Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
Science and Mathematics Education Commons™
Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Institution
-
- University of Nebraska - Lincoln (3526)
- University of Northern Iowa (984)
- Taylor University (470)
- Virginia Commonwealth University (379)
- Claremont Colleges (344)
-
- University of Nevada, Las Vegas (154)
- University of South Florida (113)
- Ursinus College (56)
- Old Dominion University (55)
- Bemidji State University (42)
- Nova Southeastern University (42)
- Chapman University (40)
- Portland State University (33)
- City University of New York (CUNY) (31)
- Kennesaw State University (29)
- Ateneo de Manila University (28)
- San Jose State University (26)
- Central Washington University (25)
- Western Michigan University (25)
- Illinois State University (21)
- University of Texas Rio Grande Valley (21)
- California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo (19)
- Illinois Math and Science Academy (19)
- Loyola University Chicago (19)
- New Jersey Institute of Technology (19)
- Purdue University (17)
- Sacred Heart University (15)
- University of Minnesota Morris Digital Well (15)
- Utah State University (15)
- Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University (14)
- Keyword
-
- Mathematics (115)
- Education (83)
- Iowa Academy of Science--Periodicals; Science--Iowa--Periodicals; (60)
- Iowa Academy of Science--Congresses; Science--Iowa--Congresses; (57)
- STEM (54)
-
- Assessment (43)
- Iowa (42)
- Teaching (39)
- Math (38)
- Quantitative literacy (38)
- Mathematics education (37)
- Physics (35)
- Statistics (35)
- Science (33)
- Iowa Academy of Science--Periodicals; Iowa Academy of Science--Directories; (31)
- Chemistry (30)
- Technology (30)
- 1957 (29)
- Undergraduate students (29)
- Pedagogy (27)
- Science education (27)
- College seniors (26)
- Equity (26)
- Learning (26)
- Science projects (26)
- Classroom practice (24)
- "Iowa Academy of Science--Congresses; Science--Iowa--Congresses;" (23)
- Curriculum (22)
- High school (22)
- Publication Year
- Publication
-
- Nebraska Tractor Tests (3397)
- Journal of the Iowa Academy of Science: JIAS (701)
- Journal of Mathematics and Science: Collaborative Explorations (376)
- Iowa Academy of Science Documents (197)
- Humanistic Mathematics Network Journal (170)
-
- Numeracy (100)
- Journal of Humanistic Mathematics (74)
- CODEE Journal (71)
- New Bulletin (35)
- ACMS Conference Proceedings 2005 (34)
- Mathematics Graduate Theses (34)
- Department of Mathematics: Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research (33)
- ACMS Conference Proceedings 2013 (30)
- Mathematics Faculty Publications (29)
- Reports (PLI Education) (29)
- Scientific Communication News (28)
- ACMS Conference Proceedings 2003 (27)
- ACMS Conference Proceedings 2011 (26)
- ACMS Conference Proceedings 2019 (26)
- Fred and Harriet Cox Senior Design Competition Projects (26)
- ACMS Conference Proceedings 1999 (25)
- ACMS Conference Proceedings 2009 (25)
- IAS Bulletin (25)
- Publications and Research (24)
- ACMS Conference Proceedings 2007 (23)
- ACMS Conference Proceedings 2015 (23)
- Oliver Ranch Project (23)
- Physics Faculty Publications (23)
- ACMS Conference Proceedings 2017 (22)
- ACMS Journal 2004 (22)
- Publication Type
- File Type
Articles 871 - 900 of 7068
Full-Text Articles in Science and Mathematics Education
Test 2209: Case Ih Farmall 70a, Nebraska Tractor Test Lab
Test 2209: Case Ih Farmall 70a, Nebraska Tractor Test Lab
Nebraska Tractor Tests
ABOUT THE TEST REPORT AND USE OF THE DATA The test data contained in this report are a tabulation of the results of a series of tests. Due to the restricted format of these pages, only a limited amount of data and not all of the tractor specifications are included. The full OECD report contains usually about 30 pages of data and specifications. The test data were obtained for each tractor under similar conditions and therefore, provide a means of comparison of performance based on a limited set of reported data. EXPLANATION OF THE TEST PROCEDURES Purpose The purpose of …
Test 2208: Case Ih Farmall 60a, Nebraska Tractor Test Lab
Test 2208: Case Ih Farmall 60a, Nebraska Tractor Test Lab
Nebraska Tractor Tests
ABOUT THE TEST REPORT AND USE OF THE DATA The test data contained in this report are a tabulation of the results of a series of tests. Due to the restricted format of these pages, only a limited amount of data and not all of the tractor specifications are included. The full OECD report contains usually about 30 pages of data and specifications. The test data were obtained for each tractor under similar conditions and therefore, provide a means of comparison of performance based on a limited set of reported data. EXPLANATION OF THE TEST PROCEDURES Purpose The purpose of …
Test 2210: John Deere 5090e, Nebraska Tractor Test Lab
Test 2210: John Deere 5090e, Nebraska Tractor Test Lab
Nebraska Tractor Tests
