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Articles 6001 - 6030 of 25674

Full-Text Articles in Engineering

Supplier Selection Based On Supplier Portrait And Markov Monte Carlo Method, Bingli Sun, Song Xiao, Guanghong Gong Nov 2021

Supplier Selection Based On Supplier Portrait And Markov Monte Carlo Method, Bingli Sun, Song Xiao, Guanghong Gong

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: The supplier selection problem is a complex multi-objective decision-making problem and the key is how to establish the supplier's portrait. For the supplier selection of aerospace equipment, enterprise qualification management, business risks, and product quality are comprehensively considered. Based on Bayesian theory, the multi-parameter joint distribution derivation of portrait sample data is realized. Combined with the mathematical model derived, a Markov Monte Carlo simulation method is proposed. And combined with Gibbs sampler, the supplier ranking and selection are achieved when data is difficult to obtain or missing, which provides a new idea for supplier selection in the aerospace …

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Simulation Of Zero-Speed Correction Algorithm For Underground Space Individual Positioning, Yijing Wang, Su Zhong, Li Qing, Li Lei Nov 2021

Simulation Of Zero-Speed Correction Algorithm For Underground Space Individual Positioning, Yijing Wang, Su Zhong, Li Qing, Li Lei

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: In view of the complex and dangerous collapse environment of the tunnel, the related safety hazards of the positioning system of the tunnel rescuer are intensively analyzed, and the simulation of the inertial device worn on the chest, waist, calf, and foot surface shows that the correction on the foot surface is the best. Focus on the error accumulation of inertial devices, according to the fact that the speed is near zero when the sole of the foot fully touches the ground during walking, the algorithm of zero-speed correction for acceleration and angular velocity is compared, and a combination …

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A Natural Computing Method Based On Spatial Division Search Strategy, Xiaoqing Sun, Cheng Hao, Luyao Zhang, Weidong Ji, Wang Xu Nov 2021

A Natural Computing Method Based On Spatial Division Search Strategy, Xiaoqing Sun, Cheng Hao, Luyao Zhang, Weidong Ji, Wang Xu

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: A natural computing method based on spatial division search strategy is proposed. The strategy can map the high-dimensional space to the three-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system by grouping the dimensional space into a group of three dimensions. The individual after spatial segmentation is numbered into subindividual, to increases the particle number while reducing the dimension, thus the individual is distributed over wider search space to effectively increases the diversity of the population. The algorithm iterates to a certain extent and can synthesize the individual into the original individual through the numbered index. By calculating the fitness value, some poor …

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Research On Moffjsp Based On Multi-Strategy Fusion Quantum Particle Swarm Optimization, Cai Min, Wang Yan, Zhicheng Ji Nov 2021

Research On Moffjsp Based On Multi-Strategy Fusion Quantum Particle Swarm Optimization, Cai Min, Wang Yan, Zhicheng Ji

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: To improve the quality of the optimal scheduling solution set, a quantum particle swarm algorithm with multi-strategy fusion is proposed for the multi-objective fuzzy flexible job shop scheduling problem with fuzzy maximum completion time, fuzzy total machine load, and fuzzy bottleneck machine load as optimization objectives. Chaotic mapping is used to improve the initial population quality, and a Lévy flight strategy is introduced to enhance the algorithm's ability to jump out of the local optimum. The neighborhood search strategy based on machine mutation is designed for local search. Cross operation is used to maintain the diversity of elite individuals, …

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Combination Forecasting Model Of Photovoltaic Power Based On Empirical Wavelet Transform, Chen Tao, Wang Yan, Zhicheng Ji Nov 2021

Combination Forecasting Model Of Photovoltaic Power Based On Empirical Wavelet Transform, Chen Tao, Wang Yan, Zhicheng Ji

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: In order to improve the prediction accuracy of short-term photovoltaic power, a variable weight combined prediction model based on Empirical Wavelet Transform (EWT) and PSO-optimized random forest(RF) is proposed. Gray correlation analysis is used to select similar days, EWT is used to decompose the power time series into sub-modes of different frequencies, and three modes of high, medium, and low frequency are reconstructed according to the frequency, PSO-RF and PSO-BP and PSO-LSSVM prediction models are established to dynamically calculate their respective weights for reconstruction, and error correction is performed to output the prediction results. By predicting the output power …

