Engineering Commons^™

Simultaneous Correlation Of Excess Gibbs Energy And Enthalpy Of Mixing By The Uniquac Equation, Yaşar Demirel, Hatice Gecegörmez

Papers in Analytical Chemistry

Using data for excess Gibbs energy gh and enthalpy of mixing hE, temperature dependent parameters of the UNlQUAC equation have been estimated for twenty four systems of binary mixtures. Fifteen of them include data for gh and hE at more than one isotherm. These parameters are later tested in predicting the gh and hE data simultaneously and representing the effect of temperature on such data. The UNIQUAC equation with temperature dependent parameters represents larger values of maximum heat of mixing than does the UNlQUAC equation with the parameters independent of temperature.

Biodegradation Of Benzene And A Btx Mixture Using Immobilized Activated Sludge, Mayur Padamshi Lodaya

Dissertations

Aerobic biodegradation of benzene was studied using activated sludge immobilized in calcium alginate (immobilization by entrapment), and also attached to a silica based catalyst.support (immobilization by attachment). Hydrogen peroxide was used as a source of dissolved oxygen to eliminate physical removal of benzene due to aeration. Abiotic losses of benzene were accounted for.

A recirculation reactor, run in both batch and continuous feed mode, was used to determine the kinetic parameters. The system response was examined by tollowing changes in benzene concentration, flow rate, and biomass loading. The system was modeled mathematically and the kinetic parameters were determined.

Biological removal …

Thermotropic Liquid Crystalline Polyesters Based On The Monomer Of Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate), Satish Baliga

Dissertations

A series of thermotropic liquid crystalline polyesters were synthesized, based on Bis-hydroxyethyl terephthalate (BHET), para-acetoxybenzoic acid (PAB) and terephthalic acid (TA). Structural studies of these aromatic polyesters using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), Infrared Spectroscopy (IR) and X-ray diffraction techniques indicated the existence of substantial amounts of rigid -PAB-PAB- linkages within the mesogenic backbone. Optical study of their melts using Polarizing Microscopy indicated a "threaded" microstructure typical of a nematic mesophase. Morphological rearrangements were found to occur at higher temperatures as was evident from a two-phase structure, one phase speculated to be rich in flexible Poly(ethylene Terephthalate) (PET) segments and the …

Kinetic Study On Pyrolysis Of C6h5cl And M-C6h4cl2 Diluted In H2 : Detailed Reaction Kinetics And Thermodynamic Property Estimation Techniques, Edward Robert Ritter

Dissertations

Thermal reaction studies of dilute mixtures (0.37%) of C6H5Cl in hydrogen and m-C6H4C12 (0.4%) in hydrogen have been performed in tubular flow reactors at various surface to volume ratios, and 1 atm total pressure. Residence times range from 0.02 to 2.5 seconds,with temperatures between 1050 to 1275 K. HCl, C₆H₅Cl, C₆H₆, and carbon solids (C(s)) are observed as the major products; minor products include methane, cyclopentadiene, toluene, naphthalene and biphenyls. Pyrolysis in helium yields significantly less conversion, but more C(s) for similar residence times.

A detailed chemical mechanism is developed to describe …

Application Of Microwave Energy To Remediation Of Soils Contaminated With Chromium, Chih-Ju Jou

Theses

A process based upon microwave treatment has been developed to render soil non-hazardous after that soil had been classified as hazardous due to heavy metal contamination. It has been applied to chromium-contaminated soil. The object of the present regulations is to prevent damage to water supplies as a result of the leaching of heavy metal ions from the soils. This object is expressed in the standard test for leaching, namely, the EPA EP Leachate test. This process can be used to immobilize metal ions sufficiently to meet the aforementioned standard. The present standard is based upon acid leaching, and not …

A Computer Program On The Economics Of Collection And Sortation Of Recyclable Materials In Municipal Solid Wastes, Ara Nigogos Kahyaoglu

Theses

The first version of the economic of recyclable materials in municipal solid waste analysis program was developed in interpretive BASIC by Rutgers the State University of New Jersey. Since BASIC is a line interpretative language several restrictions were encountered, the major one being the language size restriction.

