Engineering Commons^™

The Nitration Of 2, 5-Dichlorobenzenesulfonic Acid, Sanford Monroe Krusch

Theses

The work done in this thesis was undertaken to determine the extent of the isomers which were formed when 2,5-dichlorobenzenesulfonic acid was nitrated. Nitrations were carried out with various nitrating agents.

The pare toluidine salts of 2,5-dichloro-3-nitro-benzenesulfonic acid and 2-p-chlorobenzoate-3-nitro-5-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid were prepared.

Recrystallizations of the mixtures of the nitration products of 2,5-dichlorobenzenesulfonic acid were carried out in an attempt to purify the 3-nitro isomer.

Bromination of the phenol of the 3-nitro isomer was carried out in an attempt to separate the other isomers formed.

Heat Transfer To A Solids-Air Suspension, Samuel Levinson, Sanford Jerome Tick

Theses

An apparatus for the investigation of heat transfer to air-solid suspensions was designed, constructed and operated. The apparatus consisted of a solids feeder (a fluidized bed), an air-solids mixing tube, a heat exchanger, and a solids separator.

The use of the fluidized bed as a solids feeder proved satisfactory from the standpoint of maintaining a constant feed rate and a constant solids to air ratio. Ease of variation of the solids to air ratio and air flow with the fluidized bed as a feeder was satisfactory, although difficulty was experienced in getting the desired solids to air ratio within a …

Corrosion Resistance Of The Chromium-Manganese-Nickel And Chromium-Manganese Austenitic Stainless Steels, Robert Dewitt Merrick

Theses

The corrosion resistance of the chromium-manganese-nickel austenitic stainless steels has been established through a study of the available literature and unpublished data obtained from producers and users of these alloys. Several compositions are available as listed below. DESIGNATIONCOMPOSITION % CMnCrNiNAISI 2010.155.5/7.516.0/18.03.5/5.50.25AISI 2020.157.5/10.017.0/19.04.0/6.00.25CM0.1513.0/18.014.0/17.01.00.25Tenelon0.1014.517-0.40TRC0.0816.515.0 min.1.00.2CMN0.651225-0.452040.087.5/10.017.0/19.04.0/6.00.25

The AISI Type 201 and 202 alloys have been listed by the American Iron and Steel Institute.

The development and application of these alloys was necessary because of the increasing shortage of nickel and the wide use of the chromium-nickel austenitic stainless steels. The chromium-nickel steels are used in a wide variety of consumer items and are …

Equilibria In The Esterification Of Boric Acid, Richard William Palizay

Theses

A solvent extraction method was developed to determine the equilibria in the esterification of boric acid, In this method boric acid was reacted with various alcohols. After equilibrium was reached, the ester was isolated from the reaction mixture by means of a solvent and the amount of ester determined quantitatively. The equilibrium constants were then calculated for the reaction of boric acid with several alcohols.

Zone Refining Of Anthracene, Charles Poultney Perot

Theses

The process of zone refining involves the passage of a molten zone along a rod of solid. As the zone progresses, composition of the material freezing out generally differs from that melting, so solutes are redistributed. Enrichment of the major component occurs toward one end of the rod. (Usually the end of frozen.)

In the present work, impure anthracene was subjected to zone refining. Feed first run was C.P. anthracene with a known impurity of 2.0% phenanthrene. After two passes no phenanthren was detectable in the first layer frozen. (Analysis was by ultra-violet spectrophotometry.) Although the zones melted out were …

Recovery Of Phthalic Acid, George Thomas Roberts

Theses

Crude phthalic acid from the fusion processing of alkyd resins was found to be recoverable by solvent extraction, neutralization-acidification, sublimation, distillation, esterificatton with monohydric alcohols, ion exchange or alkyd resin preparation.

The author proposes that alkyd resin preparation, based on analysis of the crude phthalic acid, is the most practical way for the alkyd resin manufacturer to recover the crude phthalic acid. No purification of the crude phthalic acid is necessary for this utilization and the resulting alkyd resin is saleable at a profit.

The Rates Of Hydrolysis Of Aryl Halides, Jack Robert Roeder

Theses

The object of this work was to determine the relative activity of the halogens, chlorine, bromine and iodine toward hydrolysis in a water-soluble aryl halide in which the halogen is activated by a nitrogroup in the orthoposition.

The order of activity was found to be C1) POI. In the case of the chlorine compound a run was also made on sodium 2-chloro-5-nitrobenzenesulfonate in which the nitro group is in a pare position with respect to the halogen.

