Engineering Commons^™

Shotcrete In Tunnelling In Frozen Ground, Ludger Speier, Heiner Klönne

Shotcrete for Underground Support XI

The use of shotcrete in tunnelling in frozen ground will be presented for an actual project. There are specific demands on the mixture of shotcrete and the construction because of the frozen ground. The basics for the design especially the safety concept and the experiences made during construction will be presented.

Yet Another Way Of Calculating Stresses In A Shotcrete Lining, Bernd Moritz Dipl.-Ing.Dr. Techn., Markus Brandtner Ing.

Shotcrete for Underground Support XI

A complex rheological model has been used recently at several Austrian tunnel job sites to determine stresses in a shotcrete lining. The raw data are from displacements measurements at the lining contour.

The analysis uses a material model based on a thermo-chemo-mechanical approach. This paper gives a short review of the theoretical background and two case studies. The first one considers a tunnel with top heading/bench and invert excavation and the second one a tunnel with a more complex structure with side galleries and core excavation.

Activities Of The Ita Working Group On Sprayed Concrete Use, Tarcisio B. Celestino, Atsumu Ishida

Shotcrete for Underground Support XI

This paper describes the activities of the International Tunnelling and Underground Space Association (ITA) Working Group 12 on Sprayed Concrete Use. The Working Group has carried out tasks with the purpose of promoting information exchange between National Groups and planning, coordinating and releasing the results of testing programs in order to advance the state-of-the-art of sprayed concrete use for underground support. The intention of the Working Group is to explore and develop the idea that the rational use of sprayed concrete improves possibilities for design and construction of new underground works.

Conference Program, Felix Amberg

Shotcrete for Underground Support XI

No abstract provided.

Cost Efficient Waterproof Tunnel Linings, Knut F. Garshol

Shotcrete for Underground Support XI

The last few years, several projects have been successfully lined by sprayed concrete with an embedded double-bonded spray-applied membrane. This composite single shell liner offers significant reduction of total project cost and construction time. Especially in drill and blast tunneling major cost savings are linked to reduced consumption of concrete materials when comparing with the traditional system with sheet membrane and cast in-situ concrete.

Design Of Fibre Reinforced Shotcrete Linings With Macro-Synthetic Fibres, E. Stefan Bernard

Shotcrete for Underground Support XI

Fibre Reinforced Shotcrete (FRS) reinforced with macro-synthetic fibres has now been used to stabilize ground in underground mines and tunnels, and for slope stabilization, for over 10 years. Experience has demonstrated that macro-synthetic fibres are capable of exhibiting very high levels of performance and are a highly effective form of reinforcement for both temporary and permanent ground support. Engineering data also exists showing that macro-synthetic fibres excel with regard to corrosion resistance and embrittlement in shotcrete, and are very effective in ground subject to high deformation. Despite this, the design of FRS linings using this type of reinforcement lags behind …

Understanding The Pumpability Of Concrete, Marc Jolin, Dennis Burns, Benoît Bissonnette, Frédéric Gagnon, Louis-Samuel Bolduc

Shotcrete for Underground Support XI

With the increasing need for underground opening's support and the increasing knowledge available today in concrete technology, shotcreting, and particularly the wet-mix process, is in great demand. Successful pumping operations however usually require a certain amount of experience. On the one hand, engineers design a mixture with high workability for ease of transport through the hose system, and on the other hand, they strive for a mixture that is relatively stiff, adhesive, and cohesive to achieve good adhesion and build-up on vertical or overhead shooting surfaces. This article presents some of the most recent research on the understanding of the …

Development And Application Of Stress Controllers – System Honeycomb – In Modern Tunnelling, Rudi Podjadtke Dipl.-Ing.

Shotcrete for Underground Support XI

After a short retrospect on possible elasticity the intended purpose of stress controllers as rock support elements in shotcrete construction is described. Different types of stress controllers are briefly explained. The successful development as well as the technical versions of the stress controller type - HONEYCOMB - is explained in detail.

Experiences in first use at Tauerntunnel with its system components are presented. Further possible fields of application and developments are elaborated.

Preface, Felix Amberg

Shotcrete for Underground Support XI

No abstract provided.

