Engineering Commons^™

Viscosity-Density Correlation Of Newtonian Liquids, Melvin Leonard Druin

Dissertations

The viscosity of monatomic liquids was modeled by an equation derived from the kinetic theory of gases. Viscosities may be calculated from data on density and molecular weight of the liquid. In adapting this relationship to polyatomic liquids, a single correction factor was developed for each of five series of homologues; n-paraffins, n-1 -alkenes, n-alkylcyclohexanes, n-alkylbenzenes and n-alcohols, to account for the deviations of the calculated viscosities from those reported, extending over a one- to three-hundred degree range. The factor is a function of reduced temperature relative to the normal boiling point, T_rB. A single equation for each …

The Generalized Virial Equation Of State, Ghanshyam R. Patel

Dissertations

A generalized three parameter virial equation of state has been developed and tested for seven pure gases having different molecular characteristics. The equation has also been tested for more than thirteen binary gas mixtures using three different mixture rules. The final equation is as follows:

Z = 1 + B(T)/V + C(T)/V² + D(T)/V³ + E(T)/V⁴ + VF(T)/e^aV + VG(T)/e^bV

The expressions for E(T), F(T), and G(T) along the critical isotherm were derived in terms of critical properties and two constants, a and b which appear in the sixth and seventh terms in the above …

Critical Interaction Constants For Binary Gas Mixtures For Use In The Redlich-Kwong Equation Of State, Warren J. Biss

Theses

In this work, critical interaction constants were used to evaluate the interaction coefficients of the Redlich - Kwong constants for bin-ary gas mixtures. From these constants, the pressure - volume - temperature behavior of the mixtures was calculated using the Redlich - Kwong equation.

The critical interaction constants, T₁₂ and P₁₂ , were evaluated for binary mixtures by solving, simultaneously, two second degree equations relating terminal slopes for critical pressure loci and the mole fractions of the components present. The feasibility of this method was tested by calculating P-V-T data for binary mixtures and comparing this with values …

Premix Molding Compounds : The Effect Of Processing Technique On Profitability And Product Integrity, Albert Robert Kurkowski

Theses

Premix molding compounds, presently manufactured in a double-armed blade kneader mixer, can now be prepared by a new and unique method utilizing a high speed densifier. Compounds processed in a kneader mixer, by virtue of its overlapping, shear mixing motion, are extremely susceptible to glass fiber degradation and. consequent mechanical strength reductions in moldings. Previously, as this was the only equipment, available with the capability to admix highly viscous materials, processors would formulate and design to compensate for the resultant property reductions that are encountered. Also typical of conventional kneader mixer processes is an inherent materials handling problem and mixing …

Effect Of Column Diameter On The Frequency Response Of Water Fluidized Beds, Edward C. Maiuro

Theses

The effect of column diameter on the frequency response of water fluidized beds was investigated.

Studies were made on four columns ranging from four to ten inches in diameter. Water was used to fluidize the beds which consisted of spherical glass beads .0185 inches in diameter. A trace solution of sodium chloride was sinusoidally introduced into the beds. Inlet and outlet concentrations were continuously measured by an electrical conductivity recorder. Separate frequency response tests were conducted on the inlet calmning section in an attempt to obtain the frequency response of this region alone. Results of the tests were expressed as …

A Correlation Of Latent Heats And Densities Of Pure Organic Liquids From Known Vapor Pressure Data, Vincent J. Vasta

Theses

Employing the correlation developed by Kemme (5), which is based on a hole model for a liquid, relating vapor pressures with corresponding liquid densities and the number of carbon atoms in a molecular chain for a homologous series, correlation coefficients were established using multi-linear regression analysis on available literature data. This correlation was newly applied to several straight chain homologous series including the n-acids, formate esters and n-alkyl benzenes.

A second correlation developed by Kemme (5) relating vapor pressure, internal heat of vaporization and the number of carbon atoms for a homologous series was employed to determine correlation coefficients for …

The Optimization Of A Catalytic Methanol Reactor, Peter Wrampe

Theses

The development of a computer program which determines the minimum space time of the methanol synthesis reactants is presented. Also, the optimum temperature profile along the catalytic reactor was predicted for a desired conversion at a given operating pressure, feed composition, and catalyst effectiveness factor.