ABOUT THE TEST REPORT AND USE OF THE DATA The test data contained in this report are a tabulation of the results of a series of tests. Due to the restricted format of these pages, only a limited amount of data and not all of the tractor specifications are included. The full OECD report contains usually about 30 pages of data and specifications. The test data were obtained for each tractor under similar conditions and therefore, provide a means of comparison of performance based on a limited set of reported data. EXPLANATION OF THE TEST PROCEDURES Purpose The purpose of …
Test 2208a: New Holland Workmaster 60, Nebraska Tractor Test Lab
Test 2208a: New Holland Workmaster 60, Nebraska Tractor Test Lab
Nebraska Tractor Tests
ABOUT THE TEST REPORT AND USE OF THE DATA The test data contained in this report are a tabulation of the results of a series of tests. Due to the restricted format of these pages, only a limited amount of data and not all of the tractor specifications are included. The full OECD report contains usually about 30 pages of data and specifications. The test data were obtained for each tractor under similar conditions and therefore, provide a means of comparison of performance based on a limited set of reported data. EXPLANATION OF THE TEST PROCEDURES Purpose The purpose of …
Nebraska Summary: S1181 Fendt 942, Nebraska Tractor Test Lab
Nebraska Summary: S1181 Fendt 942, Nebraska Tractor Test Lab
Nebraska Tractor Tests
ABOUT THE TEST REPORT AND USE OF THE DATA The test data contained in this report are a tabulation of the results of a series of tests. Due to the restricted format of these pages, only a limited amount of data and not all of the tractor specifications are included. The full OECD report contains usually about 30 pages of data and specifications. The test data were obtained for each tractor under similar conditions and therefore, provide a means of comparison of performance based on a limited set of reported data. EXPLANATION OF THE TEST PROCEDURES Purpose The purpose of …
Nebraska Summary: S1179 Fendt 936, Nebraska Tractor Test Lab
Nebraska Summary: S1179 Fendt 936, Nebraska Tractor Test Lab
Nebraska Tractor Tests
ABOUT THE TEST REPORT AND USE OF THE DATA The test data contained in this report are a tabulation of the results of a series of tests. Due to the restricted format of these pages, only a limited amount of data and not all of the tractor specifications are included. The full OECD report contains usually about 30 pages of data and specifications. The test data were obtained for each tractor under similar conditions and therefore, provide a means of comparison of performance based on a limited set of reported data. EXPLANATION OF THE TEST PROCEDURES Purpose The purpose of …
Nebraska Summary: S1177 Fendt 930, Nebraska Tractor Test Lab
Nebraska Summary: S1177 Fendt 930, Nebraska Tractor Test Lab
Nebraska Tractor Tests
ABOUT THE TEST REPORT AND USE OF THE DATA The test data contained in this report are a tabulation of the results of a series of tests. Due to the restricted format of these pages, only a limited amount of data and not all of the tractor specifications are included. The full OECD report contains usually about 30 pages of data and specifications. The test data were obtained for each tractor under similar conditions and therefore, provide a means of comparison of performance based on a limited set of reported data. EXPLANATION OF THE TEST PROCEDURES Purpose The purpose of …
Nebraska Summary: S1157 John Deere 5125ml, Nebraska Tractor Test Lab
Nebraska Summary: S1157 John Deere 5125ml, Nebraska Tractor Test Lab
Nebraska Tractor Tests
ABOUT THE TEST REPORT AND USE OF THE DATA The test data contained in this report are a tabulation of the results of a series of tests. Due to the restricted format of these pages, only a limited amount of data and not all of the tractor specifications are included. The full OECD report contains usually about 30 pages of data and specifications. The test data were obtained for each tractor under similar conditions and therefore, provide a means of comparison of performance based on a limited set of reported data. EXPLANATION OF THE TEST PROCEDURES Purpose The purpose of …
Nebraska Summary: S1160 John Deere 6195m, Nebraska Tractor Test Lab
Nebraska Summary: S1160 John Deere 6195m, Nebraska Tractor Test Lab
Nebraska Tractor Tests
ABOUT THE TEST REPORT AND USE OF THE DATA The test data contained in this report are a tabulation of the results of a series of tests. Due to the restricted format of these pages, only a limited amount of data and not all of the tractor specifications are included. The full OECD report contains usually about 30 pages of data and specifications. The test data were obtained for each tractor under similar conditions and therefore, provide a means of comparison of performance based on a limited set of reported data. EXPLANATION OF THE TEST PROCEDURES Purpose The purpose of …
Math Department Newsletter, 2018-2019, Mathematics Department
Math Department Newsletter, 2018-2019, Mathematics Department
Mathematics Newsletter
No abstract provided.