Non-Linear, Elastic - Plastic Response Of Steel Fibre Reinforced Shotcrete To Uniaxial And Triaxial Compression Testing, Hla Aye Saw, Ernesto Villaescusa, Christopher R. Windsor, Alan G. Thompson

Shotcrete for Underground Support XI

Understanding the complete stress-strain behavior of shotcrete is extremely important in ground support design; especially in cases where large deformations are expected such as around mine excavations at great depth. The application of non-linear numerical modeling to mining industry problems has increased in recent years. More realistic stress-strain response and failure criteria in complex plasticity models are also being used in the design of the larger, deeper mines. One of the factors to improve the reliability of numerical modeling is to properly define geotechnical parameters for both the rock mass and shotcrete surface support. Uniaxial and triaxial compression tests on …

Tunnelling In Squeezing And Swelling Rock By Using High Deformable Concrete Elements, Patrick Steiner

Shotcrete for Underground Support XI

The poster shows experience on construction using hiDCon-Elements (High Deformable Concrete) in several tunnels. The yieldable concrete elements for the application in squeezing rock conditions have a beam shape and are longitudinally fixed to the excavation surface at different locations. The elements are incorporated into the tunnel lining when the shotcrete is added. If the lining is subjected to a radial rock pressure of the designed value the normal force in the lining will cause the hiDCon-Elements to yield thus preventing the shotcrete from being overstressed. Application of these yieldable concrete elements in strongly swelling rock is achieved by using …

Case Histories Using Synthetic Fiber Reinforced Concrete, Clifford N. Macdonald Faci, Michael L. Ballou, Daniel T. Biddle

Shotcrete for Underground Support XI

Synthetic fiber reinforced concrete has been used in shotcrete for many years. This paper discusses select project case histories from around the world. The discussion focuses on why fibers are used and explains how there are many benefits, advantages, and features regarding the choice of fibers. Also discussed is why and how the fibers affect the overall project performance, schedule, costs, and construct-ability. Further discussion shows that the fiber choice is in the details. The best fiber choice must meet certain project criteria established by all the decision makers involved in the project. Lastly, the versatility in the use of …

Technical And Commercial Evaluation Of Modified Shotcrete In Tunnel Construction, Erik Iglesias Dr.-Ing., Tu Volker Wetzig Dipl.-Ing., Jürgen Bezler, Mareike Xia Dipl.-Ing.

Shotcrete for Underground Support XI

Rebound is a significant factor when evaluating the quality and performance of a construction site using shotcrete. Rebound modifies the characteristics of shotcrete and must be disposed of. Thus a reduction in rebound becomes both a technical and a commercial objective.

Based on many years of experience with polymers in mortar applications, different polymer modified systems were developed for shotcrete applications and investigated in extensive full size trials. The investigations fully confirmed expectations as regards a reduction in rebound. At the same time the recently developed polymer has a retardant effect, giving the concrete other improved properties. Parallel to the …

Temperature Effect On Hydrogen Production From Reactions Between Ethanol And Steam In The Presence Of Pd-Ru/Nb2o5-Tio2 Catalyst, Nadia Regina C. Fernandes-Machado, Christian Gonçalves Alonso, Andréia C. Furtado Onélia Aparecida Andreo Dos Santos, Maurício Pereira Cantão

Bioenergy - II: Fuels and Chemicals from Renewable Resources

The concern regarding the environment, especially with gases emission by burning fossil fuels, and the increase of energy demand have influenced the development of cleaner and more efficient technologies for energy generation. In this context, studies involving hydrogen and fuel cells are remarkable among future technologies due to its great commercial potential and high energetic efficiency of the process. Theoretically speaking, hydrogen production from biomass or liquids derived from biomass such as ethanol can be considered a carbon emission free process since all the carbon dioxide produced can be recycled by the plants using sun power [1]. Obtaining hydrogen from …

Photosynthetic – Fermentative Fuel Cell Used In A Biofuel Processing Facility, Erin E. Powell, G.A. Hill, R.W. Evitts, J. C. Bolster

Bioenergy - II: Fuels and Chemicals from Renewable Resources

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Anaerobic Digestion Of Olive Mill Wastewater: Anaerobic Filter Vs. Hybrid, Isabel Paula Marques, Marta Gonçalves, Paulo Freitas

Bioenergy - II: Fuels and Chemicals from Renewable Resources

Two types of anaerobic digesters - a filter (AF) and a hybrid (H) - are tested in the treatment of original olive mill wastewater (OMW), without any pre-treatment or chemical correction of this substrate. The anaerobic filter is equipped with a packed bed material that fills the entire column of digestion; the hybrid digester results from the combination of anaerobic filter with the up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket and the packed bed only occupies the top section of the column.