The equilibrium conversion of methanol was determined at various reaction parameters. Rates of reaction were ascertained and maximized with respect to temperature for various conversions and given reaction parameters. The results, along with those obtained when the design equation was numerically integrated, were compared to published data. Equations were established for various sets of published …

The Plasticization Of 4-Methyl-Pentene-1 (Tpx-Rt-D30) Polymer With Petroleum Jelly, Joseph P. Mccann

Theses

The properties of TPX-RT-D30 (4-methyl-pentene-1 polymer) have been changed by blending petroleum jelly with the polymer. The polymer was blended in a Brabender apparatus with up to 40% by weight petroleum jelly (P.J.) at 270°C, pressed and quenched in water. Samples were die cut for the various tests. The polymer tensile properties (ASTM-638-64T) showed both a break and yield value in all ratios as compared to only a break value for the TPX-RT polymer. Breaking strength ranged from 4000 psi for pure TPX-RT down to 1000 psi at 40% P.J., with a leveling point of 2000 psi at 15% P.J. …

The Effect Of Nitrilotriacetic Acid Upon The Biodegradability Of Linear Alkyl Benzene Sulfonate, John D. Mckenna

Theses

The effects of trisodium nitrilotriacetate (SKTA) and sodium tipolyphosphate (STPP) upon the biological degradation of linear alkyl benzene sulfonate (LAS) ware experimentally investigated by the chemical oxygen demand and methylene blue methods. It was found that when STPP was present with LAS, the degradation of the LAS was better than when alone in solution. It was also found that LAS in solution with SN TA was less degradable than LAS alone. The benzene ring of the MS appeared to degrade after most of the linear portion of the chain had already been degraded.

Joining Graphite To Graphite With Transition Metal Foils, Donald James Sandstrom

Chemical and Biological Engineering ETDs

A study has been undertaken to determine the relationship of metallic-foil joining and joining parameters to the strength of joints in a high-quality extruded nuclear graphite. The materials chosen for investigation as joining materials on the graphite of interest were considered to be representative of the Group IVA, VA, and VIA transition metals and iron. The parameters used for joining yielded either a fully diffused joint, which was not temperature-limited with respect to service conditions or a continuous-carbide-interface joint, which was temperature -limited. The metal chosen from Group IVA for joining was zirconium in the form of 0.0005 in. -thick …

Liquid Vapor Equilibrium In Nucleate And Film Boiling, Walter Henry Rothaug

Theses

Liquid vapor equilibrium data were obtained for several solutions and azeotropes under both nucleate and film boiling. The data were invariant between the two boiling regimes indicating that both nucleate and film boiling are equilibrium vaporizations rather than either diffusional or bulk vaporizations. Boiling heat transfer versus temperature data were taken in nucleate and film boiling for the solutions and azeotropes and for several pure liquids. The critical heat flux for methyl alcohol-benzene solutions rose sharply at first and then more moderately with increasing alcohol concentration. The critical heat flux was pratically constant regardless of concentration in ethyl alcohol-benzene solutions. …

The Influence Of Ionic Polarizability On The High Temperature Mechanical Properties Of Ionic Crystals, William A. Johnston

Masters Theses

No abstract provided.

Estimation Of Film Boiling Heat Transfer Coefficients For Cylindrical Heaters In Corresponding States Fluids, Gary Joseph Capone

Masters Theses

"An investigation of film boiling heat transfer was made with cylindrical heaters. The (0.75" O.D.) gold plated, copper heaters were positioned horizontally in pools of liquid argon, nitrogen, and carbon monoxide. A correlation for film boiling corresponding states fluids is derived and discussed. The correlation is a least squares fit of three variables: the diameter of the cylindrical heater, the reduced pressure of the system, and the temperature difference between the heater surface and the saturated pool"--Abstract, page iii.

Prediction Of Drag Reduction With A Viscoelastic Model, Gary Kent Patterson, J. L. Zakin

Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

No abstract provided.

Numerical Differentiation Of Equally Spaced And Not Equally Spaced Experimental Data [3], Harry C. Hershey, Jacques L. Zakin

Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

No abstract provided.

Sufficiency Conditions For Constrained Optima, Cheng-Chun Huang

Masters Theses

"The sufficiency conditions for constrained optimization problems are derived through the use of Lagrangian functions and through the introduction of the new concept of "constrained total derivatives." The relations can be used with equality and/or inequality constraints. The sufficiency conditions derived earlier by Phipps were corrected in this work--Abstract, page ii.