The first objective was to obtain a truly portable program that would not be dependent on specific compilers and operating systems. The second objective was to generate a program that had the capability for expansion.

The C language was used over other high level languages such as PASCAL and FORTRAN because it had …

Ph Parametric Pumping : An Examination Of Different Feed Locations For A Two And Three Column Process With The Same Flow Patterns And Ph Distribution, Roberta Rosty

Theses

PH parametric pumping is used to separate protein mixtures of hemoglobin and Albumin.

In this thesis, modifications to a two-column process, where the fluid stage flow pattern and the pH distributions were constant, were explored. These modifications consisted of: changes in the feed stream inlet and outlet locations, changes in the amount of feed itself, and an addition of another column and reservoir to the original two-column process. The results were obtained through computer simulation.

Results indicate that the batch or no-feed two and three column processes yield better separations of the two proteins than the same processes with feed …

Mathematical Model Of A Continuous Sterilization System For Fermentation Media Containing Suspended Solids, Mark A. Leskowicz

Theses

A mathematical model has been developed for a continuous sterilization system where the role of suspended solids on the overall degree of sterilization achieved is taken into account. Evaluation of a "typical" commercial continuous sterilization system showed the role of suspended solids to have little effect on the overall sterilization obtained. For continuous sterilization systems operating in a total residence time of less than one minute, the role of solids may become important and should be evaluated.

A Study Of The Effect Of Some Inhibitors On The Corrosion Rates Of Austenitic Stainless Steels In Sulfuric Acid, Shang-Yinn Chiou

Theses

Four sulfur-containing and three nitrogen-containing organic compounds have been tested as inhibitors for four different austenitic stainless steels-SS304, S5316, SS317L, and SS41O-in 10-50 weight% sulfuric acid solutions respectively. Results confirmed that the sulfur-containing compounds were more effective than the nitrogen-containing compounds. The effect of sodium iodide additions on the behaviours of two of the nitrogen-containing compounds was also studied. The synergistic effect caused by the 1 ion was essential for nitrogen-containing compounds as inhibitors in sulfuric acid solution.

Recirculation Flow Bioreactor For The Synthesis Of Nitroxide And N-Oxide Pharmaceuticals, Douglas Lischick

Theses

An investigation of the properties of calcium alginate immobilized hog liver microsomes, rich in FAD-containing mixed function oxidase, was performed. Studies involving catalyst storage, immobilization of cofactors within the matrix, and alginate gel concentration were performed using a 1.8 ml mixed flow micro assay reactor. A recirculation flow reactor was designed and used for the biochemical production of 2,2,4,4-tetramethyl-1,3-oxazolidine-l-oxyl, a potentially useful MRI contrast agent.

The activity of the immobilized microsomes was found to increase over time when stored in CaCl₂ or in buffer at 4-8°C. The increase in activity is a result of the removal of inherent inhibitors …

Estimation Of Thermodynamic Properties Of Petroleum Fractions To Supplement The Aspen Simulator, Steven E. Sund

Theses

The objective of this study was to develop a method of estimating hydrocarbon pseudocomponent data in a format that is consistent with the ASPEN simulator. Although algorithms exist to estimate the pseudocomponent properties, no comprehensive program exists for the public version of ASPEN. A computer program was developed which will take a minimum of input data and can generate the necessary pure component properties for an ASPEN simulation. The program is meant to complement the ASPEN simulator, so the input is similar to ASPEN's input. The output can be incorporated directly into an ASPEN input or can be of the …

Reactor Design For Hazardous Waste Treatment Using Immobilized Phanerochaete Chrysosporium, Ikram Ul Haq

Theses

The degradation of 2-Chlorophenol by Phanerochaete chrysosporium, a white rot fungus, was studied in three different reactor configurations, namely a batch reactor, a chemostatic reactor with the fungus immobilized on a silica based porous biocatalyst, and a packed bed reactor utilizing balsa wood chips as packing.

