Engineering Commons^™

Integrated Environmental Analysis Of Urban Waste Separate Collection In The Sorrento Peninsula, In Italy, Giovanni De Feo, Daria Milione, Anna Rita Polito, Alberto Grosso, Santa Maria Del Pianto, Luigi Cuomo

Life Cycle Assessment and Other Assessment Tools for Waste Management and Resource Optimization

The main aim of this work was to study the kerbside collection system of two municipalities in the Sorrento peninsula (in Italy) with an integrated approach based on the three pillars of sustainability: society, environment and economy. The studied municipality are Sorrento (16,745 inhabitants, 1,681 inhabitants/km²) and Piano di Sorrento (13,159 inhabitants, 1,793 inhabitants/km²). Piano di Sorrento and especially Sorrento are tourist towns and this obviously has an impact on the quantity and quality of urban waste. In 2014, the percentage of separate collection was 63.3% in Piano di Sorrento with a per capita production of 465.7 kg/inhabitant/year, …

Assessing Carbon‐Based Materials Of Belo Horizonte Municipal Solid Waste Management, Maryegli Fuss, Witold-Roger Poganietz

Life Cycle Assessment and Other Assessment Tools for Waste Management and Resource Optimization

Municipal solid waste are mainly composed by carbon-based materials which leaves the households with still in-use lifespans. Many plastic bottles, papers, textiles, cans with tens of lifespan years are commonly found on streets, landfills, lakes, and oceans. A better use of waste products is demanding in a world of increasing competition for (mineral, metallic, and so on) materials and in some cases expected decline of reserves. Recycling is a source of much confusion particularly when comparing its process with manufacturing of new products. Notwithstanding, primary raw materials are became scarce. For this reason the increase demand for secondary raw materials …

Life Cycle Assessment And Economic Evaluation Of The Recovery Of Materials In An Urban Waste Management System, Giovanni De Feo, Alessio Finelli, Alberto Grosso, Santa Maria Del Pianto

Life Cycle Assessment and Other Assessment Tools for Waste Management and Resource Optimization

The main aim of this study was to perform a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) as well as an economic evaluation of the recovery of recyclable materials in an urban waste management system. Urban waste is mainly composed of three fractions: 1) putrescible materials, 2) recyclables materials, and 3) residual waste. The putrescible materials have to be collected separately and sent to composting and/or anaerobic digestion plants. The recyclables materials have to be sorted and sent to the proper industrial facilities. Finally, the residual waste could be further selected to be sent to energy recovery plants. If citizens separate erroneously urban …

The Effects Of Changes In Consumption Composition And Growth In Recycling On Decoupling Household Consumption From Its Waste Footprint, Antoine Beylot, Baptiste Boitier, Nicolas Lancesseur, Jacques Villeneuve

Life Cycle Assessment and Other Assessment Tools for Waste Management and Resource Optimization

Worldwide, household consumption has significantly increased in the last decades while its composition has significantly changed. In France, economic growth (and therefore consumption growth) is a political objective. On the contrary, waste policies rather target reduction, in particular as to waste generation and waste disposal. Accordingly, decoupling household consumption growth from its waste footprint is a requirement to simultaneously achieve economic and waste policy targets. In this context, this study aims at assessing the effects of both changes in the composition of consumption and growth in recycling rates on the waste footprint of French households. Three models are combined. Firstly, …

The Application Of Life‐Cycle Assessment To Solid Waste Management: Applications, Challenges And Modeling Techniques, Morton Barlaz, James W. Levis

Life Cycle Assessment and Other Assessment Tools for Waste Management and Resource Optimization

Researchers have been working on the application of life-cycle assessment (LCA) to solid waste management systems for over two decades. Over this time, the state-of-the-art of LCA has advanced considerably, yet major challenges remain in the use of LCA to evaluate actual solid waste systems. The objective of this presentation is to present some perspective on the major accomplishments to date, applicable modeling techniques and the challenges that remain. This presentation is intended to serve as a catalyst for informal discussion in small groups throughout the conference.