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Adaptive Center Node Selection Method For Unmanned Cluster, Hua Xiang, Chenglong Shi, Baohua Li, Jietao Zhang, Jiaxian Zuo Nov 2021

Adaptive Center Node Selection Method For Unmanned Cluster, Hua Xiang, Chenglong Shi, Baohua Li, Jietao Zhang, Jiaxian Zuo

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: In the unmanned cluster task execution, following the change of relative position of unmanned system, network changes in real time leads to the change of node importance of each unmanned system, and the corresponding change of data transmission and communication flow. For the better network management, the central node for controlling data communication needs to be selected. An adaptive selection method for the center node of unmanned cluster is proposed, and the mapping and feature of unmanned cluster network is expressed as graph theory. Laplacian centrality is introduced to evaluate the importance of nodes themselves. Weakening factors are …

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Intelligent Evaluation Of Rescuing Persons From Water In Navigation Simulator, Haichao Wang, Yin Yong Nov 2021

Intelligent Evaluation Of Rescuing Persons From Water In Navigation Simulator, Haichao Wang, Yin Yong

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Aiming at the arbitrariness and inconsistent standards in the subjective assessment of the personnel overboard rescue training evaluation in the navigation simulator, the maneuvering process of Williamson turn rescue overboard personnel is analyzed. The evaluation index system is obtained by using the expert investigation method. The sample data of the personnel overboard rescue operation is obtained by the navigation simulator. Combining the expert investigation method, the subjective score of each sample is obtained. By using the BP neural network to train and test the samples, the intelligent evaluation model of personnel overboard rescue is obtained, and the intelligent evaluation …

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Research On Six Degrees Of Freedom Platform Control In Special Vehicle Simulated Driving Training, Yihao Li, Zhili Zhang, Xiangyang Li, Long Yong Nov 2021

Research On Six Degrees Of Freedom Platform Control In Special Vehicle Simulated Driving Training, Yihao Li, Zhili Zhang, Xiangyang Li, Long Yong

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: In order to simulate various postures of driving the special vehicles in a limited space, a set of six-degree-of-freedom motion platform for the simulation driving training system of special vehicles is developed. The mechanical structure of the six-degree-of-freedom motion platform is designed to meet the motion posture simulation requirement. The control of each degree of freedom in the motion platform is realized through the design of the embedded control system. The displacement of each electric cylinder is obtained by inverse solution algorithm, and the somatosensory simulation of acceleration and angular displacement is realized by the wash-out algorithm. It has …

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Research On Stick-Slip Vibration Level Estimation Of Near-Bit Based On Optimized Xgboost, Hanwen Tang, Zhang Tao, Yumei Li, Li Lei, Jinghua Zhang, Dongliang Hu Nov 2021

Research On Stick-Slip Vibration Level Estimation Of Near-Bit Based On Optimized Xgboost, Hanwen Tang, Zhang Tao, Yumei Li, Li Lei, Jinghua Zhang, Dongliang Hu

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Stick-slip vibration is an important limiting factor affecting drilling speed, safety and cost. The establishment of a reliable stick-slip vibration classification model is very important for oil drilling decision-making. A new method based on Bayesian optimization and eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) is proposed to evaluate the severity of stick-slip vibration near the bit. The classification processing of the near-bit stick-slip vibration data is carried out. The main feature vectors of the original data is extracted through time domain and frequency domain analysis. A stick-slip vibration level identification and prediction model based on XGBoost is established, and Bayesian algorithm is …

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Optizimation Of Vaccination Supply Chain Based On Scg In Nanshan District, Zhenning Dong, Shunzhou Huang, Jiajun Chen, Huiqiong Zheng Nov 2021

Optizimation Of Vaccination Supply Chain Based On Scg In Nanshan District, Zhenning Dong, Shunzhou Huang, Jiajun Chen, Huiqiong Zheng

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: To optimize the vaccination network, inventory strategy and human resource allocation in Nanshan District, Supply Chain Guru's (SCG) network optimization method is used to select 50 alternative stations to decrease the fixed operating cost. SCG's inventory optimization method is used to set inventory strategy for each station, and simulation method is designed to compare total cost of all schemes. To optimize the opening days of vaccination stations, an medical personnel allocation rule is designed, which reduces some stations' opening days to 2 or 3 days and increases some stations' medical personnel. An simulation method is designed to compare the …

