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Articles 3721 - 3750 of 25653
Full-Text Articles in Engineering
Improved Particle Swarm Algorithm Of Unrelated Parallel Batch Scheduling Optimization, Lizhen Du, Tao Ye, Yuhao Wang, Yajun Zhang
Improved Particle Swarm Algorithm Of Unrelated Parallel Batch Scheduling Optimization, Lizhen Du, Tao Ye, Yuhao Wang, Yajun Zhang
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: To address the problems of population diversity loss and the tendency to fall into local optimality in the PSO (particle swarm optimization)algorithm in dealing with unrelated parallel batch scheduling problems, an improved scheduling optimization algorithm for PSO is proposed for minimizing the maximum completion time solution. A real number encoding based on the sequence of artifacts is used for the encoding operation. A new strategy based on J_B local search is designed based on the mixed integer programming model of the problem. The Metropolis criterion of the simulated annealing algorithm isintroduced into the individual extreme value search of the …
An Intelligent Driver Model Simulation Considering Both Backward Looking Effect And Velocity Difference, Yin Xu, Yun Pu, Haixu Liu, Yifan Tan
An Intelligent Driver Model Simulation Considering Both Backward Looking Effect And Velocity Difference, Yin Xu, Yun Pu, Haixu Liu, Yifan Tan
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Aiming at the phenomenon that driver adjusts vehicle movement by observing the following vehicles through rearview mirror in the actual car-following driving, an improved intelligent driver model accounting for both backward looking effect and velocity difference is proposed, and the critical stability condition of the new model is obtained by employing the linear stability analysis. Based on the numerical simulation experiments, the car following characteristics analysis during the acceleration process of the vehicle and the traffic safety evaluation are carried out. A small disturbance simulation under the periodic boundary condition is used to verify the conclusion consistency of stability …
Finite-Time Combination-Combination Synchronization Of Hyperchaotic Systems With Different Structures And Its Application, Wu Dong, Cong Wang, Hongli Zhang, Ping Ma
Finite-Time Combination-Combination Synchronization Of Hyperchaotic Systems With Different Structures And Its Application, Wu Dong, Cong Wang, Hongli Zhang, Ping Ma
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: In order to improve the security of confidential communication systems effectively, a combination-combination synchronization scheme based on finite time theory is proposed and applied to chaotic masked confidential communication. Four classical hyperchaotic systems with universal applicability are selected as the research objects. The backstepping method is used to design the combination-combination synchronous control scheme for different structural hyperchaotic systems based on finite-time theory and Lyapunov stability theory. The efficiency and strong robustness to external disturbances of the finite time control scheme are verified by numerical simulation and comparative experiments. The effectiveness of the controller and the strong robustness to …
Path Planning Of Mobile Robots Based On Memristor Reinforcement Learning In Dynamic Environment, Hailan Yang, Yongqiang Qi, Baolei Wu, Dan Rong
Path Planning Of Mobile Robots Based On Memristor Reinforcement Learning In Dynamic Environment, Hailan Yang, Yongqiang Qi, Baolei Wu, Dan Rong
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: In order to solve the path planning problem of mobile robots in dynamic environment, two-layer path planning algorithm based on improved ant colony algorithm and MA-DQN algorithm is proposed. Static global path planning is accomplished by ant colony algorithm that improved the probabilistic transfer function and the pheromone updating principle; the traditional DQN algorithm structure is improved by using the memristor as the synaptic structure of neural network, and then completed the local dynamic obstacle avoidance of the mobile robot. The path planning mechanism is switched according to whether there are dynamic obstacles within the sensing range of the …
Attack Decision-Making Model Of Armed Helicopter Based On Multi-Index Fuzzy Set, Chunyan Wang, Xiang Wang, Minchi Kuang, Danfeng Wu, Zhengtong Li
Attack Decision-Making Model Of Armed Helicopter Based On Multi-Index Fuzzy Set, Chunyan Wang, Xiang Wang, Minchi Kuang, Danfeng Wu, Zhengtong Li