Preliminary experiments indicated that the use of porous solid support improved the degradation rate in batch reactor and chemostatic reactor. However, the packed bed configuration was found to be superior, and was studied in greater detail. The apparent Michaelis-Menten kinetic constants were obtained for the packed bed reactor.

Thermal Decomposition Of 1,1,1-Thrichloroethane-Methane-Oxygen Mixture In Tubular Flow Reactor, Yo-Ping Wu

Theses

The thermal decomposition of 1,1,1-trichloroethane in methane/oxygen mixtures and argon bath gas was carried out at 1 atmosphere total pressure in a tubular flow reactors. The thermal degradation of 1,1,1-trichloroethane and methane were analyzed systematically over temperature ranges from 500 to 800°C, with average residence times in the range of 0.05 to 2.5 seconds. Five reactants ratio sets in three different size flow reactors were studied.

It was found that the complete decay (99%) of the 1,1,1-trichloroethane at 1 second residence time occurs at about 600°C for all the reactants ratio sets. The major product for 1,1,1-trichloroethane decomposition are 1,1-dichloroethylene …

Prediction And Correlation Of Liquid-Liquid Equilibria, Jose Simonetty Jr.

Theses

The NRTL, LEMF, and UNIQUAC models are used in the prediction and correlation of liquid-liquid equilibrium data for ten type I systems. The results indicate that best predictions are obtained with the LEMF equation, with an overall average absolute percentage error in distribution coefficients of 19.5 as compared to 23.0 and 24.7 with the NRTL and UNIQUAC equations, respectively. Good correlation of liquid-liquid equilibrium data alone is obtained with all three models; the LEMF equation is slightly better with an overall average absolute percentage error in distribution coefficients of 5.5 as compared to 6.7 and 5.9 for the NRTL and …

The Kinetics Of Degradation Of 1,2-Dichloroethane, 1,1,1-Trichloroethane And 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane In A Photoreactor Using Ozone, Hydrogen-Peroxide And Ultraviolet Radiation, Yuan-Shen Li

Theses

The experiments to oxidize the refractory chemicals, 1,2- Dichloroethane, 1,1,1-Trichlotoethane and 1,1,2,2- Tetrachloroethane using Ozone, Hydrogen Peroxide and Ultraviolet Radiation have been conducted in a ss-304 photoreactor. The reaction kinetic models have been proposed and through the experiments we demonstrate that these models for these compounds perfectly. Analysis is done by gas chromatograph for the substrate concentration and the gas/liquid mass transfer coefficients are calculated. The reaction late constants are determined by use of the Rosenbrock Hillclimb Optimization Algorithm in conjunction with the Fourth-Order Runge- Kutta method on a digital computer. By comparing the effects of O₃,O_{3 …}

Multiphase Solid-Liquid And Solid-Liquid-Gas Mixing In Stirred Tanks, Jessyca Susanto

Theses

A number of investigations can be found in the literature on the effect of mixing parameters on solid-liquid dispersions in agitated systems. However, the determination of the effect of impeller clearance on minimum suspension speed has received little attention. This work is mainly focused on the determination of the effect of the impeller clearance on N_js (the minimum agitation speed required for complete solid-liquid dispersion) and its corresponding power consumption, using both radial and axial impellers in stirred tanks. In addition, the effect of other significant parameters on N_js was also investigated.

The importance of the impeller clearance …

A Study Of Volatile Organic Compound Emissions In The Ambient Air Of A Sanitary Landfill In Richard W. Dekorte State Park, New Jersey, Minsen Gao

Theses

A study was made of 15 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the ambient air emissions of a sanitary landfill located at Richard W. DeKorte Park, Lyndhurst, New Jersey. The samples were collected from July 1986 to September 1987 at 10 designated landfill sites over the selected time period from 4 to 24 hours by drawing the air to be analyzed through a Tenax trap. An average 10 to 15 liters of air sample was collected each time. Sample analysis is done on a Varian Gas Chromatograph (GC) combined with a Tekmar Thermal Desorber. A standard gas mixture of the 15 …