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Analysis Of Library Book Borrower Patterns Using Apriori Association Data Mining Techniques, Lucky Zamzami, Ari Agung Prastowo, R Rulinawaty, Robbi Rahim Nov 2021

Analysis Of Library Book Borrower Patterns Using Apriori Association Data Mining Techniques, Lucky Zamzami, Ari Agung Prastowo, R Rulinawaty, Robbi Rahim

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

The library is one of the most important facilities because it manages collections of written works, printed works, and recorded works and can provide information resources as well as be a driving force for the advancement of an educational institution. Conventional libraries will have piles of book borrowing transaction data recorded in the agenda book, which is only an archive, and the placement of books far apart, which causes members to take longer to find books when borrowing books of different types, is an issue that must be addressed. To overcome these two issues, a recommendation for an intelligent system …

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Robust Feature Space Separation For Deep Convolutional Neural Network Training, Ali Sekmen, Mustafa Parlaktuna, Ayad Abdul-Malek, Erdem Erdemir, Ahmet Bugra Koku Nov 2021

Robust Feature Space Separation For Deep Convolutional Neural Network Training, Ali Sekmen, Mustafa Parlaktuna, Ayad Abdul-Malek, Erdem Erdemir, Ahmet Bugra Koku

Computer Science Faculty Research

This paper introduces two deep convolutional neural network training techniques that lead to more robust feature subspace separation in comparison to traditional training. Assume that dataset has M labels. The first method creates M deep convolutional neural networks called {DCNNi}M i=1 . Each of the networks DCNNi is composed of a convolutional neural network ( CNNi ) and a fully connected neural network ( FCNNi ). In training, a set of projection matrices are created and adaptively updated as representations for feature subspaces {S i}M i=1 . A rejection value is computed for each training based on its projections on …

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Virtual Reality As Pedagogical Tool To Enhance Experiential Learning: A Systematic Literature Review, Muhammad Mujtaba Asad, Aisha Naz Ansari, Prathamesh Churi, Mohammad Mehdi Tahanzadeh Nov 2021

Virtual Reality As Pedagogical Tool To Enhance Experiential Learning: A Systematic Literature Review, Muhammad Mujtaba Asad, Aisha Naz Ansari, Prathamesh Churi, Mohammad Mehdi Tahanzadeh

Institute for Educational Development, Karachi

Since half of the century, technology has dominated the modern era. The rapid advancement of technology has reached generating artificial intelligence and artificial realities. So, virtual reality is an emerging technology and is applicable in education as well. Virtual reality is a computer-generated simulation, where people can interact within an artificial environment. Moreover, in an educational setting, such an environment provides students with a chance to get experiential learning. This paper has a systematic literature review on emerging technologies, such as virtual reality as a pedagogical tool for enhancing students’ experiential learning. This review aims to explore and understand the …

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Determinants Of Effective Change Management For Software Deployment Projects, Abebaw Zeleke, Walter Mccollum Nov 2021

Determinants Of Effective Change Management For Software Deployment Projects, Abebaw Zeleke, Walter Mccollum

International Journal of Applied Management and Technology

Software application deployment change management is one of the emerging research themes that is gaining increased focus day by day. Our study examined the factors that affect software application deployment change management in Agile software development settings. Our study provided a systematic review and synthesized the approaches, practices, and challenges reported for adopting and implementing deployment change management. The prime objective of our study was to systematically synthesize the data extracted and formulate evidence-based practical recommendations that are influential in software deployment change management. Six research themes are proposed to evaluate the rationale of the research question. This qualitative study …

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Cyber Physical Systems For Non-Contact Infrastructure Monitoring, Roya Nasimi Nov 2021

