Science and Mathematics Education Commons^™

Science Identity Development Among Minoritized Students In Professional Stem Student Organizations: A Basic Qualitative Study, Michaela Friedrichova Holtz

Dissertations of Practice

Despite national efforts to broaden participation in STEM, underrepresented minoritized (URM) students continue to face systemic barriers to persistence and degree completion. While many intervention programs focus on academic preparedness, less is known about the role of co-curricular experiences—specifically professional STEM student organizations—in shaping science identity, a key predictor of persistence and success. This qualitative study explored how involvement in race- and gender-based STEM student organizations at a public research university in the Midwest influenced URM students’ science identity development, persistence in STEM majors, and career aspirations. Using the science identity framework developed in 2007 by Carlone and Johnson, semi-structured …

Examining Student Understanding Of Series Convergence Using Script Writing, Eduardo Torres Manzanarez

Mathematics Dissertations - Archive

This exploratory study investigates second-semester calculus students’ understanding of series convergence using both nonscripting and scripting-based tasks. Researchers recognize that students encounter difficulties with learning series, including series convergence, and that there is a need for more meaningful tasks that aid students’ learning of series. Script writing, used mainly with prospective mathematics teachers, can be used to explore mathematical understandings. Thus, this study examines how script writing, in the form of a scripting task, elicits students’ understanding of series convergence in contrast to nonscripting-based tasks to determine the potential of script writing in assessing this student understanding. We examine students’ …

Enhancing Inquiry-Based Science Instruction: The Role Of Professional Learning Communities And Instructional Coaching For Elementary Science Teachers, Marc T. Sager, Karen Pierce, Jessica Murillo

Publications

Inquiry-based science instruction fosters critical thinking, problem-solving, and scientific literacy by engaging students in exploration, questioning, and reflective learning. However, implementing inquiry-based practices presents significant challenges for elementary teachers, who often balance multiple subjects and may feel less confident facilitating open-ended investigations. This study examines how school-based coaching and professional learning communities (PLCs) support teachers in adopting inquiry-based science instruction. Grounded in distributed cognition theory of learning, this research draws on qualitative data from classroom observations and artifacts from coaching sessions and PLC meetings. Using a multiple case study design, this study identifies four case studies to illustrate varying levels …

Understanding Middle School Teachers’ Content Knowledge And Pedagogical Content Knowledge For Effective Teaching Of The Nature Of Science, Austin C. Wilson

Curriculum and Instruction (Ed.D.) Dissertations

The purpose of this study was to examine middle school science teachers’ knowledge of the nature of science (NOS) and their pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) for teaching NOS. Developing students’ scientific literacy requires teachers who not only understand NOS but also know how to effectively integrate it into classroom instruction. This explanatory sequential mixed-methods study investigated in-service middle school science teachers’ NOS content knowledge (NOS-CK), their NOS-PCK, the relationship between these two constructs, and the extent to which demographic variables predicted teacher knowledge. NOS-CK and NOS-PCK data were collected from 61 teachers in a large suburban district through the Views …

Science, Students, And Self: An Autoethnography Of One Middle School Science Teacher’S Experiences And Challenges With Implementing Culturally Relevant Pedagogy, Alexandra Dalton

College of Graduate Studies: Theses & Dissertations

This dissertation is an autoethnographic inquiry into how the implementation of culturally relevant pedagogy into the middle school classroom is filled with challenges and wins. In this dissertation I explore how implementing culturally relevant pedagogy helped me connect more with my students which in turn increased their academic success, cultural competence, and critical consciousness. I was able to accomplish this by using the research within my own classroom and reflecting on how my students reacted to the changes in my pedagogy. Using the methodology of autoethnography, I was able to incorporate my own personal experiences as research. I also include …

Mathematical Practices (Commonly Used By Mathematicians) In Mathematics Teachers’ Solutions To Algebraic Problems, Vesife Hatisaru, Steven Richardson, Jon R. Star

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

A teacher of mathematics knows mathematics as a teacher and as a mathematician. Whilst the existing research on teacher knowledge contributes to our understanding of the ways of knowing mathematics as a teacher, little is known about ways of knowing mathematics as a mathematician. Guided by the conceptual framework of mathematical practices (MPs) (commonly used by mathematicians), this case study aimed to contribute to fill this gap. The study examined solutions generated by two secondary teachers of mathematics to a set of algebraic problems to determine which MPs are apparent, or not, in the teachers’ work. Data were content analyzed …