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Aiming at the attack decision-making task requirements of armed helicopters in uncertain battlefield environment, the constructed multi-index fuzzy set is quantitatively characterized by the improved Gaussian model. The strategic benefit value model is constructed by using the combat restraint relationship, and the target ranking set is obtained by dynamically assigning the weight factors of the threat value and the strategic benefit value to complete the attack decision-making. The results show that the proposed method can better use the threat index data in modeling, and can provide theoretical guidance and modeling reference to improve the decision-making advantage of armed …
Research On Period Emergency Supply Distribution Optimization Under Uncertainty, Li Zhang, Mingling He, Qiushuang Yin, Ning Li, Le'an Yu
Research On Period Emergency Supply Distribution Optimization Under Uncertainty, Li Zhang, Mingling He, Qiushuang Yin, Ning Li, Le'an Yu
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Aiming at the uncertainty and multi-periodicity of emergency supply distribution, a novel period vehicle routing problem(PVRP) multi-objective optimization model is built and a three-step optimization method is proposed. A triangular fuzzy number is used to eliminate the uncertainty. An AHP approach is used to transform the multi-objective function into the single objective function. An improved ACO algorithm is proposed to solve the single objective optimization problem. By classical data set, the time effectiveness of proposed method on emergency supply distribution problem is verified. The computational advantage in convergence speed is proved by the comparative analysis of the proposed …
Pedestrian Evacuation Model Considering Emotional Infection, Fan Dong, Qimiao Xie, Xiaolian Li, Shuchao Cao
Pedestrian Evacuation Model Considering Emotional Infection, Fan Dong, Qimiao Xie, Xiaolian Li, Shuchao Cao
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: To explore the role of panic in crowd evacuation, a crowd evacuation model considering panic infection is constructed based on SIR model, SIS model and CA model. The influences of emotional threshold and emotional decay rate on the evacuation process of pedestrians are discussed. The results show that pedestrians under high panic might lose rational judgment and hinder the evacuation of the crowd around, resulting in a decrease of evacuation efficiency. It can be found that the state of an individual depends on the infection threshold and the immune threshold. The emotional decay rate affects the change rate of …
Improved Object Detection Of Yolov4 In Foggy Conditions, Shugang Liu, Linkun Zhang, Haodong Du, Hongtao Wang
Improved Object Detection Of Yolov4 In Foggy Conditions, Shugang Liu, Linkun Zhang, Haodong Du, Hongtao Wang
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Aiming at the low detection accuracy in foggy weather, a new defogging target detection method based on DeblurGANv2 and YOLOv4 is proposed. In the method, image enhancement algorithm DeblurGANv2 in the generation countermeasure network is added to the preprocessing module of YOLOv4 to preprocess the foggy image and retain the high-quality texture and color information of the image, lightweight neural network ShuffleNet V2 is used to replace the CSPDarkNet53 network used for backbone feature extraction in YOLOv4 to improve the speed of model mark detection. Attention mechanism is added to the feature extraction network of YOLOv4 to enhance the …
Obstacle Avoidance Path Planning And Simulation Of Mobile Picking Robot Based On Dppo, Junqiang Lin, Hongjun Wang, Xiangjun Zou, Po Zhang, Chengen Li, Yipeng Zhou, Shujie Yao
Obstacle Avoidance Path Planning And Simulation Of Mobile Picking Robot Based On Dppo, Junqiang Lin, Hongjun Wang, Xiangjun Zou, Po Zhang, Chengen Li, Yipeng Zhou, Shujie Yao
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Aiming at the autonomous decision-making difficulty of mobile picking robots in random and changeable complicated path environment during field operations, an autonomous obstacle avoidance path planning method based on deep reinforcement learning is propose. By setting the state space and action space and using the artificial potential field method to design the reward function, an obstacle penalty coefficient setting method based on collision cone collision avoidance detection is proposed to improve the autonomous collision avoidance ability. A virtual simulation system is constructed, in which the learning and training of the mobile picking robot is carried out and verified by …
Intelligent Path Planning For Mobile Robots Based On Sac Algorithm, Laiyi Yang, Jing Bi, Haitao Yuan
Intelligent Path Planning For Mobile Robots Based On Sac Algorithm, Laiyi Yang, Jing Bi, Haitao Yuan