Cyber Physical Systems For Non-Contact Infrastructure Monitoring, Roya Nasimi

Civil Engineering ETDs

In recent decades, the decay of infrastructure has become a relevant challenge of both developed and under developing countries. Prioritization of maintenance and repairs of transportation infrastructure is a new worldwide priority since it is important to quantify the rate of decay of assets to increase both safety and cost-efficient operations. Infrastructure owners need frequent inspections on their assets to predict and to avoid unsafe conditions prone to cause disasters. Frequent infrastructure inspections call for cost-effective methods. Traditional measurement methods require human access to the infrastructure, are subjective, expensive, and unsafe. Therefore, infrastructure managers are interested in exploring new non-contact …

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Asynchronous, Distributed Optical Mutual Exclusion And Applications, Ahmed Bahaael Mansour Nov 2021

Asynchronous, Distributed Optical Mutual Exclusion And Applications, Ahmed Bahaael Mansour

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Silicon photonics have drawn much recent interest in the setting of intra-chip andmodule communication. In this dissertation, we address a fundamental computationalproblem, mutual exclusion, in the setting of optical interconnects. As a main result, wepropose an optical network and an algorithm for it to distribute a token (shared resource)mutually exclusively among a set ofnprocessing elements. Following a request, the tokenis granted in constant amortized time andO(n) worst case time; this assumes constantpropagation time for light within the chip. Additionally, the distribution of tokens is fair,ensuring that no token request is denied more thann−1 times in succession; this is thebest possible. …

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Inverse Kinematics Of The 6dof C12xl, Carl Liu, Lili Ma Nov 2021

Inverse Kinematics Of The 6dof C12xl, Carl Liu, Lili Ma

Publications and Research

Industrial robotic manipulators are widely used in applications such as pick & place, welding, and assembly to perform repeated tasks in replace of human labor. Such tasks typically require fully autonomous mechanical arms that are capable of identifying the parts to operate, path planning, and trajectory generation & tracking. A robotic arm consists of a sequence of rigid links connected by movable components (the joints). Proper control of the arm’s motion requires the knowledge of inverse kinematics, which computes/outputs the joint variables, i.e., angles for revolute joints and displacement for prismatic joints, causing the robotic arm’s end effector (e.g., gripper, …

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Disaster Recovery System And Service Continuity Of Digital Library, Sivankalai S, Virumandi A, Sivasekaran K, Sharmila M Nov 2021

Disaster Recovery System And Service Continuity Of Digital Library, Sivankalai S, Virumandi A, Sivasekaran K, Sharmila M

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

This paper will discuss catastrophe recovery and likelihood development for digital library structures. The article establishes a foundation for establishing Library continuity and disaster recovery strategies through the use of best practices. Library continuity development and catastrophe recovery are critical modules of the planning stage for a virtual digital library. Few institutions that experience a catastrophic disaster occurrence are powerless to recover always, but libraries can suggestively boost the possibility of long-term recovery of institutional digital resources by drafting a continuity and recovery strategy in preparation. This article is intended for system designers and administrators, as well as high-ranking library …

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A Survey On Various Image Inpainting Techniques, Nermin Mohamed Fawzy Salem Phd Nov 2021

A Survey On Various Image Inpainting Techniques, Nermin Mohamed Fawzy Salem Phd

Future Engineering Journal

Over the decades' researchers have studied the image inpainting problem intensively due to its high significance and effectiveness in various image processing applications such as people and object security, object removal, face editing applications. Image inpainting is defined as the process of completing or removing a missing region in images. It is considered one of the most challenging topics in the image processing field, although, it requires a deep understanding of the image details in terms of texture and structure. In this paper, a survey of most image inpainting techniques is presented and summarized with comparisons including the merits and …

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Don't Bite The Bait: Phishing Attack For Internet Banking (E-Banking), Ilker Kara Nov 2021

Don't Bite The Bait: Phishing Attack For Internet Banking (E-Banking), Ilker Kara

Journal of Digital Forensics, Security and Law

Phishing attacks are based on obtaining desired information from users quickly and easily with the help of misdirecting, panicking, curiosity, or excitement. Most of the phishing web sites are designed on internet banking(e-banking) and the attackers can acquire financial information of misled users with the tactics and discourses they develop. Despite the increase of prevention techniques against phishing attacks day by day, an effective solution could not be found for this issue due to the human factor. Because of this reason, real phishing attack studies are essential to study and analyze the attackers’ attack techniques and strategies. This study focused …