Using Children's Picture Books To Teach Mathematical And Numeracy Concepts: An Exploration Of The Aesthetic Value Of Mathematics For Preservice Teachers’ Dispositions, Mellie Green, Lorraine Gaunt, Georgina M. Barton

Australian Journal of Teacher Education

Evidence suggests that preservice teachers tend to have negative dispositions towards the teaching of mathematics and/or numeracy. In response, this paper describes the work of three experienced teacher educators using high-quality children’s picture books to teach mathematical and/or numeracy concepts as well as foregrounding the aesthetic value of mathematics. The purpose of this type of reading is to support and improve preservice teacher dispositions towards mathematics and/or numeracy with children’s picture books. Using metalogue as methodology, the researchers discussed mathematical and/or numeracy concepts and explored the aesthetic value of mathematics within selected picture books. They used the Australian Curriculum’s General …

Explosions Are Always Entertaining But…: Investigating The Impacts Of Science Shows On High School Students, Shanii Phillips, Miriam Sullivan, Ann Grand

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Science shows are often posited as a route to encourage young people to engage with science. Using a mixed methods approach, our research investigated the impact of attending a science show on high school students’ intentions to study science or pursue a career in science. We found that while a single visit to a science show has little impact on students’ aspirations, it can reinforce students’ confidence in their ability to succeed in science. In terms of design and performance, the best-received shows included ‘real-world’ content that students could identify as relevant to their lives.

Extending A Pretrained Language Model (Bert) Using An Ontological Perspective To Classify Students' Scientific Expertise Level From Written Responses, Heqiao Wang, Kevin C. Haudek, Amanda D. Manzanares, Chelsie L. Romulo, Emily A. Royse, Caterina B. Azzarello

Human Movement Studies & Special Education Faculty Publications

The complex and interdisciplinary nature of scientific concepts presents formidable challenges for students in developing their knowledge-in-use skills. The utilization of computerized analysis for evaluating students' contextualized constructed responses offers a potential avenue for educators to develop personalized and scalable interventions, thus supporting the current teaching and learning of science. While prior research in artificial intelligence has demonstrated the effectiveness of algorithms, including Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT), in tasks like automated classifications of constructed responses, these efforts have predominantly leaned towards text-level features, often overlooking the exploration of conceptual ideas embedded in students' responses from a cognitive perspective. …

การจัดการเรียนรู้เคมีโดยใช้การออกแบบเชิงวิศวกรรมเพื่อพัฒนาการคิดเชิงระบบ และเจตคติต่อวิชาเคมีของนักเรียนมัธยมศึกษาตอนปลาย, ศุภธิดา ลุลอบ

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

การวิจัยครั้งนี้มีวัตถุประสงค์เพื่อ (1) เปรียบเทียบความสามารถด้านการคิดเชิงระบบของผู้เรียนก่อนและหลังได้รับการจัดการเรียนรู้โดยการออกแบบเชิงวิศวกรรมเคมี และ (2) ศึกษาเจตคติต่อวิชาเคมีของผู้เรียนหลังการจัดการเรียนรู้ดังกล่าว กลุ่มเป้าหมายเป็นผู้เรียนชายระดับชั้นมัธยมศึกษาปีที่ 5-6 ที่ลงทะเบียนเรียนในรายวิชาเลือกเฉพาะทางเคมีอุตสาหกรรม จำนวน 25 คน จากโรงเรียนขนาดใหญ่พิเศษแห่งหนึ่ง เครื่องมือวิจัยประกอบด้วย แผนการจัดการเรียนรู้โดยการออกแบบเชิงวิศวกรรมเคมี แบบทดสอบวัดความสามารถด้านการคิดเชิงระบบจำนวน 15 ข้อ และแบบวัดเจตคติต่อวิชาเคมีที่ผ่านการตรวจสอบคุณภาพซ้ำ การเก็บข้อมูลใช้การทดสอบก่อนและหลังเรียน และวิเคราะห์ข้อมูลด้วยค่าเฉลี่ย ส่วนเบี่ยงเบนมาตรฐาน สถิติทดสอบทีแบบกลุ่มสัมพันธ์ (Paired sample t-test) และสถิติทดสอบอันดับเครื่องหมายของวิลคอกซัน (Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test) ผลการวิจัยพบว่า คะแนนความสามารถด้านการคิดเชิงระบบหลังเรียนเฉลี่ยร้อยละ 59.63 สูงกว่าก่อนเรียนที่เฉลี่ยร้อยละ 30.00 อย่างมีนัยสำคัญทางสถิติที่ระดับ .05 (t = -27.13, p< .001) และมีคะแนนเฉลี ่ยหลังเรียนสูงกว่าก่อนเรียนในทุกองค์ประกอบ โดยเฉพาะด้านพฤติกรรม ของระบบ มีพัฒนาการมากที ่สุด นอกจากนี ้ พบว่าเจตคติต่อวิชาเคมีหลังเรียนอยู ่ในระดับสูง โดยเฉพาะด้านประโยชน์ของเคมีต่ออาชีพในอนาคตซึ่งสูงกว่าเกณฑ์อย่างมีนัยส าคัญทางสถิติ แสดง ให้เห็นว่าการจัดการเรียนรู้โดยการออกแบบเชิงวิศวกรรมเคมีมีประสิทธิผลในการส่งเสริมทั้ง ความสามารถด้านการคิดเชิงระบบและเจตคติต่อวิชาเคมีของผู้เรียน