The preparations of sodium or potassium 4-chloro-3-nitrobenzene sulfonate (I), sodium or potassium 4-bromo-3-nitrobenzene sulfonate (II), sodium or potassium 4-iodo-3-nitrobenzene sulfonate (III), and sodium …

Adsorption Of Carbon Dioxide By Sodium Carbonate Solutions In A Gas-Bubble Column, Joseph Don Singalewitch

Theses

A study was conducted on the absorption of pure carbon dioxide by sodium carbonate-sodium bicarabonate systems in a gas-bubble column (in which bubbles, formed by passing a gas through a porous plate at the base of to column, rise up through a descending continuous liquid phase). This equipment was found to be entremely effcient, under the condtions of the experiments, covered liquid rates (9,000 to 13,000 pounds per hour per square foot) with gas rates of 30 to 60 pounds per hour or square foot. The absorption section of the column was two inches in diameter and one foot in …

Exchange Adsorption Of Electrolytes On Titanium Dioxide, Richard Algimantas Slepetys

Theses

During the manufacture of titanium dioxide pigments many processing steps are carried out in solutions of electrolytes. Adsorption of these electrolytes strongly affects properties of the finished pigments.

Adsorption of electrolytes Was studied on titania samples prepared by controlled neutralization of titanium tetrachloride solutions with ammonium hydroxide, and one sample of commercial sulfate process rutile titania. In analogy to zirconia--as reported by Kraus and Phillips?^22,23 titania also behaved as a weak anion exchanger in acid solutions and as a weak cation exchanger in basic solutions. Acid or base liberated was approximately equivalent to ions exchanged. On the best sample …

Thermodynamic Properties Of Monochlorobenzene, Gaetano Zaccaria

Theses

The thermodynamic properties of saturated and superheated monochlorobenzene were evaluated at ten degree temperature intervals from 0°C to 750°C and at various pressures up to 300 atmospheres.

Equations relating the specific heat, the vapor pressure, and the density with temperature, were derived from the data available in the literature. They were used together with generalized charts to evaluate the thermodynamic properties.

The values for temperature, pressure, specific volume, enthalpy, and entropy for saturated and superheated monochlorobenzene are presented in the form of tables.

An Investigation Of The Hofman Reaction As A Possible Method Of Synthesizing 3,4-Diamino Pyridine, Harry William Zbinden

Theses

This study presents an attempt to evaluate the Hofman degradation as a method of synthesizing 3,4-diamino-pyridine from isoquinolinic acid. Since the pyridine ring is known to he stable under the reaction conditions, and analogous aromatic diamides have been prepared by previous investigators, the major problem studied is the effect of hypohalites on ortho-oriented aromatic diamides.

Three methods of approaching the problem were unsuccessful in producing the desired diamine, but the last method, stepwise degradation of each group separately, may be workable with some changes.

The most significant result was the observation of an unexpected side reaction when the diamide was …

Activity Coefficients Of Gases In Binary Mixtures, John Robert Armbruster

Theses

The theory of vapor phase activity coefficients for binary mixtures has been developed. The equations, calculation procedures and sample calculations are presented using two recently proposed methods of Joffe. These methods are then compared to the three methods presented by Engleman.

These two methods have been employed to calculate activity coefficients for 236 experimental points. The deviations of calculated values from experimental values were also determined. The systems considered are Argon - Ethylene, hydrogen - Nitrogen, Methane - Ethane, Methane - n - Butane evaluated over wide ranges of pressure, temperature and mol fraction.

From analysis of the time required …

Vapor-Liquid Equilibria, Vincent De Paul Brown

Theses

The thesis was undertaken for the purpose of testing available experimental vapor-liquid equilibrium data for thermodynamic consistency, with a view to finding an intercorrelation of the activity coefficient-concentration curves, for different groups of systems, as a function of the intercepts. It was hoped that a correlation using molar volumes, parachor volumes, or molecular weights would be developed which could be explained on the basis of hydrogen bonding.

The Redlich and Kister^{1 equations were used to smooth the experimental data and to obtain values for the constants B, C and D. Redlich and Kister state that these constants serve as …}

The Effect Of Reaction Block Configuration On Unit Pressure In Rubber Forming, James Everett Gilmer

Theses

This investigation was made to determine the effect of reaction blocks on the forming pressures produced in solid pad rubber forming. The pressures developed after the addition of six basic reaction block designs, at four distances from the form block, were determined and compared to the pressures developed without a reaction block.

The effect of rubber hardness was determined by conducting duplicate tests with pads having a durometer hardness of 50 and 65 Shore "A".

The addition of a reaction block produced a maximum increase in pressure of 9.75% and was found to be detrimental under many of the test …

Self-Heating Of Wood Fiber, Kenneth Norman Smith

Theses

An investigation was made to determine what portion of wood is responsible for the self-heating of wood fiber, where self-heating is defined as the increase in temperature of a material above the temperature of its surroundings due to an exothermic reaction occurring within the material. The phenomenon of self-heating of wood fiberboard has long been known, but very little has been done to discover the particular part of the wood which generates the heat.