There are many potential uses for LCA models with a considerable range in …

Choice Of Sewage Sludge Thermochemical Disposal Methods From Multi‐ Perspective Analysis, Dezhen Chen, Min Yang, Yuyan Hu

Life Cycle Assessment and Other Assessment Tools for Waste Management and Resource Optimization

Thermochemical conversion disposal methods for sewage sludge usually include incineration, gasification and pyrolysis. Incineration technology is relatively mature and the incineration ash can be potentially used for phosphorus (P) recovery. Gasification can be used to recover syngas which is convenient to be used for power & heat generation. While through pyrolysis, syngas of high quality, tar and char can be recovered. To make a proper choice from them, these techniques are compared from perspective of technology maturity, investment, operation cost, environmental impact and acceptability of the public. Technology maturity is evaluated by comparing industrial applications. Investment and operation cost are …

Combining Mfa, Lca And Optimization Techniques To Improve Msw Management In Switzerland, Melanie Haupt, Carl Vadenbo, Stefanie Hellweg

Life Cycle Assessment and Other Assessment Tools for Waste Management and Resource Optimization

The waste streams of society contain a substantial potential of material and energetic resources. The benefits of its utilization, however, depend on the waste management strategy applied. The present study aims at environmentally optimizing the Swiss municipal solid waste (MSW) management system by using the combination of material flow analysis (MFA), life cycle assessment (LCA), and mathematical optimization techniques. MFA supports decisions in resource management providing an understanding of the waste management system, providing information about capacities of treatment options, and assists in priority setting (Brunner and Rechberger 2004). MFA does, however, not provide information on the environmental impacts associated …

Lca Of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration In France: From Comprehensive Site‐ Specific Data To Life Cycle Inventory Modeling, Antoine Beylot, Antoine Hochar, Pascale Michel, Marie Descat, Yannick Ménard, Jacques Villeneuve

Life Cycle Assessment and Other Assessment Tools for Waste Management and Resource Optimization

In France, Municipal Solid Waste (MSW), including non-hazardous waste from economic activities collected together with post-consumer waste, are primarily incinerated (approximately 30% in 2010; ADEME, 2012). Yet, current Life Cycle Inventory databases do not precisely account for the characteristics of waste incineration in the specific French context, in particular with respect to air emissions, use of reactants, energy recovery rates and treatment of bottom ashes. This study accordingly aims at collecting environmental and energy data specific to French incinerators for their further integration into a dedicated Life Cycle Inventory model. The results of data collection and analysis are focused at …

Complementing Lca With Qualitative Organisational Study For Improving Waste Management Governance – Illustrated By A Comparative Case On Metal Packaging, Mathias Lindkvist, Henrikke Baumann, Maria Ljunggren Söderman

Life Cycle Assessment and Other Assessment Tools for Waste Management and Resource Optimization

We here present a novel method that combines the life cycle approach with qualitative organisational study for environmentally effective waste management. While LCA is useful for producing a systems overview of the environmental performance, it does not provide further guidance on systems management since the actors and activities that uphold them are not systematically studied. The human dimension is particularly manifest in waste management where many types of actors (private, public, consumers, legislators, sector organisations) interact in complex ways.

Our method, with which we study Product Chain Organisation (PCO), is designed to complement LCA. Descriptions and accounts of actors interacting …

Life Cycle Assessment Of Msw Kerbside Separate Collection System Applied To Small Communities, Giovanni De Feo, Carmela Malvano, Sabino La Rocca

Life Cycle Assessment and Other Assessment Tools for Waste Management and Resource Optimization

This study reports Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of kerbside municipal solid waste (MSW) collection for hypothetical communities of ten different sizes (varying between 1000 and 10,000 inhabitants, incremented by 1000). It evaluates the economy of scale for MSW collection system in municipalities in terms of their environmental performance, essentially building on a previous study that evaluated the costs and the induced environmental impacts of such systems (De Feo and Malvano, 2012). The scope of assessment includes the management phase (i.e. facilities for treatment and disposal), and the collection and transport phase (i.e. vehicles). The Function of the LCA study was …

Municipal Solid Waste Collection Evaluation Tool As Basis For Lca Of Msw Management, Dirk Weichgrebe, Christopher Speier, Moni Mohan Mondal

Life Cycle Assessment and Other Assessment Tools for Waste Management and Resource Optimization

The City of Bangalore, India, with 11 million inhabitants is currently investigating the improvement of the municipal solid waste collection system due to low efficiency and significant environmental impacts of the prevalent collection system. The present door-to-door collection covers only 50 % of the generated MSW whereas the rest is discharged at Litter Spots (30 %) and complemented by street sweeping waste (20 %). This presentation describes the conceptual design of an appropriate and innovative MSW collection system for Bangalore on the basis of a MSW collection evaluation tool.