Incorporating And Aligning An Ngss Phenomena-Based Approach In Science And The Impacts On Student Learning, Mallory A. Hoffman

All Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The Next Generation Science Standards represent a significant shift in how science has traditionally been taught. They incorporate the three dimensions of disciplinary core ideas, science and engineering practices, and crosscutting concepts. The Next Generation Science Standards continue to shift the science classroom from a teacher-centered to a student-centered approach, giving students more choice over their learning. Adopting this approach can also be more inclusive and support all students by allowing them to bring their experiences into the classroom. A phenomena-based approach supports this by putting students in charge of investigating, which can foster student agency through their learning. However, …

Dataset For "The Role Of Metacognition And Confidence In Quantitative Reasoning In College Biology Courses", Joseph Dauer, Anum Khushal, Brian A. Couch, Robert L. Mayes, Kent Rittschof

School of Natural Resources: Faculty Publications

Quantitative modelling is a fundamental skill for biology students with performance determined by a host of cognitive and metacognitive resources and requiring instructors to integrate key quantitative dimensions into teaching biology. Using an assessment of quantitative modelling in biology, we explored biology students’ (n = 930 higher education students) modelling practices (i.e., abilities to create, test, revise), metacognition about the nature of models and confidence in their capabilities to model. Students performed best on items related to understanding variables used in models and performed more poorly on items related to interpreting, creating, and using models to understand biological phenomena. …

Nebraska Summary #1293: Fendt 618 Vario, Nebraska Tractor Test Lab

Nebraska Tractor Tests

ABOUT THE TEST REPORT AND USE OF THE DATA The test data contained in this report are a tabulation of the results of a series of tests. Due to the restricted format of these pages, only a limited amount of data and not all of the tractor specifications are included. The full OECD report contains usually about 30 pages of data and specifications. The test data were obtained for each tractor under similar conditions and therefore, provide a means of comparison of performance based on a limited set of reported data. EXPLANATION OF THE TEST PROCEDURES Purpose The purpose of …

Nebraska Summary #1292: Fendt 616 Vario, Nebraska Tractor Test Lab

Nebraska Tractor Tests

ABOUT THE TEST REPORT AND USE OF THE DATA The test data contained in this report are a tabulation of the results of a series of tests. Due to the restricted format of these pages, only a limited amount of data and not all of the tractor specifications are included. The full OECD report contains usually about 30 pages of data and specifications. The test data were obtained for each tractor under similar conditions and therefore, provide a means of comparison of performance based on a limited set of reported data. EXPLANATION OF THE TEST PROCEDURES Purpose The purpose of …

Nebraska Test #2301: Claas Xerion 12.650, Nebraska Tractor Test Lab

Nebraska Tractor Tests

ABOUT THE TEST REPORT AND USE OF THE DATA The test data contained in this report are a tabulation of the results of a series of tests. Due to the restricted format of these pages, only a limited amount of data and not all of the tractor specifications are included. The full OECD report contains usually about 30 pages of data and specifications. The test data were obtained for each tractor under similar conditions and therefore, provide a means of comparison of performance based on a limited set of reported data. EXPLANATION OF THE TEST PROCEDURES Purpose The purpose of …