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Aiming at the high dimension, slow convergence and complex modelling of traditional path planning algorithms for mobile robots, a new intelligent path planning algorithm is proposed, which is based on deep reinforcement learning soft actor-critic (SAC) algorithm to save the poor performance of robot in complicated environments with static and dynamic obstacles. An improved reward function is designed to enable mobile robots to quickly avoid obstacles and reach targets by using state dynamic normalization and priority experience pool techniques. To evaluate the performance, a pygame-based simulation environment is constructed. Compared with proximal policy optimization(PPO) algorithm, experimental …
Intelligent Air Defense Task Assignment Based On Assignment Strategy Optimization Algorithm, Jiayi Liu, Gang Wang, Qiang Fu, Xiangke Guo, Siyuan Wang
Intelligent Air Defense Task Assignment Based On Assignment Strategy Optimization Algorithm, Jiayi Liu, Gang Wang, Qiang Fu, Xiangke Guo, Siyuan Wang
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Aiming at the insufficient solving speed of assignment strategy optimization algorithm in largescale scenarios, deep reinforcement learning is combined with Markov decision process to carry out the intelligent large-scale air defense task assignment. According to the characteristics of large-scale air defense operations, Markov decision process is used to model the agent and a digital battlefield simulation environment is built. Air defense task assignment agent is designed and trained in digital battlefield simulation environment through proximal policy optimization algorithm. The feasibility and advantage of the method are verified by taking a large-scale ground-to-air countermeasure mission as an example.
Real-Time Simulation Method Of Ultra-High-Definition Video Texture, Yangyang Liu, Gangyi Ding, Dapeng Yan, Tong Xue
Real-Time Simulation Method Of Ultra-High-Definition Video Texture, Yangyang Liu, Gangyi Ding, Dapeng Yan, Tong Xue
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: With the development and promotion of ultra-high-definition video technology, how to quickly simulate ultra-high-definition video texture has gradually become an important research issue. Aiming at the completeness and high efficiency of simulation, a real-time simulation method of ultra-high-definition video texture is proposed to improve the video texture quality and display frequency simultaneously. A fast generation method of video texture based on GPU parallel is designed, which solves the time-consuming problem of decoding and transcoding. An efficient data transmission method based on shared texture is proposed. On the basis of the simulation engine, the real-time simulation system of ultra-high-definition video …
Research On Nested Named Entity Recognition In Missile Field Text, Jingwen Guan, Xiao Song, Xiaoqing Li, Tong Yang, Junhua Zhou
Research On Nested Named Entity Recognition In Missile Field Text, Jingwen Guan, Xiao Song, Xiaoqing Li, Tong Yang, Junhua Zhou
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Compared with the text recognition in conventional fields, it is difficult to recognize the large number of nested named entities in professional terms. This is also one of the care challenges in building the knowledge graph in aerospace field. For the named entity recognition technologies, bidirectional long short-term memory network plus conditional random field (BiLSTM-CRF) is often used to identify entities, which is difficult to distinguish the complex relationships such as nesting and intersection of terms in missile field. In order to solve the problem, based on the nested entity labeling of domain text, a nested named entity recognition …
Robot Path Planning By Fusing Particle Swarm Algorithm And Improved Grey Wolf Algorithm, Menglong Cao, Wenbin Zhao, Zhiqiang Chen
Robot Path Planning By Fusing Particle Swarm Algorithm And Improved Grey Wolf Algorithm, Menglong Cao, Wenbin Zhao, Zhiqiang Chen
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Aiming at the long paths and slow convergence speed of GWO algorithm in robot path planning, a hybrid PSO-GWO algorithm based on PSO algorithm and the improved GWO algorithm is proposed. By running PSO algorithm for many times, the initial wolf group size and initial fitness value are determined. A nonlinear convergence factor is introduced to balance the exploration and development capabilities of GWO algorithm, and a dynamic inertia weight factor is proposed to ensure the leadership system of alpha wolf and to promote the population communication. Levy flight and greedy strategy are used to effectively avoid the local …
Monitoring Method Research On Passenger Behavior On Escalator Based On Digital Twin, Nan Lü, Qibing Wang, Lu Jiawei, Juntong Chen, Gang Xiao
Monitoring Method Research On Passenger Behavior On Escalator Based On Digital Twin, Nan Lü, Qibing Wang, Lu Jiawei, Juntong Chen, Gang Xiao