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Learning State-Dependent Sensor Measurement Models To Improve Robot Localization Accuracy, Troi André Williams Nov 2021

Learning State-Dependent Sensor Measurement Models To Improve Robot Localization Accuracy, Troi André Williams

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

This dissertation proposes a novel method called state-dependent sensor measurement models (SDSMMs). Such models dynamically predict the state-dependent bias and uncertainty of sensor measurements, ultimately improving fundamental robot tasks such as localization. In our first investigation, we introduced the state-dependent sensor measurement model framework, described their properties, stated the input and output of these models, and described how to train them. We also explained how to integrate such models with an Extended Kalman Filter and a Particle Filter, two popular robot state estimation algorithms. We validated the proposed framework through a series of localization tasks. The results showed that our …

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Intelligent Internet Of Things Frameworks For Smart City Safety, Dimitrios Sikeridis Nov 2021

Intelligent Internet Of Things Frameworks For Smart City Safety, Dimitrios Sikeridis

Electrical and Computer Engineering ETDs

The emerging Smart City ecosystem consists of a vast edge network of Internet of Things (IoT) devices that continuously interact with mobile devices carried by its citizens. In this setting, the IoT infrastructure, apart from the main communications facilitator, acts as a crowdsourcing mechanism that collects massive amounts of user data, and can support public safety applications for the Smart City. In this thesis, we design and analyze learning mechanisms that extract intelligence from crowd interactions with the wireless IoT infrastructure, and optimize its energy efficiency while operating as a public safety network. First, we deploy a multi-story facility testbed …

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Cybert: Cybersecurity Claim Classification By Fine-Tuning The Bert Language Model, Kimia Ameri, Michael Hempel, Hamid Sharif, Juan Lopez Jr., Kalyan Perumalla Nov 2021

Cybert: Cybersecurity Claim Classification By Fine-Tuning The Bert Language Model, Kimia Ameri, Michael Hempel, Hamid Sharif, Juan Lopez Jr., Kalyan Perumalla

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering: Faculty Publications

We introduce CyBERT, a cybersecurity feature claims classifier based on bidirectional encoder representations from transformers and a key component in our semi-automated cybersecurity vetting for industrial control systems (ICS). To train CyBERT, we created a corpus of labeled sequences from ICS device documentation collected across a wide range of vendors and devices. This corpus provides the foundation for fine-tuning BERT’s language model, including a prediction-guided relabeling process. We propose an approach to obtain optimal hyperparameters, including the learning rate, the number of dense layers, and their configuration, to increase the accuracy of our classifier. Fine-tuning all hyperparameters of the resulting …

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Reliability Models For Smartphone Applications, Sonia Meskini, Ali Bou Nassif, Luiz Fernando Capretz Nov 2021

Reliability Models For Smartphone Applications, Sonia Meskini, Ali Bou Nassif, Luiz Fernando Capretz

Electrical and Computer Engineering Publications

Smartphones have become the most used electronic devices. They carry out most of the functionalities of desktops, offering various useful applications that suit the user’s needs. Therefore, instead of the operator, the user has been the main controller of the device and its applications, therefore its reliability has become an emergent requirement. As a first step, based on collected smartphone applications failure data, we investigated and evaluated the efficacy of Software Reliability Growth Models (SRGMs) when applied to these smartphone data in order to check whether they achieve the same accuracy as in the desktop/laptop area. None of the selected …

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Protection Of Patient Privacy On Mobile Device Machine Learning, Matthew Nguyen Nov 2021

Protection Of Patient Privacy On Mobile Device Machine Learning, Matthew Nguyen

Cybersecurity Undergraduate Research Showcase

An existing StudentLife Study mobile dataset was evaluated and organized to be applied to different machine learning methods. Different variables like user activity, exercise, sleep, study space, social, and stress levels are optimized to train a model that could predict user stress level. The different machine learning methods would test if both patient data privacy and training efficiency can be ensured.