This collection tool is developed to project and simulate different scenarios …

Life Cycle Assessment As A Tool For Resource Optimisation Of Continuous Basalt Fibre Production In Iceland, Kamal Azrague, Marianne Rose Inman, Lisbeth-Ingrid Alnæs, Reidun Dahl Schlanbusch, Birgir Jóhannesson, Thorsteinn Ingi Sigfusson, Eythor Rafn Thorhallsson, Hjalti Franzson, Arni B. Arnason, Sirje Vares

Life Cycle Assessment and Other Assessment Tools for Waste Management and Resource Optimization

Continuous Basalt Fibre (CBF) is a structural material formed from molten rocks and is analogous to glass fibre. The concept of using molten rock to form fibres dates back to the start of the last century. The inception of more comprehensive research took place in the 1970s, by former Soviet countries. The largest active mines today are located in Ukraine and Russia. The market is steadily developing as production becomes more economically viable, and CBF becomes more readily known and tested. Continuous basalt fibres are ideally suited for demanding applications that require high temperatures, chemical resistance, durability, mechanical strength and …

Lca To Start And Perform Green Public Procurement For Funeral Products, Francesco Baldoni, Valeria Bettini, Alessandro Buosi, Roberto Bortolotti

Life Cycle Assessment and Other Assessment Tools for Waste Management and Resource Optimization

AMNU S.p.A. is an Italian multi-utility company, whose owner are local municipalities, which operates basically in the territory of the Province of Trento in urban waste collection and transport.

In the last years AMNU has started the “new” activity of funeral service that has a wide public concern and is a source of deep connection with the the territory.

Funeral services and cemetery's management are becoming more and more important and therefore AMNU has moved forward in the environmental path and this is the objective of this work: to integrate procurement tenders for the funeral products industry by inserting environmental …

Development Of A Database Of Material Flow Analysis For Agro‐Food Processing Craft Villages In Red River Delta Of Vietnam, Nguyet Thi Tran, Dirk Weichgrebe

Life Cycle Assessment and Other Assessment Tools for Waste Management and Resource Optimization

Vietnam is a developing country with approximately 70 % of inhabitants dependent on agricultural practice for a living. Agro-food processing craft villages, a typical feature of rural areas, appeared before 1930 as the result of the secondary activities of farmers. Over time, they have developed rapidly, and represent a huge but unstable production sector carried out by village residents. Among 5400 craft villages they account the second largest share. Agro-food processing craft villages concentrate predominantly in the region of Red River Delta of Vietnam and currently are loosely regulated. However, fast increase in quantity and the inappropriate management of solid …

Environmental Assessment Of Light Weighting Solutions For Automotive Components: Results, Trade‐Off And Challenges From Real Case Studies, S. Maltese, L. Zanchi, M. Delogu, M. Pierini, R. Riccomagno

Life Cycle Assessment and Other Assessment Tools for Waste Management and Resource Optimization

In the last few decades, the automotive industry is facing the most deal with sustainability programs due to the increase of legislate limits on CO2 emissions and vehicle recyclability rate. Consequently, decisions on products design and development go together with environmental considerations, by starting to look for the employment of lighter materials, thus reducing vehicle mass weight and therefore fuel consumption and CO2 emissions during the dominant operation stage of a vehicle’s life cycle. To tackle this problem many of today automotive components are made of alternative materials like plastics, polymer composites, lighter metals which should lead to weight reduction …

Conference Program, Umberto Arena, Thomas Astrup, Paola Lettieri, Roland Clift

Life Cycle Assessment and Other Assessment Tools for Waste Management and Resource Optimization

No abstract provided.

Relationship Between Electrochemical Reaction Processes And Environment-Assisted Crack Growth Under Static And Dynamic Atmospheric Conditions, Fritz Friedersdorf, Carlos Hangarter, Nate Brown, Steve Policastro, Matt Merrill

International Workshop on the Environmental Damage in Structural Materials Under Static Load/Cyclic Loads at Ambient Temperatures

Environment-assisted cracking (EAC) of aluminum alloys in corrosive atmospheres is an important maintenance and safety issue for aerospace structures. EAC initiation and propagation are influenced by the interaction of load, environment, and alloy properties. For atmospheric corrosion, environmental conditions are dynamic; where temperature, relative humidity, and surface contaminants interact to control thin film electrolyte properties. Recent studies have determined that stage II stress corrosion crack (SCC) propagation, under atmospheric conditions is strongly dependent on humidity. SCC propagation in AA5083 and AA7075 alloys is a maximum during drying processes at intermediate humidity levels at or below the deliquescence relative humidity (DRH) …

Investigation Of Electrochemically-Induced Repassivation Of Al 7075-T6 And Al 2024-T3 As A Function Of Applied Stress And Galvanic Corrosion, Monica Trueba, Stefano P. Trasatti, Daniele Guastaferro, Michele Ferri, Marina Cabrini

International Workshop on the Environmental Damage in Structural Materials Under Static Load/Cyclic Loads at Ambient Temperatures