Test 2209a: New Holland Wormaster 70, Nebraska Tractor Test Lab
Test 2209a: New Holland Wormaster 70, Nebraska Tractor Test Lab
Nebraska Tractor Tests
ABOUT THE TEST REPORT AND USE OF THE DATA The test data contained in this report are a tabulation of the results of a series of tests. Due to the restricted format of these pages, only a limited amount of data and not all of the tractor specifications are included. The full OECD report contains usually about 30 pages of data and specifications. The test data were obtained for each tractor under similar conditions and therefore, provide a means of comparison of performance based on a limited set of reported data. EXPLANATION OF THE TEST PROCEDURES Purpose The purpose of …
Undergraduate Mathematics Students’ Connections Between Their Group Homomorphism And Linear Transformation Concept Images, Jeffrey Slye
Undergraduate Mathematics Students’ Connections Between Their Group Homomorphism And Linear Transformation Concept Images, Jeffrey Slye
Theses and Dissertations--Mathematics
It is well documented that undergraduate students struggle with the more formal and abstract concepts of vector space theory in a first course on linear algebra. Some of these students continue on to classes in abstract algebra, where they learn about algebraic structures such as groups. It is clear to the seasoned mathematician that vector spaces are in fact groups, and so linear transformations are group homomorphisms with extra restrictions. This study explores the question of whether or not students see this connection as well. In addition, I probe the ways in which students’ stated understandings are the same or …
Test 2216: Kubota M7-172, Nebraska Tractor Test Lab
Test 2216: Kubota M7-172, Nebraska Tractor Test Lab
Nebraska Tractor Tests
ABOUT THE TEST REPORT AND USE OF THE DATA The test data contained in this report are a tabulation of the results of a series of tests. Due to the restricted format of these pages, only a limited amount of data and not all of the tractor specifications are included. The full OECD report contains usually about 30 pages of data and specifications. The test data were obtained for each tractor under similar conditions and therefore, provide a means of comparison of performance based on a limited set of reported data. EXPLANATION OF THE TEST PROCEDURES Purpose The purpose of …
Test 2214: Kubota M7-132, Nebraska Tractor Test Lab
Test 2214: Kubota M7-132, Nebraska Tractor Test Lab
Nebraska Tractor Tests
ABOUT THE TEST REPORT AND USE OF THE DATA The test data contained in this report are a tabulation of the results of a series of tests. Due to the restricted format of these pages, only a limited amount of data and not all of the tractor specifications are included. The full OECD report contains usually about 30 pages of data and specifications. The test data were obtained for each tractor under similar conditions and therefore, provide a means of comparison of performance based on a limited set of reported data. EXPLANATION OF THE TEST PROCEDURES Purpose The purpose of …
Assimilating Mathematical Thinking To The Learning Of Shadows, Taheeda Shwana Street-Conaway
Assimilating Mathematical Thinking To The Learning Of Shadows, Taheeda Shwana Street-Conaway
Theses, Dissertations and Culminating Projects