Wood fiberboard was tested for self-heating by placing a. cubical sample in a specially constructed furnace and heating it to a uniform temperature of 325?F. As …

Continuous Chlorosulfonation Of Benzene Ii Phase Relations, Ernest Eugene Wiegleb

Theses

This work presents data for the separation of materials involved in the chlorosulfonation of benzene using carbon tetrachloride as an inert extraction solvent. Equilibrium and tie line data for the liquid ternary systems; carbon tetrachloride chlorosulfonic acid - sulfuric acid; Benzenesulfonyl chloride - carbon tetrachloride - sulfuric acid; benzenesulfonyl chloride ehiorosulfonic acid - sulfuric acid and for the quaternary system benzenesulfonyl chloride - carbon tetrachloride chlorosulfonic acid - sulfuric acid have been determined. The tie line data has been correlated by the method of Othmer and Tobias.

Data for two chlorosulfonations made under differing conditions is also given.

A Study Of The Mixed Acid Nitration Of 2-Amino-5-Chloropyridine, Harold Edward Ehrenbeck

Theses

The mixed-acid nitration of 2-amino-5-chloropyridine has been studied and improvements in yield and quality made.

2-Nitramino-5-chloropyridine has been prepared in high purity with a yield of 87.5%, an improvement over the results of Stokes, who reported 80.0%, and Harris, who reported 63.0%, as their best yields. The quality of the product, as indicated by melting points, has been increased.

This improvement involves the addition of 2-amino-5-chloropyridine to a pre-mixed nitrating acid. This nitrating acid consists of sulfuric acid and nitric acid. The composition is based on an optimum nitric ratio of 1.04, and an optimum D.V.S. of 2.25.

Rigid, Unplasticized, Polyvinyl Chloride Piping : An Engineering Material Study, James Patrick Kelleher

Theses

Rigid, unplasticized, polyvinyl chloride is one of several thermoplastic materials which can be made available on a reasonable, commercial basis in the form of pipe, as well as in other forms necessary for the assembly of a complete piping system.

These materials offer resistance to widely varying conditions of environment, light weight, relatively low cost, ease and economy of installation, self-insulating characteristics, minimum solid-deposit tendency, and low frictional losses. On the other hand, these materials have lower mechanical properties than most metals, and these properties are subject to wider variations as a function of temperature.

Of the thermoplastic piping materials …

The Condensation Of Vapors From Gas - Vapor Mixtures, Lewis George King, Walter Andrew Blumenscheid

Theses

Superheated mixtures of cyclohexane vapor and nitrogen and benzene vapor and nitrogen were passed at various flow rates downward through a vertical double pipe condenser with cooling water flawing counter-currently in an annular space.

The method of Colburn and Hougen for the design of cooler-condensers was used to compare predicted heat transfer area to the experimental heat transfer area. Based on the ay-stems investigated, limits of accuracy of the predicted heat transfer areas were set as a function of inlet and cutlet Reynolds numbers. A suggested modification of the Colburn-Hougen correlation was made to extend the limits of accuracy. It …

Measurement Of The Specific Surface Of Perlite, Richard Gordon Lamborn, Carl Henry Vogel

Theses

A low temperature gas adsorption apparatus was designed for the purpose of measuring the total surface area of solids using the well known B.E.T. method.

The apparatus was designed so that several different gases could be used as adsorbates without evacuating the gas reservoirs each time a different adsorbate was to be used. This was accomplished by providing three gas reservoirs of sufficient capacity to allow several determinations to be made at moderate initial reservoir pressures of from two to three pounds per square inch. A separate bulb and manometer system was supplied for determining the saturation pressures of adsorbates …

Azeotropic Sulfonation Of Chlorobenzene, Peter Norman Lensi

Theses

A miss of experiments were conducted to determine the efficiency of the sulfonation of chlorobenzene by equilmolar proportions of sulfuric acid in various organic media her azeotropic conditions. The efficiency of the system wan show to be tins dependent, and based upon the conditions used, yields of 20% were obtained.

Viscosity Of A Three Component System, Acetone-Ethanol-Water, At 25°C And 30°C, Peter Fred Widmer

Theses

The viscosity in the three component system Acetone-Ethanol-Water has been determined over a range of compositions at two different temperatures, 25°C and 30°C. Compositions have been varied in increments of ten percent by weight to cover all possible combinations of the three components. The data obtained are presented on triangular coordinate graph paper with lines of constant viscosity indicated and also in tabular form.

Aryl Sulfonation In Presence Of Phosphrous Trichloride, William Calvert Tanner

Theses

With sulfuric acid as the sulfonating agent, phosphorus trichloride is demonstrated as being effective in facilitating the sulfonation of some aromatic compounds. Optimum conditions are a molar ratio of 0.5 mole of sulfuric acid: 1.0 mole of aromatic compound with 4 - 5% more phosphorus trichloride than is required to react with the available water in the system, and reaction temperatures between 50°C. and 60°C.