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: In order to solve the problems that the traditional escalator cannot be monitored and analyzed in real time during operation, the management and maintenance only on escalator equipment side, and the lack of monitoring passenger dangerous behavior, a monitoring method of passenger behavior on escalator based on digital twin is proposed. By constructing the digital twin of escalators, a visual interface is designed to map the escalator running status and passenger behavior data. Through passenger video surveillance, the improved OpenPose posture recognition algorithm is used to obtain the key point data of human body. Posture recognition is classified to …
A Compliant Robot Control Based On Extended Social-Force Model For Human-Following And Obstacle Avoidance, Jianwei Peng, Zhelin Liao, Hanchen Yao, Zhiyu Wan, Liqi Zhu, Houde Dai
A Compliant Robot Control Based On Extended Social-Force Model For Human-Following And Obstacle Avoidance, Jianwei Peng, Zhelin Liao, Hanchen Yao, Zhiyu Wan, Liqi Zhu, Houde Dai
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Human-robot coexisting is an essential feature of the next generation mobile robot. A compliant robot control strategy based on the extended social-force model for human-following and obstacle avoidance in coexisting-cooperative-cognitive environment is presented. The human-following controller based on impedance control can simultaneously adjust human-robot interaction force and position deviation to carry out the compliant human-following of mobile robots. Considering humanrobot- obstacle interactions, based on the extended social-force model and proxemics, a control strategy for human-friendly compliant human-following and obstacle avoidance is designed to solve the obstacle avoidance problem of robot and ensure the human comfort and improving the social …
Toward An Interoperable And Scalable Iot-Driven Smart City Solution Using Blockchain, Nada Abdulaziz A Alasbali
Toward An Interoperable And Scalable Iot-Driven Smart City Solution Using Blockchain, Nada Abdulaziz A Alasbali
Student Works (2020-2029)
A smart city is primarily an urban region that makes effective use of contemporary technology to manage its resources, assets, and services. Internet of Things (IoT) devices and sensors are installed throughout the smart city in order to facilitate remote monitoring and data collection in relation to a variety of key infrastructures. The data is then utilised to plan the necessary maintenance tasks to ensure that citizens receive high-quality services. Even though IoT devices make it possible to collect data in real-time in a smart city, most sensors and IoT devices do not have a lot of storage space or …
Deep Learning Techniques For Efficient Evaluation Of Asphalt Pavement Condition, Kamel Mahdy, Ahmed Zekry, Mohamed Moussa, Ahmed Mohamed, Hassan Mahdy, Mohamed Elhabiby
Deep Learning Techniques For Efficient Evaluation Of Asphalt Pavement Condition, Kamel Mahdy, Ahmed Zekry, Mohamed Moussa, Ahmed Mohamed, Hassan Mahdy, Mohamed Elhabiby
Mansoura Engineering Journal
For the last few decades, researchers have been devising a simple and cost-effective method to evaluate pavement distresses to give decision-makers adequate feedbacks about the pavement condition of a certain road. Fortunately, with the evolution and progression of computer vision tools and techniques, good results had been achieved regarding the detection, classification, and quantification of road distress. In this paper, a new efficient process of road distress analysis using deep learning models is introduced. This new process was tested on a collected road dataset to evaluate the efficiency and speed of this low-cost road maintenance system. Promising results were obtained …
Paradigm Review Of Data Localization In India And Its Implications For China, Ying Fan
Paradigm Review Of Data Localization In India And Its Implications For China, Ying Fan
Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)
Data localization is a focal point of global data governance and its impact on global data governance is no longer confined to a single country. Over the years, India has followed a unique policy framework in terms of cross-border data flows and data localization, and its insistence on data sovereignty reflects its position in the international arena. This study uses the Indian data localization paradigm as a research base to discuss the common phenomenon of disconnect between policy motivations and practical effects of data localization, and as an entry point to introduce the latest Indian research findings in this area. …
On Digital Productivity Base Of Policies For Cross-Border Data Flows Between Rcep Parties And Its Influences—Taking Digital Integration Index As A Reference, Gui Huang, Ru Tao
On Digital Productivity Base Of Policies For Cross-Border Data Flows Between Rcep Parties And Its Influences—Taking Digital Integration Index As A Reference, Gui Huang, Ru Tao
Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)