This study focuses on a teaching experiment with 33 six-graders in a Kearny public school in Hudson County, New Jersey, during the 2017-2018 academic year. More specifically, this study explored a) the types of tasks and tools that can be used to develop students’ covariational and correspondence reasoning in learning about shadows and b) the nature of students’ reasoning about covariation and correspondence relationships as students engage in the use of tools and tasks. The results showed that the simulation and the tasks I designed had the students engaged in the learning process. Students were able to reason about the …
Florida Science: The Science That Makes Florida Different, Terence W. Cavanaugh
Florida Science: The Science That Makes Florida Different, Terence W. Cavanaugh
Secondary Level Resources
This book was created to assist students with their understanding of how science occurs in Florida. When teaching science or any subject it’s important to remember to begin with the concrete and then move to the abstract. I have found that it has helped my students when I begin by teaching science concepts in a concrete manner and expand from there. For example, when I taught about topographic maps, the students were much more successful in their learning when I started with local topographic maps that included the school and the surrounding area than with places that had mountains or …
Nebraska Summary: S1178 Fendt 933, Nebraska Tractor Test Lab
Nebraska Summary: S1178 Fendt 933, Nebraska Tractor Test Lab
Nebraska Tractor Tests
ABOUT THE TEST REPORT AND USE OF THE DATA The test data contained in this report are a tabulation of the results of a series of tests. Due to the restricted format of these pages, only a limited amount of data and not all of the tractor specifications are included. The full OECD report contains usually about 30 pages of data and specifications. The test data were obtained for each tractor under similar conditions and therefore, provide a means of comparison of performance based on a limited set of reported data. EXPLANATION OF THE TEST PROCEDURES Purpose The purpose of …
Exposing Students To Stem Careers Through Hands-On Activities With Drones And Robots, Vukica M. Jovanović, George Mcleod, Thomas E. Alberts, Cynthia Tomovic, Otilia Popescu, Tysha Batts, Ms. Mary Louise Sandy
Exposing Students To Stem Careers Through Hands-On Activities With Drones And Robots, Vukica M. Jovanović, George Mcleod, Thomas E. Alberts, Cynthia Tomovic, Otilia Popescu, Tysha Batts, Ms. Mary Louise Sandy
Engineering Technology Faculty Publications
Autonomous robots have been used in a variety of ways from collecting specimen in hazardous environments to space exploration. These robots can be found in various manufacturing systems as Autonomous Guided Vehicles (AGVs) to transport parts and assemblies throughout the manufacturing system. They have also been used as a vehicle to convey design thinking and other STEM-related concepts in mechanical engineering/mechanical engineering technology, electrical engineering/electrical engineering technology, computer science, and computer engineering. Various outreach events have included robotics based activities that engage students in building and programming autonomous robots for the purpose of achieving a specific task. These events are …
An Uncommon Textbook: Review Of Common Sense Mathematics By Ethan Bolker And Maura Mast, Bernard Madison
An Uncommon Textbook: Review Of Common Sense Mathematics By Ethan Bolker And Maura Mast, Bernard Madison
Numeracy
Ethan D. Bolker and Maura B. Mast. 2016. Common Sense Mathematics.(Washington DC.: Mathematics Association of America) ISBN-13: 978-1-93951-210-9.
