates a predefined long-term cost function, and an action NN is employed to derive a near-optimal control signal for the system to track a desired trajectory while …
Link Path Design On A Block-By-Block Basis, Francesco De Paulis, Jun Fan, Jay Diepenbrock, Samuel Connor, Antonio Orlandi, Bruce Archambeault
Link Path Design On A Block-By-Block Basis, Francesco De Paulis, Jun Fan, Jay Diepenbrock, Samuel Connor, Antonio Orlandi, Bruce Archambeault
Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
In high-speed data communication systems, the complexity of link path between transmitters and receivers present a challenge for designers to maintain an acceptable bit error rate. An approach is presented in this paper to design the link path on a block-by-block basis. The unique advantage of this approach lies on the physics-based model of each block, which relates performance to geometry and makes design improvement and optimization possible. An example link path involving a backpanel is investigated using the approach. The via stubs and the dielectric materials in the backpanel are demonstrated to be critical factors for link performance in …
Maximum Likelihood Methods In Biology Revisited With Tools Of Computational Intelligence, John E. Seiffertt Iv, Andrew Vanbrunt, Donald C. Wunsch
Maximum Likelihood Methods In Biology Revisited With Tools Of Computational Intelligence, John E. Seiffertt Iv, Andrew Vanbrunt, Donald C. Wunsch
Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
We investigate the problem of identification of genes correlated with the occurrence of diseases in a given population. The classical method of parametric linkage analysis is combined with newer tools and results are achieved on a model problem. This traditional method has advantages over non-parametric methods, but these advantages have been difficult to realize due to their high computational cost. We study a class of Evolutionary Algorithms from the Computational Intelligence literature which are designed to cut such costs considerably for optimization problems. We outline the details of this algorithm, called Particle Swarm Optimization, and present all the equations and …
Noise Coupling Between Power/Ground Nets Due To Differential Vias Transitions In A Multilayer Pcb, Matteo Cocchini, Jun Fan, Bruce Archambeault, James L. Knighten, Xin Chang, James L. Drewniak, Yaojiang Zhang, Samuel R. Connor
Noise Coupling Between Power/Ground Nets Due To Differential Vias Transitions In A Multilayer Pcb, Matteo Cocchini, Jun Fan, Bruce Archambeault, James L. Knighten, Xin Chang, James L. Drewniak, Yaojiang Zhang, Samuel R. Connor
Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
Due to the increase in board density, routing traces on different layers becomes a widely used strategy. Through-hole vias are often used to connect these traces. Those vias that penetrate power/ground plane pairs could cause noise coupling between signal and power/ground nets. At the same time, the need for clean signal transmitted to receivers results in a wide use of differential signals. This paper studies the noise coupling mechanism caused by a differential pair of vias penetrating power/ground plane pair using a physics-based via-plane model combined with transmission line models for traces. A 26-layer printed circuit board with a pair …