Nebraska Test #2298: John Deere 9rx 830, Nebraska Tractor Test Lab

Nebraska Tractor Tests

ABOUT THE TEST REPORT AND USE OF THE DATA The test data contained in this report are a tabulation of the results of a series of tests. Due to the restricted format of these pages, only a limited amount of data and not all of the tractor specifications are included. The full OECD report contains usually about 30 pages of data and specifications. The test data were obtained for each tractor under similar conditions and therefore, provide a means of comparison of performance based on a limited set of reported data. EXPLANATION OF THE TEST PROCEDURES Purpose The purpose of …

Nebraska Test #2297: John Deere 9rx 770, Nebraska Tractor Test Lab

Nebraska Tractor Tests

ABOUT THE TEST REPORT AND USE OF THE DATA The test data contained in this report are a tabulation of the results of a series of tests. Due to the restricted format of these pages, only a limited amount of data and not all of the tractor specifications are included. The full OECD report contains usually about 30 pages of data and specifications. The test data were obtained for each tractor under similar conditions and therefore, provide a means of comparison of performance based on a limited set of reported data. EXPLANATION OF THE TEST PROCEDURES Purpose The purpose of …

Nebraska Test #2296: John Deere 9rx 710, Nebraska Tractor Test Lab

Nebraska Tractor Tests

ABOUT THE TEST REPORT AND USE OF THE DATA The test data contained in this report are a tabulation of the results of a series of tests. Due to the restricted format of these pages, only a limited amount of data and not all of the tractor specifications are included. The full OECD report contains usually about 30 pages of data and specifications. The test data were obtained for each tractor under similar conditions and therefore, provide a means of comparison of performance based on a limited set of reported data. EXPLANATION OF THE TEST PROCEDURES Purpose The purpose of …

Nebraska Test# 2299: Claas Xerion 12.590, Nebraska Tractor Test Lab

Nebraska Tractor Tests

ABOUT THE TEST REPORT AND USE OF THE DATA The test data contained in this report are a tabulation of the results of a series of tests. Due to the restricted format of these pages, only a limited amount of data and not all of the tractor specifications are included. The full OECD report contains usually about 30 pages of data and specifications. The test data were obtained for each tractor under similar conditions and therefore, provide a means of comparison of performance based on a limited set of reported data. EXPLANATION OF THE TEST PROCEDURES Purpose The purpose of …

Nebraska Test #2269: Case Ih Steiger 645, Nebraska Tractor Test Lab

Nebraska Tractor Tests

ABOUT THE TEST REPORT AND USE OF THE DATA The test data contained in this report are a tabulation of the results of a series of tests. Due to the restricted format of these pages, only a limited amount of data and not all of the tractor specifications are included. The full OECD report contains usually about 30 pages of data and specifications. The test data were obtained for each tractor under similar conditions and therefore, provide a means of comparison of performance based on a limited set of reported data. EXPLANATION OF THE TEST PROCEDURES Purpose The purpose of …

Nebraska Summary #1298: Fendt 726 Vario Gen 7.1, Nebraska Tractor Test Lab

Nebraska Tractor Tests

ABOUT THE TEST REPORT AND USE OF THE DATA The test data contained in this report are a tabulation of the results of a series of tests. Due to the restricted format of these pages, only a limited amount of data and not all of the tractor specifications are included. The full OECD report contains usually about 30 pages of data and specifications. The test data were obtained for each tractor under similar conditions and therefore, provide a means of comparison of performance based on a limited set of reported data. EXPLANATION OF THE TEST PROCEDURES Purpose The purpose of …

Nebraska Summary #1294: Fendt 620 Vario, Nebraska Tractor Test Lab

Nebraska Tractor Tests

ABOUT THE TEST REPORT AND USE OF THE DATA The test data contained in this report are a tabulation of the results of a series of tests. Due to the restricted format of these pages, only a limited amount of data and not all of the tractor specifications are included. The full OECD report contains usually about 30 pages of data and specifications. The test data were obtained for each tractor under similar conditions and therefore, provide a means of comparison of performance based on a limited set of reported data. EXPLANATION OF THE TEST PROCEDURES Purpose The purpose of …

Nebraska Summary #1291: Fendt 614 Vario, Nebraska Tractor Test Lab

Nebraska Tractor Tests

ABOUT THE TEST REPORT AND USE OF THE DATA The test data contained in this report are a tabulation of the results of a series of tests. Due to the restricted format of these pages, only a limited amount of data and not all of the tractor specifications are included. The full OECD report contains usually about 30 pages of data and specifications. The test data were obtained for each tractor under similar conditions and therefore, provide a means of comparison of performance based on a limited set of reported data. EXPLANATION OF THE TEST PROCEDURES Purpose The purpose of …