This study reviews the newest legislation and policies of Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) participating countries on cross-border data flow, and then categorized them according to the ban on data transfer, local storage of data, permission-based regulation, and standards-based regulation. By referring to the indexes in the ASEAN Digital Integration Index, the subject and object factors of digital productivity in RCEP parities are sorted out, as well as the status quo of digital economy. Through the introduction of data value chain theory, the decisive impact of digital productivity factors on the policy formulation of cross-border data flow is expounded; by …
Research On Multi-Source Heterogeneous Big Data Fusion Based On Wsr, Aihua Li, Weijia Xu, Yong Shi
Research On Multi-Source Heterogeneous Big Data Fusion Based On Wsr, Aihua Li, Weijia Xu, Yong Shi
Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)
In the era of multi-source heterogeneous big data, big data presents new features such as cross, diversity and variability. The applications of big data in a wider range of fields have new requirements for data fusion. Under this background, the connotation of data fusion is enriched and expanded. The generalized data fusion includes the fusion of data resources, the fusion of model methods, and the fusion of decision-makers' knowledge and experience. This study analyzes the characteristics of multi-source heterogeneous data fusion at three different fusion levels: data level, information level and decision level, and discusses challenges for data fusion in …
Multi-Agent Deep Reinforcement Learning For Radiation Localization, Benjamin Scott Totten
Multi-Agent Deep Reinforcement Learning For Radiation Localization, Benjamin Scott Totten
Dissertations and Theses
For the safety of both equipment and human life, it is important to identify the location of orphaned radioactive material as quickly and accurately as possible. There are many factors that make radiation localization a challenging task, such as low gamma radiation signal strength and the need to search in unknown environments without prior information. The inverse-square relationship between the intensity of radiation and the source location, the probabilistic nature of nuclear decay and gamma ray detection, and the pervasive presence of naturally occurring environmental radiation complicates localization tasks. The presence of obstructions in complex environments can further attenuate the …
Watch: A Distributed Clock Time Offset Estimation Tool On The Platform For Open Wireless Data-Driven Experimental Research, Cassie Jeng
McKelvey School of Engineering Graduate Student Theses & Dissertations
The synchronization of the clocks used at different devices across space is of critical importance in wireless communications networks. Each device’s local clock differs slightly, affecting the times at which packets are transmitted from different nodes in the network. This thesis provides experimentation and software development on POWDER, the Platform for Open, Wireless Data-driven Experimental Research, an open wireless testbed across the University of Utah campus. We build upon Shout, a suite of Python scripts that allow devices to iteratively transmit and receive with each other and save the collected data. We introduce WATCH, an experimental method to estimate clock …
A Unique Method Of Using Information Entropy To Evaluate The Reliability Of Deep Neural Network Predictions On Intracranial Electroencephalogram, Elakkat Dharmaraj Gireesh
A Unique Method Of Using Information Entropy To Evaluate The Reliability Of Deep Neural Network Predictions On Intracranial Electroencephalogram, Elakkat Dharmaraj Gireesh
Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-2023
Deep Neural networks (DNN) are fundamentally information processing machines, which synthesize the complex patterns in input to arrive at solutions, with applications in various fields. One major question when working with the DNN is, which features in the input lead to a specific decision by DNN. One of the common methods of addressing this question involve generation of heatmaps. Another pertinent question is how effectively DNN has captured the entire information presented in the input, which can potentially be addressed with complexity measures of the inputs. In the case of patients with intractable epilepsy, appropriate clinical decision making depends on …
Analyzing The System Features, Usability, And Performance Of A Containerized Application On Cloud Computing Systems, Anoop Abraham
Analyzing The System Features, Usability, And Performance Of A Containerized Application On Cloud Computing Systems, Anoop Abraham
Masters Theses (Archived)