Distillation Column Simulation And Control, Hsian T. Chao

Masters Theses

"A 5-component, 10-stage distillation column was simulated by PACTOLUS by use of the hybrid technique. It was found that the digital-analog simulator is completely satisfactory for solving unsteady-state multicomponent distillation problems. A feedforward controller for a distillation column was designed and tested. The effects of feedforward and feedback control on binary system distillation columns were compared by PACTOLUS. It was found that the liquid flow rates, the holdups as well as the number of stages are important factors in the design of a feedforward controller"--Abstract, page ii.

A Study Of Porous Membrane Evaporation For Desalination In A Flow System, Jing Ming Lee

Masters Theses

"The purpose of this investigation was to study the simultaneous mass and heat transfer mechanism in evaporation through a porous membrane with a non-wettable surface. Such water repellent membranes permit the passage of water vapor, but not liquid water. The investigation concerned the mass transfer rate through the membrane pores with flow on one or both sides of the membrane. The water-repellent membrane separated a hot salt solution from the fresh water, and a copper sheet separated the fresh water from a cold salt solution. A three-channel evaporator-condenser was used, and the membrane consisted of glass fiber paper treated with …

Determination Of Molecular Diffusivities In Liquids, Pai-Chuan Wu

Masters Theses

"A porous plate, initially at a uniform solute concentration is immersed in a well-stirred pure solvent bath of known volume. It is desired to find the molecular diffusivity of the solute-solvent system by observing the change of the solute concentration in the solvent bath with time. In this study, concentration-time data were curve-fitted by non-linear, least squares techniques to the various mathematical solutions describing molecular diffusion in the porous frit. This technique is used to determine the diffusion coefficient and predict the value of other parameters existing in the different mathematical diffusion models. The results from the different models are …

Diffusion Coefficients Of D-Glucose In Aqueous Carboxymethylcellulose And Carboxypolymethylene Solutions, Audrey Liu-Mei Huang

Masters Theses

"A microinterferometric method was used to determine the concentration profiles in the infinite field unsteady state diffusion of D-Glucose in aqueous polymer solutions. Pseudo binary diffusion coefficients were determined as a function of reduced concentration both with and without the effect of liquid volume change during diffusion being considered. The systems studied were D-Glucose in aqueous Carboxymethylcellulose and D-Glucose in aqueous Carboxypolymethylene solutions. Solute concentration ranged from nearly zero to about 9% by weight D-Glucose in the aqueous polymer solutions"--Abstract, page ii.

Permeability And Additive Sorption And Extraction In Lubricating Greases, Chan-Shan Fan

Masters Theses

"The effect of the area and type of surface of ten silica thickeners and aluminum oxide on grease permeability, on the sorption of PAN [Phenyl-α-naphthylamine] by the grease, and on subsequent extraction were studied. For grease containing 6% per cent of thickener, permeability coefficients varied from 20.1 x 10⁻¹¹ cm² to 168 x 10⁻¹¹ cm². For each silica type they decreased with increase in surface area of the thickener. The level of the permeability coefficient is generally related to the worked penetration. In sorption measurements using permeating oils of varying PAN concentration, the amount of PAN associated with the thickener …

Liquid Extraction With Single Droplets-Effect Of Chemical Reaction, William Victor Andoe

Doctoral Dissertations

"The circulating drop mass transport model based on Hadamard's dispersed phase stream function was solved numerically to account for a solute diffusing into a droplet and undergoing a first order irreversible reaction with the drop medium for the case where the continuous phase resistance to solute transport is negligible ... Experimental data were obtained for a system which consisted of 2-chloro-2-methylpropane (t-butyl chloride) diffusing from a benzene continuous phase into falling water droplets and undergoing a first order irreversible reaction with the water droplets ... The experimental solute transport rates were a factor of 7 to 10 greater than those …

The Effect Of Polymer Structure On Drag Reduction In Nonpolar Solvents, Gin Chain Liaw

Doctoral Dissertations

"The effects of polymer chain flexibility, molecular weight and entanglement capacity, and of polymer solution concentration on drag reduction in nonpolar solvents were studied in this investigation. Three samples of polydimethyl siloxane in toluene, five samples of polyethylene oxide in benzene, two samples of cis-polyisoprene in toluene, trans-polyisoprene in toluene, cis-polybutadiene in toluene, ethyl cellulose in toluene and a copolymer of epichlorohydrin and polyethylene oxide in toluene were studied. Molecular weights of all polymers were estimated from intrinsic viscosity, except for the molecular weight of the copolymer which was given by the manufacturer. Turbulent and laminar flow pressure drop data …

A Study Of The Anodic Oxidation Of Ethylene On Gold And Gold-Platinum Alloys, San-Cheng Lai