Common Sense Mathematics is an integrative quantitative reasoning (QR) textbook that is built around scores of exercises derived from authentic circumstances from public media and other public sources. The exercises elicit responses from students requiring extensive communication and analyses and distinguish the book from ones typically encountered in a mathematics or science course. Responses to exercises often require one-half page or more of writing and can occupy considerable class time in discussion. The book has material for a one- or two-semester …
The Second Decade Of Numeracy: Entering The Seas Of Literacy, H. L. Vacher
The Second Decade Of Numeracy: Entering The Seas Of Literacy, H. L. Vacher
Numeracy
This multipurpose editorial explores and tries to count the many types of literacy that are referred to by name in Wikipedia and Numeracy. Wikipedia’s Category:Literacy page identifies 44 kinds of literacy that are the subject of articles, ranging from numeracy and graphicacy to braille literacy and diaspora literacy. In addition, searching Google finds more than 30 adjective-literacy or noun-literacy collocations, including quantitative literacy, adult literacy, and document literacy, that do not have Wikipedia pages of their own but are mentioned on other Wikipedia pages. The sum puts this modest literacy count in line with the more than 70 bodies …
Chemical Kinetics Using A Smartphone Spectrometer, Mary Greggila
Chemical Kinetics Using A Smartphone Spectrometer, Mary Greggila
Williams Honors College, Honors Research Projects
In a time where many high school science classes are lacking in quality laboratory education, there is a need for accessible chemical equipment that enhance teaching fundamental concepts of chemistry with ease and at a low cost. The DualSpec handheld smartphone spectrometer aims to be a quality open-source spectroscopic instrument that can easily be made and used at home by people of any scientific level. This research sought to show that the DualSpec could be used to teach higher level spectroscopic concepts such as those used in chemical kinetics. The DualSpec was compared to a commercial spectrometer using the commonly …
Numeracy And Social Justice: A Wide, Deep, And Longstanding Intersection, Kira Hamman, Victor Piercey, Samuel L. Tunstall
Numeracy And Social Justice: A Wide, Deep, And Longstanding Intersection, Kira Hamman, Victor Piercey, Samuel L. Tunstall
Numeracy
We discuss the connection between the numeracy and social justice movements both in historical context and in its modern incarnation. The intersection between numeracy and social justice encompasses a wide variety of disciplines and quantitative topics, but within that variety there are important commonalities. We examine the importance of sound quantitative measures for understanding social issues and the necessity of interdisciplinary collaboration in this work. Particular reference is made to the papers in the first part of the Numeracy special collection on social justice, which appear in this issue.
Improving Stem Recruitment Through A Theme-Based Summer Residential Camp Focused On Sea Level Rise, Vukica M. Jovanović, Balša Terzić, Mujde Erten-Unal, Victoria Hill, George Mcleod, Michelle Covi, David Burdige, Jenifer Alonzo, Justin Mason, Tysha Batts, Cynthia Tomovic
Improving Stem Recruitment Through A Theme-Based Summer Residential Camp Focused On Sea Level Rise, Vukica M. Jovanović, Balša Terzić, Mujde Erten-Unal, Victoria Hill, George Mcleod, Michelle Covi, David Burdige, Jenifer Alonzo, Justin Mason, Tysha Batts, Cynthia Tomovic
Engineering Technology Faculty Publications
In this paper, the authors present an enrichment program that focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) concepts. The program is named Building Leaders to Advance Science and Technology (BLAST) and is held each summer at three universities across the Commonwealth of Virginia: Old Dominion University, the University of Virginia, and the Virginia Polytechnic Institute. BLAST is sponsored in partnership among these three universities and the Virginia Space Grant Consortium (VSGC), and is funded by the General Assembly of Commonwealth of Virginia. Its main purpose is to expose high school students to topics related to different STEM fields through …
Aligning Best Practices In Student Success And Career Preparedness: An Exploratory Study To Establish Pathways To Stem Careers For Undergraduate Minority Students, Kimberly D. Kendricks, Anthony A. Arment, K. V. Nedunuri, Cadance A. Lowell
Aligning Best Practices In Student Success And Career Preparedness: An Exploratory Study To Establish Pathways To Stem Careers For Undergraduate Minority Students, Kimberly D. Kendricks, Anthony A. Arment, K. V. Nedunuri, Cadance A. Lowell
Journal of Research in Technical Careers
Undergraduate minority retention and graduation rates in STEM disciplines is a nationally recognized challenge for workforce growth and diversification. The Benjamin Banneker Scholars Program (BBSP) was a five-year undergraduate study developed to increase minority student retention and graduation rates at an HBCU. The program structure utilized a family model as a vehicle to orient students to the demands of college. Program activities integrated best K-12 practices and workforce skillsets to increase academic preparedness and career readiness. Findings revealed that a familial atmosphere improved academic performance, increased undergraduate research, and generated positive perceptions of faculty mentoring. Retention rates among BBSP participants …