This study analyzed the system features, usability, and performance of three serverless cloud computing platforms: Google Cloud’s Cloud Run, Amazon Web Service’s App Runner, and Microsoft Azure’s Container Apps. The analysis was conducted on a containerized mobile application designed to track real-time bus locations for San Antonio public buses on specific routes and provide estimated arrival times for selected bus stops. The study evaluated various system-related features, including service configuration, pricing, and memory & CPU capacity, along with performance metrics such as container latency, Distance Matrix API response time, and CPU utilization for each service. Easy-to-use usability was also evaluated …
Graph Modeling For Openflow Switch Monitoring, Ali Malik, Ruairí De Fréin
Graph Modeling For Openflow Switch Monitoring, Ali Malik, Ruairí De Fréin
Articles
Network monitoring allows network administrators to facilitate network activities and to resolve issues in a timely fashion. Monitoring techniques in software-defined networks are either (i) active, where probing packets are sent periodically, or (ii) passive, where traffic statistics are collected from the network forwarding elements. The centralized nature of software-defined networking implies the implementation of monitoring techniques imposes additional overhead on the network controller. We propose Graph Modeling for OpenFlow Switch Monitoring (GMSM), which is a lightweight monitoring technique. GMSM constructs a flow-graph overview using two types of asynchronous OpenFlow messages: packet-in and flow-removed, which improve monitoring and decision making. …
Autonomous Shipwreck Detection & Mapping, William Ard
Autonomous Shipwreck Detection & Mapping, William Ard
LSU Master's Theses
This thesis presents the development and testing of Bruce, a low-cost hybrid Remote Operated Vehicle (ROV) / Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) system for the optical survey of marine archaeological sites, as well as a novel sonar image augmentation strategy for semantic segmentation of shipwrecks. This approach takes side-scan sonar and bathymetry data collected using an EdgeTech 2205 AUV sensor integrated with an Harris Iver3, and generates augmented image data to be used for the semantic segmentation of shipwrecks. It is shown that, due to the feature enhancement capabilities of the proposed shipwreck detection strategy, correctly identified areas have a 15% …
End To End Routing Algorithms In Arbitrary Networks, Nada Alzaben
End To End Routing Algorithms In Arbitrary Networks, Nada Alzaben
Computer Science and Engineering Theses and Dissertations
The End to End Routing Problem in computer communication networks is the problem of scheduling fixed routes through the network over time. All the packets in a single communication flow follow an assigned route and all flows are routed such that some function of the flows is optimized. A flow is a sequence of packets that are released by some source node and sent over the communication network to a destination node. Multiple objective functions may be used to evaluate the performance of the network. Common objective functions include minimize the mean wait time, minimize the total wait time, minimize …
Physical Layer Security With Unmanned Aerial Vehicles For Advanced Wireless Networks, Aly Sabri Abdalla
Physical Layer Security With Unmanned Aerial Vehicles For Advanced Wireless Networks, Aly Sabri Abdalla
Theses and Dissertations
Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are emerging as enablers for supporting many applications and services, such as precision agriculture, search and rescue, temporary network deployment, coverage extension, and security. UAVs are being considered for integration into emerging wireless networks as aerial users, aerial relays (ARs), or aerial base stations (ABSs). This dissertation proposes employing UAVs to contribute to physical layer techniques that enhance the security performance of advanced wireless networks and services in terms of availability, resilience, and confidentiality. The focus is on securing terrestrial cellular communications against eavesdropping with a cellular-connected UAV that is dispatched as an AR or ABS. …
Travel Time Prediction Using Machine Learning, Vignaan Vardhan Nampalli
Travel Time Prediction Using Machine Learning, Vignaan Vardhan Nampalli
Theses and Dissertations
With the rapid growth of urban populations and increasing vehicular traffic, congestion has become a major challenge for transportation systems worldwide. Accurate estimation of travel time plays a crucial role in mitigating congestion and enhancing traffic management. This research focuses on developing a novel methodology that utilizes machine learning models to estimate travel time using real-time traffic data collected through Bluetooth sensors deployed at traffic intersections. The research compares five different prediction systems for replicating travel time estimation, evaluating their performance and accuracy. The results highlight the effectiveness of the machine learning models in accurately predicting travel time. Lastly, the …