A Critical Approach To Analyzing And Addressing Worldview-Based Cultural Conflict Between Indigenous Peoples And Western Science In Education And Research, Deborah H. Williams

Sabbatical Projects

Intercultural conflict exists in science education and research, I argue as a result of differences between the Western scientific worldview and the Indigenous worldview. Native Americans are the most underrepresented group in STEM, and this has been the case, in my personal experience for over two decades. Western science is not universal or acultural, Indigenous peoples have their own ways of knowing founded on different philosophical assumptions and recognizing metaphysical phenomena and explanations that are rejected by Western science and the positivist/post-positivist paradigm. Through the power of colonial privilege, scientists, science departments, and science disciplines have been able to erect …

Program And Proceedings: Nebraska Academy Of Sciences 1880–2025, 145th Anniversary Year, One Hundred-Thirty-Fifth Annual Meeting

Nebraska Academy of Sciences: Programs and Proceedings

Program

Aeronautics and Space Science

Biological and Medical Sciences

Biology

Chemistry

Earth Sciences

Science Education

Anthropology

Applied Science and Technology

Physics and Engineering

Forensic Sciences

Ecology, Sustainability, and Environmental Science

Maiben Lecture: Mary Ann Vinton, "State of the Academy"

Friends of Science Awards: David Crouse and Daniel Sitzman

A Study Of Math 1 Students At Two Eastern High Schools In North Carolina, Employing An Explanatory Design, Anthony Mark Tracey

Doctor of Education Dissertations

This study examined the instructional experiences of Math 1 students in the Green Valley (pseudonym) County School District during the 2022-2023 academic year. Using an explanatory sequential mixed methods approach grounded in constructivism (Bruner, 1960; Vygotsky, 1978), behaviorism (Skinner, 1938), universal design for learning (CAST, 2021; Meyer et al., 2014), multiple intelligences (Gardner, 1983), and Piaget's (1954) stages of development, this study explored how students' lived instructional experiences impact academic outcomes. Data, analyzed descriptively and thematically in Qualtrics, revealed a widespread dissatisfaction among students regarding engagement, instructional pace, preparation, and classroom disruptions. Qualitative insights particularly underscore issues with a passive, …

The Influence Of High School Teacher Perceptions Of Plcs On Eoc Scores In A Rural South Carolina School District, Marsharika M. Moody-Henegan

Doctor of Education Dissertations

This mixed methods convergent parallel study addressed high school teacher perceptions of the impact professional learning communities (PLCs) have on teaching practices and Biology I end-of-course assessment scores of students. This study is modeled after a study conducted by Dawkins (2020). Research participants in this study were science teachers from three high schools in one rural school district in South Carolina. Anonymous online teacher surveys captured quantitative data using Likert scales and qualitative data using open-response questions. Additional quantitative data were collected from a state-mandated Biology I end-of-course assessment. DuFour’s (2004) model of a PLC provided the conceptual framework, and …

Perceptions, Limitations, And Impacts Of An Outdoor Learning Garden On Elementary-Age Students In A Rural North Carolina District, Kimberly M. Smith

Doctor of Education Dissertations

Outdoor learning gardens are environments where science meets the wonder of a child as they cultivate crops within the boundaries of their schoolyard. When students have opportunities to leave the four walls of their classroom and move outdoors, their minds are awakened and they can explore, analyze, and synthesize information. This mixed methods research investigation took place in a rural North Carolina district on an elementary school campus. The study sought to consider the perceptions of teachers and parents of outdoor learning and the limitations that prevent teachers from including experiential learning opportunities for students. The methodology for the research …

Program Evaluation Of Transmath Intervention Program, Kathleen N. D'Avria

Doctor of Education Dissertations

The purpose of this study was to evaluate an intervention program used in my district, TransMath, to see if this intervention was helping close the skill gaps for students entering high school Math 1. A mixed methods convergent design was used to examine the program. Quantitative data from survey results were reviewed on the professional learning provided to teachers, while qualitative data from interview transcripts were analyzed to examine teacher perceptions of the program. Finally, student test scores were analyzed using a repeated measure analysis of variance (ANOVA). The findings from this program evaluation did demonstrate statistically significant increases in …

ผลการจัดการเรียนรู้โดยใช้เครื่องมือช่วยให้เห็นเป็นภาพต่อสมรรถนะด้านตัวแทนความคิดทางเคมีของนักเรียนมัธยมศึกษาตอนปลาย, กิรณา ผาคำ