Convective Regimes In Reactive Fluid Media Due To The Interaction With Catalytic Surfaces, Hendrik J. Viljoen, Jorge E. Gatica, Vladimir Hlavacek

Papers in Reaction Kinetics

Reactive fluid media enclosed in a cavity with a catalytic surface are analyzed. Nonisothermal chemical reactions on this surface can lead to convective instabilities. A simplified model is developed by using a low-order truncation of a Fourier-type expansion and employing the Galerkin method. A linear stability analysis is presented and it is shown that, under certain conditions, the marginal curve for the onset of oscillatory instabilities can lie below that for monotonic ones. The stability of the convective modes is studied by nonlinear stability analysis and it is shown how they can evolve into periodic and nonperiodic motion patterns. Numerical …

The Influence Of Aggregate Grading With Two Different Binders On Mechanical Strength Of Polymer Concrete, Pei-Yuan Gao

Theses

The scope of this research is to study the influence of grading of the aggregate on the mixing design and the strength of polymer concrete .

Also, the curing conditions, the modification of polymer and the application of coupling agent were investigated.

Based on the experimental results, two numerical methods were developed to be used in combining the aggregates to obtain the desired specific surface area and the grading of the aggregate.

A computer program was developed for one of the methods to give all the possible compositions of the aggregate.

Theoretical explanation is offered and a numerical example is …

Thermodynamic And Leaching Studies Of Various Systems, Satya D. Rami

Theses

The group contribution approach is a reliable and fast method for the prediction of liquid phase activity coefficients in none lectrolyte, nonpolymeric mixtures at low to moderate pressures and temperatures between 300 and 425 K. It has become widely used in practical chemical engineering applications in cases where little or no relevant experimental information is available.

The two group contribution methods examined in the course of this work, are the Knox and & UNIFAC models. Group interaction parameters are evaluated for each of these models and results compared. Although the results for both models are similar when sufficient data are …

The Planar Singular Solutions Of Stokes And Laplace Equations And Their Application To Transport Processes Near Porous Surfaces, Ashok S. Sangani, S. Behl

Biomedical and Chemical Engineering - All Scholarship

The planar singular solutions of Stokes and Laplace equations are derived and applied to a number of transport problems associated with porous surfaces. The velocity, pressure, concentration, and temperature slip coefficients are determined exactly for the semi-infinite periodic arrays of spheres and these are compared with the predictions of two approximate continuum theories formulated by Brinkman [Appl. Sci. Res. Sect. A I, 27 (1947)] and Chang and Acrivos [J. Appl. Phys. 59, 375 (1986)] to assess the utility of such theories in accurately predicting various overall properties related to the porous surfaces. It is found that in general these theories …

Mixed Convection In Vertical Internal Flow Of A Micropolar Fluid, Rama Subba Reddy Gorla, Bahman Ghorashi, Prapat Wangskarn

Chemical & Biomedical Engineering Faculty Publications

The theory of micropolar fluids due to Eringen is used to formulate a set of equations for the flow and heat transfer characteristics of the combined convection micropolar flow in vertical channels. It is found that the microstructure and substructure parameters have significant effects on the flow and thermal fields. By making the Newtonian solvent more and more micropolar, it is possible to obtain drag reduction as well as reduced heat transfer characteristics.

Oxygen Reduction In A Proton Exchange Membrane Test Cell, S. J. Ridge, Ralph E. White, Y. Tsou, R. N. Beaver, G. A. Eisman

Faculty Publications

Oxygen reduction in a gas-fed porous electrode attached to a proton exchange membrane is discussed. Experimental data and a mathematical model are presented for the test cell used. Various membrane and electrode assemblies were tested at different levels of platinum loading and Teflon® content. The model accounts for the diffusion and reaction of oxygen and the diffusion and reaction of hydrogen ions. Sulfuric acid was placed above the membrane in the test cell reservoir to provide a source of protons for the reduction of oxygen at the cathode. Based upon model predictions, it is shown that the transport of the …

An Algebraic Model For A Zinc/Bromine Flow Cell, G. D. Simpson, Ralph E. White

Faculty Publications

An algebraic model for a parallel plate, zinc/bromine flow cell is presented and used to predict various performance quantities, which are compared to those predicted by using previously published differential equation models. The results presented compare well with previous work. The model is based on the concept of using well-mixed zones and linear concentration and potential profiles for the diffusion layers and the separator. The Butler-Volmer equation is used for the electrochemical reactions, and the homogeneous reaction between bromine and bromide is included.