Doctoral Dissertations

"The distinctive features of electrochemical energy conversion is the direct conversion of the chemical energy of a reaction into electrical energy without going through the intermediary of heat, thereby avoiding the Carnot limitation. Since it is theoretically possible to obtain electrical energy to the extent of the free energy change of the chemical reaction, the overall thermal efficiencies expected are nearly 100 percent. However, the observed efficiencies of most electrochemical energy converters are considerably lower than this due to a slowness of one or more of the intermediate steps of the overall reaction. There has been a recent surge of …

A Numerical Simulation Of Pressure Distribution And Radius Of Drainage In Infinite Radial Aquifers - Constant Rate Case, Alton John Nute

Doctoral Dissertations

"The diffusivity equation for the transient flow of slightly-compressible liquids has been solved for infinite radial aquifers, subject to constant terminal rates, by employing a Romberg integration of the Van Everdingen - Hurst explicitly solution over the transformed integral limits for .01̲TD>500, the classical solutions presented by Carslaw and Jaeger, Mortada, Theis, and others are incorporated in the digital analysis to yield dimensionless pressures for 40 selected dimensionless radius (RD) ratios between 1 and 64 for dimensionless time values of .0005 to 1000.0. A new expression for dimensionless pressure-distribution, PD'(RD, TD), as a fraction of well bore pressure drop …

Water Quality Study Of Lake Mead, Dale A. Hoffman, Paul R. Tramutt, Frank C. Heller, Bureau Of Reclamation

Publications (WR)

This report presents Lake Mead Water quality data obtained from 1964 to 1966. The effect of filling Lake Powell on the water quality of Lake Mead is evaluated. General limnological principles and the present limnology of Lake Mead are discussed. Lake Mead has a warm monomictic annual temperature cycle characterized by summer stratification, fall overturn leading into a continuous circulation throughout the winter; temperatures never fall below 39 deg F (4 deg C). During stratification, lower dissolved oxygen values were recorded in the thermocline than in the epilimnion and hypolimnion. Mineral content increases from the upper to the lower end …

Existence Of Two Types Of Drag Reduction In Pipe Flow Of Dilute Polymer Solutions, Harry C. Hershey, Jacques L. Zakin

Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Drag reduction in the pipe flow of polymer solutions is shown to be of two types which apparently occur by two separate mechanisms. In turbulent flow, drag reduction is probably caused by viscoelastic effects. The critical solvent Reynolds number at the onset of drag reduction is proportional to about the first power of the diameter. Thus, the critical velocity is independent of tube diameter. Polymers dissolved in good solvents show more drag reduction than in poor solvents. The other type of drag reduction occurs when the laminar region is extended to high Reynolds numbers. It is followed by a transition …

Numerical Differentiation Of Equally Spaced And Not Equally Spaced Experimental Data, Harry C. Hershey, Jacques L. Zakin, Robert Simha

Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Procedures are given for smoothing and differentiating experimental data with both equal and nonequal spacing in the independent variable. Selection of the number of points to be included in the "movable strip" technique and of the degree of the polynomial is discussed. Equations are given to estimate the error by calculating a confidence interval on each slope. A technique for handling certain types of nonrandom errors is presented. © 1967, American Chemical Society. All rights reserved.

Relationships Between Some Properties Of Pure Homologous Organic Liquids, Herbert Rudolph Kemme

Dissertations

The vapor pressures of eleven primary straight chain alkyl chlorides and eleven primary straight chain alcohols between C3 and C16 were determined within a range of 5 to 760 mm Hg. These data were obtained by determining the boiling points of the pure materials at various pressures by using differential thermal analysis. The boiling points were determined with a precision of -.1 degree Centigrade at a 95 per cent C.I. The Antoine equation was used to analytically describe the data. The constants for this equation were determined by a multiple linear regression technique for each individual compound. The heats of …

Kinetics Of Hydrogen Reduction By Manganese Dioxide, Herbert Eugen Barner

Dissertations

Samples of synthetic pyrolusite were reduced in hydrogen at various partial pressures in the temperature range of 200° to 500°C. Most reduction experiments were conducted using a Pyrex vertical-tube reactor, in which small beds of porous particles (0.07 to 0.21 mm.) or single porous pellets of the oxide were suspended. The reaction kinetics were followed by recovering and weighing the water product formed during measured time intervals, and the intermediate reduction products were identified by X-ray diffraction analysis.

The data show that reduction proceeds through the sequence MnO₂->Mn₂O₃->OMn₃O₄- …