The aromatic compounds studied were benzene, chlorobenzene, bromobenzene, and nitrobenzene.

The Use Of Perlite As An Adsorbent, John Herrick Eigler

Theses

The adsorptive properties of perlite, an expanded volcanic glass, have been studied. Several activating treatments were investigated, air oxidation it 400 degrees Centigrade appears to be the best, The adsorption of the basic dye emethylene blue yields a saturation valve of 50 milligrams per gram of perlite. The acid dye cotton blue showed no measurable adsorption. A maximum adsorption of 15 millimoles of acetic acid and one milligram of iodine were found in aqueous solution. A high value of 1.33 milligrams of iodine per gram of perlite were found in methyl alcohol solutions. The surface area of perlite appears to …

A Simplified Mathematical Method For Petroleum Property Evaluation, Charles G. Edwards

Masters Theses

"The economic evaluation of a petroleum reservoir involves two fundamental operations; 1) predicting future production behaviour, 2) determining the present worth or this future production. This thesis purposes to eliminate the necessity of repeated calculation which is required in performing the second operation under existing methods.

Because the first operation, that of predicting future behaviour, is necessarily an estimate, there is an apparent tendency to employ approximate methods in the determination of present worth. The evaluation method developed in this paper confines estimation to the first operation, where it rightly belongs, and treats all subsequent work with mathematical exactness.The estimation …

A Study Of The Variation Of The Fluoride Content Of Certain Waters In The Vicinity Of Albuquerque, E. Metz Beahm

Chemical and Biological Engineering ETDs

In the first part of 1935, the City of Albuquerque was investigating the possibility of obtaining an additional water supply from the Jemez Mountains, which are about fifty miles to the north of the City. Black and Veatch, consulting engineers for the City, were asked to make a complete study of the problem. The question of fluorides in the water came up because it was known that the fluorides would cause mottled enamel in human teeth when the water was used during childhood, if the content was above 0.9 parts per million by accepted fluorine analysis methods. The question arose …

Heat Transfer Coefficients In An Agitated Vessel Using Verticle-Tube Baffles, Edward Joseph Barrasso

Theses

Data are presented to show the effect of impeller speed, impeller type, and fluid properties on the forced-convection film coefficient of heat transfer for verticle tubes in a cylindrical vessel. A generalized equation to predict the film coefficient of heat transfer on the outside of verticle tubes in an agitated vessel for both cooling and heating is also presented. This equation may be used to estimate the necessary areas of heat transfer for verticle tubes in an agitated vessel within the degree of accuracy required from most engineering calculations.

This study was the first initiated to develop an equation to …

Liquid-Gas Flow In Venturi Meter And Sharp Edged Orifice, Frank John Chwalek

Theses

The results of a study of pressure drops across a 5/32 inch throat venturi meter and a 5/32 inch thin plate sharp-edged orifice for the horizontal cocurrent, flow of the air-water two-phase two-fluid system in a 3/4 inch pipe under essentially isothermal conditions, are presented. This is the first critical study of two phase flow in a Venturi meter and. in a 5/32" orifice.

Flows of water of 0.1 to 1.7 gallons per minute with air rates in range of 0.00022 lbs/sec. to 0.0092 lbs/sec. of air mixed in were studied. All flows were turbulent when judged with the conventional …

Electrodeposition Of Cellulose And Carboxy-Methylcellulose, Charles Edward Driesens Jr.

Theses

The previous work done by Frank Cozzarelli on the eleotrodeposition of cellulose from a sodium zincate-urea-cellulose system has been verified, except that zinc was found to deposit on the cathode at all voltages and current densities within the range of the optimum conditions for deposition. The optimum conditions are: voltage - 1.10 to 1.28 volts; current density 0.13 to 1.10 amperes/square foot; electrode material - copper. Current efficiencies range from 0.80 to 5.53%.

A chelate-like complex formed from the sodium zincate and urea which couples with the cellulose has been proposed as a possible explaination of the mechanism governing the …

Hydrolysis Of Sodium Silicofluoride, Frank Arthur Graf

Theses

The kinetics of an apparent solubility decrease of commercial sodium fluoride encountered in a piece of equipment designed to produce saturated sodium fluoride solution was Investigated, in order to understand why a consistently saturated solution was not possible to achieve with plain tap water as solvent.

The main impurity, about 1 percent sodium silicofluoride, coats the sodium fluoride crystals, resulting in an equilibrium shift during dissolution of the salt in water; and under certain conditions results in the formation of a protective gel. Therefore, in order to produce a constant strength sodium fluoride solution, this coated impurity must be decomposed …