A Comparison Of Newman's Numerical Technique And Deboor's Algorithm, D. A. Curtis, T. I. Evans, Ralph E. White

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Estimation Of Electrode Kinetic Parameters Of The Lithium/Thionyl Chloride Cell Using A Mathematical Model, T. I. Evans, Ralph E. White

Faculty Publications

A one-dimensional mathematical model for the lithium/thionyl chloride primary cell is used in conjunction with a parameter estimation technique, in order to estimate the electrode kinetic parameters of this electrochemical system. The electrode kinetic parameters include the anodic transfer coefficient and exchange current density of the lithium oxidation, _a,1 and i_0,1,ref; the cathodic transfer coefficient and the effective exchange current density of the thionyl chloride reduction, _c,4 and a⁰i_0,4,ref, and a morphology parameter, . The parameter estimation is performed on simulated data first in order to gain confidence in the method. Data reported in …

A Mathematical Model Of A Lithium/Thionyl Chloride Primary Cell, T. I. Evans, T. V. Nguyen, Ralph E. White

Faculty Publications

A one-dimensional mathematical model for the lithium/thionyl chloride primary cell has been developed to investigate methods of improving its performance and safety. The model includes many of the components of a typical lithium/thionyl chloride cell such as the porous lithium chloride film which forms on the lithium anode surface. The governing equations are formulated from fundamental conservation laws using porous electrode theory and concentrated solution theory. The model is used to predict one-dimensional, time dependent profiles of concentration, porosity, current, and potentialas well as cell temperature and voltage. When a certain discharge rate is required, the model can be used …

A Thermal Analysis Of A Spirally Wound Battery Using A Simple Mathematical Model, T. I. Evans, Ralph E. White

Faculty Publications

A two-dimensional thermal model for spirally wound batteries has been developed. The governing equation of the model is the energy balance. Convective and insulated boundary conditions are used, and the equations are solved using a finite element code called TOPAZ2D. The finite element mesh is generated using a preprocessor to TOPAZ2D called MAZE. The model is used to estimate temperature profiles within a spirally wound D-size cell. The model is applied to the lithium/thionyl chloride cell because of the thermal management problems that this cell exhibits. Simplified one-dimensional models are presented that can be used to predict best and worst …

Winery Waste Utilization-A Case Study Of Dowico, J. H.Y. Katima

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)

The Dodoma Winery Company (DOWICO), is presently processing about 1000 tonnes of grapes to produce different types of wines, with left overs of about 200 as wastes. These wastes are dumped outside the factory, obviously, a poor method of waste disposition as far as the environmental significance is concerned. Since the expansion programme, to enable the plant to handle up to 30000 tonnes of grapes per year is in the pipeline the best method of disposing the huge amount of waste (about 6000 tonnes) that will result, has to be sought.

This paper highlights the financial and sanitary advantage of …

A Dynamic Model Of Fill-And-Draw Reactor Utilizing An Inhibitory Substrate, Yun-Fei Ko

Theses

A dynamic model of a fill-and-draw reactor has been developed, which includes a number of operational parameters, the fraction of total cycle time devoted to fill, reaction and draw, and the concentration of the toxic substance in the feed to the reactor.

Operating diagrams have been generated, from which one can choose suitable operating parameters.

The model has been solved numerically for Andrews kinetics ( substrate inhibition ), and tested experimentally, using a 5-liter fill-and-draw reactor with phenol as sole carbon source and a pure culture of Pseudomonas putida. Results compared very well to the model predictions.