The repassivation behavior of Al alloys 7075-T6 and 2024-T3 was investigated by means of pitting scan (PS) technique (Fig. 1) (Trueba, Trasatti, 2015). The effect of mechanical load and galvanic coupling was estimated by considering principally the electrochemical characteristics of the reverse curve, namely the pit transition potential (Eptp), the associated current density (iptp) and the steepness. The load levels explored were mostly below the elastic limit, using four point bent-beam (4PBB) stress-corrosion test specimens (ASTM G39-99). CRES 304 or Ti6Al4V alloy were physically joined with Al sheet for simulating stress-induced galvanic corrosion. Different experimental variables (e.g. irev, [Cl-], pH, …

Examination And Prediction Of Corrosion Fatigue Damage And Inhibition, Sarah E Galyon Dorman, Justin W Rausch, Saravanan Arunachalam, Scott A Fawaz

International Workshop on the Environmental Damage in Structural Materials Under Static Load/Cyclic Loads at Ambient Temperatures

The United States Department of Defense (DoD) estimated that the annual cost of corrosion, the unintended material degradation due to the environment, to weapon systems and infrastructure in 2010 exceeded $21 billion, and that the number was likely to continue to rise. Unfortunately, as the warfighters demand more from their systems, corrosion prevention and control is frequently traded during the acquisition cycle for weapon system performance. As a result, the DoD remains entrenched in a find-and-fix corrosion management philosophy which is expensive and unsustainable. Better standardized fatigue laboratory procedures are need to help the DoD develop (1) a fundamental understanding …

Understanding Small Crack Effects On Failure & Threshold Diagrams, Daniel Kujawski

International Workshop on the Environmental Damage in Structural Materials Under Static Load/Cyclic Loads at Ambient Temperatures

It is well recognized that crack length has significant effects on both the monotonic failure stress and cyclic threshold stress conditions. Existing experimental data indicates that LEFM predicts correctly the failure and threshold stresses only for relatively long cracks. For small/short cracks, the LEFM overestimates both the failure and threshold stresses. Usually, an argument has been made that LEFM is violated in terms of a crack length with respect to the crack-tip plastic zone that results in overestimating the failure stress for small cracks. On the other hand, the Kitagawa diagram has been used to experimentally illustrate the connection between …

Environmental Assisted Cracking Of Pipeline Steels In Co2 Containing Environment, Marina Cabrini, Sergio Lorenzi, Fabio Maria Bolzoni

International Workshop on the Environmental Damage in Structural Materials Under Static Load/Cyclic Loads at Ambient Temperatures

Buried pipelines are susceptible to Environmental Assisted Cracking (EAC) in three different conditions: Stress Corrosion Cracking in the presence of Carbonate-Bicarbonate (CB-SCC), Near Neutral Stress Corrosion Cracking (NN-SCC) and Hydrogen Embrittlement (HE). Both CB-SCC and NN-SCC involve in their mechanism the presence of CO2 and/or its dissociated species dissolved in moisture under the coating, while the generic term of HE refers to the phenomena of brittle fracture taking place for entry of atomic hydrogen inside the metal lattice, owing to the applied cathodic protection.

Historically the CB-SCC was the first established form of stress corrosion on pipelines in the 60s, …

Material Weakening Due To Corrosion In Hardened Bearing Steels, R.H. Vegter, M. Ersson, Bo Han

International Workshop on the Environmental Damage in Structural Materials Under Static Load/Cyclic Loads at Ambient Temperatures

In rolling and ball bearings, materials are designed to withstand extremely high loads for long operation times. Most bearing steels are hardened steels with high carbon content that typically can function up to the Very High Cycle Fatigue regime (>1010 load cycles). The loads under which this occurs are given by the fatigue limit, which is a parameter that does depend on the strength of the material, but is commonly seen as a fixed parameter Therefore, material weakening is playing an important role when components fail as a result of rolling contact fatigue loading. In this paper, the effects …

Mechanical & Chemical Driving Force Affecting Crack Nucleation, K. Sadanand, Asuri K. Vasudevan

International Workshop on the Environmental Damage in Structural Materials Under Static Load/Cyclic Loads at Ambient Temperatures

Load history has been known to affect fracture and stress corrosion behavior. The degree to which it affects depends on the severity of the load history. It is known that shop peening can retard the SCC lives markedly in steels. Similarly, prestraining can reduce the KIscc and plateau velocity in high strength steels.