OMW is the effluent generated from olive oil industries, which activity has a great economic and social importance in the olive …

Hydrogen Production By Aqueous-Phase Reforming, Lucía García, Ana Valiente, José Antonio Medrano, Miriam Oliva, Joaquín Ruiz, Jesús Arauzo

Bioenergy - II: Fuels and Chemicals from Renewable Resources

Nowadays, there is a great interest in hydrogen production because of its chemical uses in industry and its utilization as a clean fuel in high energetic efficiency systems like fuel cells. At present, fossil fuels (natural gas, naphtha, coal …) are the main feedstock for hydrogen production, but they have the inconvenience of a net increase of CO2 emissions and other environmental problems. The use of different types of biomass, among them waste streams, should be considered.

In the present work, aqueous-phase reforming (APR) process will be studied. The APR process has some advantages in comparison to the current steam …

Comparative Fast Pyrolysis Of Agricultural Residues For Use In Biorefineries, Dietrich Meier, Jens Markgraf

Bioenergy - II: Fuels and Chemicals from Renewable Resources

In the light of depleting fossil resources, biomass is gaining renewed interest as a source of renewable carbon, which can be used for energy and chemicals. The production of biofuels such as ethanol, palm oil and bio-diesel has come under criticism for its likely competition with food. These production systems need either huge areas of monocultures or use some parts of plant material such as the carbohydrate fraction only for fermentation to produce ethanol. Other technologies such as fast pyrolysis offer the advantage of using whole plant material for the production of so called 'bio-oils', which adheres to the condensates …

Production Of Ethylic Biodiesel From Hydrolysis And Esterification Of Acid Animal Fat, Jose Geraldo Pacheco, Ligia Martinelli, Jadson P. A. Silva, Luiz Stragevitch, Donato Aranda

Bioenergy - II: Fuels and Chemicals from Renewable Resources

Biodiesel is a fuel derived from the oils and fats of plants and animals. Some vegetable oils after extraction and seed storing may have high acidity due to the conversion of triglycerides into free faty acids. Transesterification of high acidic oils with basic catalyst will form a large amount of soap as residue. The objective of this work is to study hydrolysis of tallow fats estherification free fatty acids followed by estherification of free fatty acids with ethanol using homogeneous catalyst. Tallow fat was hydrolyzed by enzyme lipase extracted from Ricinius Communs seeds. Estherification was done in a pressurizes reactor, …

Bio-Energy Ii - Conference Program, José Duarte, Cedric Briens

Bioenergy - II: Fuels and Chemicals from Renewable Resources

List of speakers, talks and more.

Transtersterfication Of Jatropha Curcas Oil Radiated With The Microwave, Zahira Yaakob, Irwan S. Sukarman, Faizal Mohamed

Bioenergy - II: Fuels and Chemicals from Renewable Resources

N/A

Thermophilic Enzymes For Biomass Conversion, Mosè Rossi

Bioenergy - II: Fuels and Chemicals from Renewable Resources

There is a growing interest in the conversion of lignocellulose biomasses into useful products since the exploitation of agro-industrial waste could provide alternative substrates for low-cost fuels and chemical productions. A key factor for the fruitful utilization of the biomasses is represented by an efficient hydrolysis (saccharification step) of cellulose and hemicellulose using enymes as alternative to the chemical hydrolysis. Since in lignocelluloses the chains of carbohydrates are embedded in a lignin matrix which hinders the enzyme action, a pre-treatment of the biomasses is required for a more effective saccharification.

The drastic conditions required by many pre-treatment techniques, give rise …

Use Of Genetically Modified Saccharomyces Cerevisiae To Convert Soluble Starch Directly To Bioethanol, Bo Liao, W. J. Roesler, G. A. Hill

Bioenergy - II: Fuels and Chemicals from Renewable Resources

Ethanol can be used as a complete fuel or as an octane enhancer, and has the advantages of being renewable and environmentally friendly. Ethanol produced by a fermentation process, generally referred to as bioethanol, is considered to be a partial solution to the worldwide energy crisis. Traditionally, industrial bioethanol fermentation involves two major steps: starch hydrolysis and fermentation. Since the key microorganism, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, lacks amylolytic activity and is unable to directly utilize starch for proliferation and fermentation, it requires intensive amount of energy and pure starch hydrolyzing enzymes to gelatinize, liquefy and dextrinize the raw starch before fermentation.