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

งานวิจัยนี้ มีวัตถุประสงค์ เพื่อ 1. เพื่อศึกษาสมรรถนะด้านตัวแทนความคิดของผู้เรียน ก่อนเรียนด้วยการจัดการเรียนรู้แบบสืบสอบทางวิทยาศาสตร์ร่วมกับการใช้เครื่องมือช่วยให้เห็นเป็นภาพ เรื่อง พันธะโคเวเลนต์ 2. เพื่อศึกษาสมรรถนะด้านตัวแทนความคิดของผู้เรียน หลังเรียนด้วยการจัดการเรียนรู้แบบสืบสอบทางวิทยาศาสตร์ร่วมกับการใช้เครื่องมือช่วยให้เห็นเป็นภาพ เรื่อง พันธะโคเวเลนต์ 3. เพื่อเปรียบเทียบผลของการจัดการเรียนรู้แบบสืบสอบทางวิทยาศาสตร์ร่วมกับการใช้เครื่องมือช่วยให้เห็นเป็นภาพ ก่อนและหลังเรียนต่อสมรรถนะด้านตัวแทนความคิดของผู้เรียน เรื่อง พันธะโคเวเลนต์ ใช้รูปแบบการวิจัยแบบผสมวิธี รูปแบบการวิจัยแบบขั้นตอนเชิงอธิบาย (Exploratory Sequential Mixed Method Design) กลุ่มเป้าหมายคือ นักเรียนชั้นมัธยมศึกษาปีที่ 4 (แผนการเรียนวิทยาศาสตร์และคณิตศาสตร์) จำนวน 10 คน ได้จากการวิธีการเลือกแบบเจาะจง เครื่องมือการวิจัย ประกอบด้วย 1. แผนการจัดการเรียนรู้แบบสืบสอบทางวิทยาศาสตร์ร่วมกับการใช้เครื่องมือช่วยให้เห็นเป็นภาพ เรื่อง พันธะโคเวเลนต์ จำนวน 6 แผน ใช้เวลาในการจัดการเรียนรู้ 15 คาบเรียน และ 2. แบบประเมินสมรรถนะด้านตัวแทนความคิดของผู้เรียน เรื่อง พันธะโคเวเลนต์ เป็นคำถามปลายเปิด จำนวน 7 สถานการณ์ โดยใช้ร่วมกับการสัมภาษณ์แบบกึ่งโครงสร้าง เพื่อแปลความหมายสมรรถนะของผู้เรียน โดยเครื่องมือทั้ง 2 ผ่านการประเมินความตรงเชิงโครงสร้างจากผู้เชี่ยวชาญ ผลการวิจัย พบว่าจากทั้งหมด 5 ระดับสมรรถนะด้านตัวแทนความคิดก่อนการจัดการเรียนรู้นักเรียนส่วนใหญ่มีความถี่ของสมรรถนะด้านตัวแทนความคิดระดับที่ 1 (นักเรียน 8 คนจาก 10 คน) และสมรรถนะด้านตัวแทนความคิดระดับที่ 4 ไม่ปรากฏผู้เรียนมีสมรรถนะระดับที่ 4 และหลังการจัดการเรียนรู้ นักเรียนมีความถี่ของระดับสมรรถนะในระดับที่ 1 ลดลง (นักเรียน 2 คนจาก 10 คน) และนักเรียนส่วนมากมีระดับสมรรถนะด้านตัวแทนความคิดอยู่ในระดับที่ 4 (นักเรียน 9 คนจาก 10 คน) เมื่อเปรียบเทียบผลของการจัดการเรียนรู้แบบสืบสอบทางวิทยาศาสตร์ร่วมกับการใช้เครื่องมือช่วยให้เห็นเป็นภาพ ก่อนและหลังเรียนต่อสมรรถนะด้านตัวแทนความคิด พบว่าค่ามัธยฐานของความถี่สมรรถนะด้านตัวแทนความคิดของผู้เรียน เรื่อง พันธะโคเวเลนต์ ก่อนการจัดการเรียนรู้แบบสืบสอบทางวิทยาศาสตร์ร่วมกับการใช้เครื่องมือช่วยให้เห็นเป็นภาพ มีค่า 1.286 และค่ามัธยฐานของความถี่สมรรถนะด้านตัวแทนความคิดเฉลี่ยของผู้เรียน เรื่อง พันธะโคเวเลนต์หลังเรียน …