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Concolic Execution Of Nmap Scripts For Honeyfarm Generation, Zhe Li, Bo Chen, Wu-Chang Feng, Fei Xie Nov 2021

Concolic Execution Of Nmap Scripts For Honeyfarm Generation, Zhe Li, Bo Chen, Wu-Chang Feng, Fei Xie

Computer Science Faculty Publications and Presentations

Attackers rely upon a vast array of tools for automating attacksagainst vulnerable servers and services. It is often the case thatwhen vulnerabilities are disclosed, scripts for detecting and exploit-ing them in tools such asNmapandMetasploitare released soonafter, leading to the immediate identification and compromise ofvulnerable systems. Honeypots, honeynets, tarpits, and other decep-tive techniques can be used to slow attackers down, however, such approaches have difficulty keeping up with the sheer number of vulnerabilities being discovered and attacking scripts that are being released. To address this issue, this paper describes an approach for applying concolic execution on attacking scripts in Nmap in …

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Efficient Server-Aided Secure Two-Party Computation In Heterogeneous Mobile Cloud Computing, Yulin Wu, Xuan Wang, Willy Susilo, Guomin Yang, Zoe L. Jiang, Qian Chen, Peng Xu Nov 2021

Efficient Server-Aided Secure Two-Party Computation In Heterogeneous Mobile Cloud Computing, Yulin Wu, Xuan Wang, Willy Susilo, Guomin Yang, Zoe L. Jiang, Qian Chen, Peng Xu

Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems

With the ubiquity of mobile devices and rapid development of cloud computing, mobile cloud computing (MCC) has been considered as an essential computation setting to support complicated, scalable and flexible mobile applications by overcoming the physical limitations of mobile devices with the aid of cloud. In the MCC setting, since many mobile applications (e.g., map apps) interacting with cloud server and application server need to perform computation with the private data of users, it is important to realize secure computation for MCC. In this article, we propose an efficient server-aided secure two-party computation (2PC) protocol for MCC. This is the …

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Traffic Collision Avoidance System: False Injection Viability, John Hannah, Robert F. Mills, Richard Dill, Douglas D. Hodson Nov 2021

Traffic Collision Avoidance System: False Injection Viability, John Hannah, Robert F. Mills, Richard Dill, Douglas D. Hodson

Faculty Publications

Safety is a simple concept but an abstract task, specifically with aircraft. One critical safety system, the Traffic Collision Avoidance System II (TCAS), protects against mid-air collisions by predicting the course of other aircraft, determining the possibility of collision, and issuing a resolution advisory for avoidance. Previous research to identify vulnerabilities associated with TCAS’s communication processes discovered that a false injection attack presents the most comprehensive risk to veritable trust in TCAS, allowing for a mid-air collision. This research explores the viability of successfully executing a false injection attack against a target aircraft, triggering a resolution advisory. Monetary constraints precluded …

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Formulating Automated Responses To Cognitive Distortions For Cbt Interactions, Ignacio De Toledo, Giancarlo Salton, Robert J. Ross Nov 2021

Formulating Automated Responses To Cognitive Distortions For Cbt Interactions, Ignacio De Toledo, Giancarlo Salton, Robert J. Ross

Conference papers

One of the key ideas of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) is the ability to convert negative or distorted thoughts into more realistic alternatives. Although modern machine learning techniques can be successfully applied to a variety of Natural Language Processing tasks, including Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, the lack of a publicly available dataset makes supervised training difficult for tasks such as reforming distorted thoughts. In this research, we constructed a small CBT dataset via crowd-sourcing, and leveraged state of the art pre-trained architectures to transform cognitive distortions, producing text that is relevant and more positive than the original negative thoughts. In particular, …

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Warshipping: Hacking The Mailroom, Jackson Szwast, Bryson Payne Oct 2021

Warshipping: Hacking The Mailroom, Jackson Szwast, Bryson Payne

KSU Proceedings on Cybersecurity Education, Research and Practice

Everyone knows what package shipping is, but not everyone knows what warshipping is. Corporate mailrooms are rarely considered as part of the cybersecurity attack surface of most organizations, but they offer physical access to millions of uninspected packages daily. UPS shipped 5.5 billion items last year, with their daily average being 21.9 million items and operating through 1,800 locations in 2020. FedEx shipped 6.5 million packages daily and operates 2,150 locations. The United States Postal Service delivered 143 billion pieces of mail in 2019. Increasingly the world’s consumers are relying on e-commerce, and during the recent COVID-19 pandemic, package deliveries …

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