It …

Characterization Of The Pesticide Properties Of Tobacco Bio-Oil, Christina J. Booker, Rohan Bedmutha, Tiffany Vogel, Franco Berruti, Cedric Briens, K.K.-C. Yeung, Ian Scott, Ken Conn

Bioenergy - II: Fuels and Chemicals from Renewable Resources

Pyrolysis converts biomass such as agricultural and forestry waste into bio-oil. Our interest in the chemical analysis of bio-oil began with tobacco, which is rich in nicotine (a known pesticide). Initial inhibition assays performed with the bio-oil on the Colorado potato beetle, a pest currently resistant to all major insecticides, showed high pesticide activity as expected. Surprisingly, the nicotine-free phases of the bio-oil were also found to be highly lethal to the beetles. Thus, it was hypothesized that some of the alkaloids in plants were preserved during pyrolysis, and gave rise to the activity.

Pesticide characteristics of tobacco and coffee …

Production Of Biodiesel From Waste Oil Via Catalytic Distillation, Flora T. T. Ng, Zhiwen Qi, Yuanqing Liu, Blaise Pinaud, Peter Rehbein, Garry L. Rempel

Bioenergy - II: Fuels and Chemicals from Renewable Resources

N/A

In Silico Analysis For The Production Of Higher Carbon Alcohols Using Saccharomyces Cerevisiae, Balaji Balagurunathan, Sudhakar Jonnalagadda, Dong-Yup Lee, Rajagopalan Srinivasan

Bioenergy - II: Fuels and Chemicals from Renewable Resources

Technology for the production of alternative fuels is receiving increased attention owing to concerns on global energy and environmental problems. Using higher carbon alcohols as gasoline substitutes has several advantages compared to ethanol, the first generation biofuel. Higher carbon alcohols also have other applications as flavor/aroma compounds and as building blocks for several other products. Two different pathways for the production of higher carbon alcohols have been recently reported. This work looks at evaluating the different pathways for higher carbon alcohol production and identification of metabolic bottlenecks for their production using Saccharomyces cerevisiae .

Quantitative characterization of the metabolic pathways …

The Impact Of Storage Conditions On The Forest Biomass Quality For Biofuels Production, Denilson Da Silva Perez, Jerome Moreau, Alain Berthelot, Audrey Guillemain, Francis De Morogues, Michel Petit-Conil

Bioenergy - II: Fuels and Chemicals from Renewable Resources

Biomass quality is an essential parameter for the production of biofuels both by thermal ways (gasification, pyrolysis, torrefaction, etc) or biochemical ways (enzymatic hydrolysis and yeast saccharification). Storage is one of the most important parameters to be taken in account in the logistics chains of biomass supply for biofuel conversion sites. Morever, some benefits in terms of biomass quality can be obtained by storing biomass prior transportation or usage. In this case, storage can be considered as a pre-treatment of biomass for biofuel production.

In this project, we have studied the evolution of biomass quality of different wooden resources (softwoods …

High Performance Vapour Permeation With Organic Membranes For Dewatering Ethanol And Other Organic Solvents, Meik Wusterhausen, Torsten Brinkmann

Bioenergy - II: Fuels and Chemicals from Renewable Resources

Major advantages of the vapourpermeation in a distillation hybrid-process in comparison to molecular sieve adsorption are lower operating costs and steady state behaviour. Polymeric membranes are also cheap in production costs compared to inorganic membrane types. Disadvantages of state of the art organic membrane dewatering technology are sensitivity, unreliability and insufficient purified product quality.

GKSS has developed a new organic/inorganic membrane (based on polyvinylalcohol), which is longterm stable to common organic solvents (methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, etc.), temperatures up to 130°C and 15wt-% water in the feed. Higher temperatures and feed water-contents are being investigated currently in longterm tests.

Above 5wt-% …

Liquefaction Of Wood Particles By Using Pyrolytic Oil, Mehmet H. Alma

Bioenergy - II: Fuels and Chemicals from Renewable Resources

In this study, Scots pine wood (P. sylvestris L.) particles were liquefied into pyrolytic oil, which was provided from pyrolysis of the same wood species, at various temperatures under pressure. The results showed that the wood particles could easily be liquefied with different fractions of pyrolytic oil at a variety of temperatures and times. The highest yield of liquefied wood oil (about 98%) was determined at 250 ºC for 150 min for the heavy fraction of pyrolytic oil obtained at a temperature of 550 ºC with the highest amount of phenolic fraction. The heating value of the liquefied wood was …

Ethanol Production Using Organic Waste, Daewon Pak, Jun Cheol Lee, Jae Hyung Kim

Bioenergy - II: Fuels and Chemicals from Renewable Resources

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