These types of experiments are difficult to quantify their effects on the SCC behavior. One can analyze the prestarining effects in a better way by analyzing the effects of single overloads followed by constant applied load to study the behavior. Such experiments can be done by observing …

Predicting Fatigue Crack Initiation In Metals Using Dislocation Dynamics Simulations, Veera Sundararaghavan, Christian Heinrich

International Workshop on the Environmental Damage in Structural Materials Under Static Load/Cyclic Loads at Ambient Temperatures

The presented work aims at deepening the understanding of the initiation of fatigue cracks in metals. The work is based on an argument of Mura and Nakasone [1] where an energy criterion is used to predict the initiation of a fatigue crack from a slip band. The discussion is based on the evolution of dislocation networks, as these are the prime cause for permanent deformation in metals. Using high performance computing, 3D dislocation dynamics simulations [2] are performed over several cycles to study the growth of the dislocation arrangement. Then the evolution of energy in the system is determined, including …

A Perspective On Environmentally-Induced Cracking, R.M. Latanision, A.K. Vasudevan

International Workshop on the Environmental Damage in Structural Materials Under Static Load/Cyclic Loads at Ambient Temperatures

The premature failure of engineering alloys in service is often associated with exposure to unintended environmental chemistry. High strength carbon steels and stainless steel will fail prematurely if exposed under tensile stress to absorbed atomic hydrogen. This is known as hydrogen embrittlement. Similarly, when aluminum alloys are exposed to liquid mercury, they are likely to crack prematurely if tensile stresses are present This is an example of liquid metal embrittlement. Silicate glass cracks in the presence of water, a phenomenon known as static fatigue of glass. Plastics fail prematurely in the presence of organic solvents. Service environments that contain soluble …

Micromechanisms Of Fracture Propagation In Glassy Polymers, Matteo Ciccotti, Matthieu George, Yannick Nziakou, Guillaume Fischer, Anne-Caroline Genix, Bruno Bresson, Stéphane Roux

International Workshop on the Environmental Damage in Structural Materials Under Static Load/Cyclic Loads at Ambient Temperatures

While most glassy polymers are nominally brittle at macroscopic scales, they are known to exhibit plastic deformation in indentation, scratching, and microcutting when the loaded region is sufficiently small. The same applies to the micrometer size process zone at the tip of a propagating crack. While the presence and approximate size of this microscale plastic zone is well described by the Dugdale model, the prediction of the toughness of these materials is not possible without accounting for the details of the local large strain field and the work hardening behaviour of these polymers, which can be inferred from their response …

A Method For Corrosion-Fatigue Life Prediction, Daniel Kujawski

International Workshop on the Environmental Damage in Structural Materials Under Static Load/Cyclic Loads at Ambient Temperatures

It is well recognized that environment has significant effects on the failure of cyclically loaded members/structures Existing experimental data indicates that fatigue life is much shorter in corrosive environment that in more inert environment such as a dry air or vacuum. This paper presents a method and strategy to predict/estimate life under corrosion-fatigue. A corrosion fatigue factor k_corr is defined as the ratio of the fully-reversed stress amplitude in air, (_a)_air, over that in corrosive environment, (_a)_corr, for a given fatigue life in terms of a number of cycles to …

Conference Program, A.K. Vasudevan, Ronald Latanision, Henry Holroyd, Neville Moody

International Workshop on the Environmental Damage in Structural Materials Under Static Load/Cyclic Loads at Ambient Temperatures

No abstract provided.

Force On A Large Sphere Immersed In An Expanded Water-Fluidized Bed Over A Wide Range Of Voidage Values, Alberto Di Renzo, Nicola Grassano, Francesco P. Di Maio

Fluidization XV

The presence of large objects immersed in a fluidized bed has been long studied in order to verify to what extent can the analogy with a buoyant body in a liquid represent the object-to-suspension interaction (1). One of the most useful information resulting from such study is the effective drag force exerted on the object and how it is related to the suspension properties, particularly with respect to the expansion degree. Implications are found also in the formulation of drag force expressions for homogeneous polydisperse systems.

In the present work an experimental series of tests has been conducted on a …

Applications Of Tribology And Fracture Mechanics To Determine Wear And Impact Attrition Of Particulate Solids In Cfb Systems, Ronald W. Breault, Samuel C. Bayham, Esmail R. Monazam

Fluidization XV

In recent years, much attention has been focused on the development of novel technologies for carbon capture and chemicals production that utilize a circulating fluidized bed configuration; examples include chemical looping combustion and circulation of temperature swing adsorbents in a CFB configuration for CO2 capture. A major uncertainty in determining the economic feasibility of these technologies is the required solids makeup rate, which, among other factors, is due to impact and wear attrition at various locations, including standpipes, cyclones, and the gas jets in fluid beds. While correlations have been developed that estimate the attrition rates at these areas, these …