The Near-Peer Mathematical Mentoring Cycle: Studying The Impact Of Outreach On High School Students’ Attitudes Toward Mathematics, Aaron T. Wilson, Sergey Grigorian
The Near-Peer Mathematical Mentoring Cycle: Studying The Impact Of Outreach On High School Students’ Attitudes Toward Mathematics, Aaron T. Wilson, Sergey Grigorian
School of Mathematical & Statistical Sciences Faculty Publications
College students may be seen as near-peers to high school students and high school students are often able to see themselves in the college students who are but one step ahead. This nearness in maturity and educational level may place college students in a particularly powerful position when it comes to reaching out to high school students to promote higher education in math and science. In this study college students gave dynamic mathematics outreach presentations, MathShows, to minority and low-income high school students in a mid-sized public school district on the U.S. border with Mexico. The study investigated the impacts …
Solvation Of Isoelectronic Halide And Alkali Metal Ions By Noble Gas Atoms, Carly A. Rock
Solvation Of Isoelectronic Halide And Alkali Metal Ions By Noble Gas Atoms, Carly A. Rock
Honors Theses
Alkali metal cations (M+ = Li+, Na+, K+, and Rb+), as well as their corresponding isoelectronic atomic anions (X− = H−, F−, Cl−, and Br−) were solvated with argon atoms (i.e., M+Arn and X−Arn where n=1−6). Full geometry optimizations were performed using the MP2 electronic structure method with a series of correlation consistent basis sets augmented with diffuse functions on argon and the anions (aug-cc-pVXZ) and weighted core valence basis sets were used for the cations (cc-pwCVXZ) that include the appropriate pseudopotentials for K+ and Rb+ (cc-pwCVXZ-PP). The basis sets for a particular cluster are, hereafter, simply denoted as XZ …
Modelling Preservice Science Teachers’ Environment-Friendly Behaviours, Murat Berat Uçar, Erdal Canpolat
Modelling Preservice Science Teachers’ Environment-Friendly Behaviours, Murat Berat Uçar, Erdal Canpolat
Australian Journal of Teacher Education
: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships among the preservice science teachers’ proenvironmental behaviours, environmental identity, and ecocentric and anthropocentric attitudes toward environment. A total of 576 (407 females and 169 males) preservice science teachers enrolling in five public universities’ education faculties in Eastern and South-eastern Anatolian Region of Turkey were administered a questionnaire regarding the variables. Convenience sampling method was chosen to constitute the sample of this study. In order to analyse the data collected, descriptive statistics and path analysis as inferential statistics were utilized. According to the results of the study, preservice science teachers …
Cross Faculty Collaboration In The Development Of An Integrated Mathematics And Science Initial Teacher Education Program, Sharon P. Fraser, Kim Beswick, Margaret Penson, Andrew Seen, Robert Whannell
Cross Faculty Collaboration In The Development Of An Integrated Mathematics And Science Initial Teacher Education Program, Sharon P. Fraser, Kim Beswick, Margaret Penson, Andrew Seen, Robert Whannell
Australian Journal of Teacher Education
This paper describes a collaborative project involving mathematicians, scientists and educators at an Australian university where an innovative initial teacher education (ITE) degree in mathematics/science was developed. The theoretical frameworks of identity theory and academic brokerage and their use in understanding the challenges associated with the early stages of collaborative projects is described. Data from reflections and interviews of the participants after involvement in the project from one to three years are presented to illustrate these challenges. The paper concludes with a description of the importance of the academic broker in overcoming identity challenges and facilitating cultural change for academics …
Question 1: Losing Weight; Question 2: Artificial Moon, Larry Weinstein
Question 1: Losing Weight; Question 2: Artificial Moon, Larry Weinstein
Physics Faculty Publications
The article presents questions related to Fermi which include mass lost by Sun over its lifetime; and size of artificial satellite needed to provide as much illumination as a full moon.
Find, Process, And Share: An Optimal Control In The Vidale-Wolfe Marketing Model, Michael C. Barg
Find, Process, And Share: An Optimal Control In The Vidale-Wolfe Marketing Model, Michael C. Barg
CODEE Journal
The Vidale-Wolfe marketing model is a first-order, linear, non-homogeneous ordinary differential equation (ODE) where the forcing term is proportional to advertising expenditure. With an initial response in sales as the initial condition, the solution of the initial value problem is straightforward for a first undergraduate ODE course. The model serves as an excellent example of many relevant topics for those students whose interests lie in economics, finance, or marketing. Its inclusion in the curriculum is particularly rewarding at an institution without a physics program. The model is not new, but it was novel to us when a group of students …