Other Education Commons^™

Reviews, Carolyn E. Hill, Michael Kuhne, Felicia M. Briscoe, Hanna Berger, Candace Walworth

The Journal of the Assembly for Expanded Perspectives on Learning

Reviews

Carolyn E. Hill. Token Professionals and Master Critics: A Critique of Orthodoxy in Literary Studies. (James Sosnoski, 1994).

Michael Kuhne. Releasing the Imagination: Essays on Education, the Arts, and Social Change. (Maxine Greene, 1995).

Felicia M. Briscoe. Artwork of the Mind: An Interdisciplinary Description of Insight and the Search for it in Student Writing. (Mary M. Murray, 1996).

Hanna Berger. If You Want to Write: A Book about Art, Independence and Spirit. (Brenda Ueland, 1997).

Candace Walworth. The Rag and Bone Shop of the Heart: Poems for Men. (Robert Bly, James Hillman, Michael Meade, …

Sacred Spaces, Jean Trounstine

The Journal of the Assembly for Expanded Perspectives on Learning

Drama in the prison classroom teaches that transgression can enhance spirituality.

Spirituality And Composition: One Teacher's Thoughts, Irene Papoulis

The Journal of the Assembly for Expanded Perspectives on Learning

The author explores her ambivalence about combining her interest in spirituality and her composition teaching.

When The Distressed Teach The Oppressed: Toward An Understanding Of Communion And Commitment, Christopher Ferry

The Journal of the Assembly for Expanded Perspectives on Learning

Jane Tompkins' adaptation of Paulo Freire's educational philosophy is critiqued through exploring the spiritual basis of his idea of the "Easter experience."

Diversity And Dialogue In Reforming The Academic Community, Mary Louise Buley-Meissner

The Journal of the Assembly for Expanded Perspectives on Learning

Affirming multiculturalism in higher education should include discussions of students' spiritual diversity.

Transcending Gender: Toward A New Awareness Of The Fluid Self In Writing, Jack Ramey

The Journal of the Assembly for Expanded Perspectives on Learning

The constructs of the male and female in the gendered self are not binary opposites but interlocking halves of an inseparable whole.

Re-Visioning Psychology In The Writing Class, Dennis Young

The Journal of the Assembly for Expanded Perspectives on Learning

With its emphasis on soul-work and the imaginal frames of psyche, archetypal psychology helps teachers more fully interpret the motivations and intricacies of writing and learning.

Aiding Aids Through Writing: A Study And Bibliography, Emily Nye

The Journal of the Assembly for Expanded Perspectives on Learning

A writing group at an HIV clinic generated four kinds of narratives, each with a different healing function. A selected bibliography follows.

Front Matter, Alice G. Brand (Editor)

The Journal of the Assembly for Expanded Perspectives on Learning

Editor's Message

Many of us come out of formal and advanced training in writing. We are at home with the humanities: philosophy, drama, the arts, aesthetics. We connect easily to both the teaching of literature and to literary exegesis. Ideas about literacy come easily to us.

We need to be aware of work being done in the field outside our focus in writing, literature, and language. Connections need to be made between us and other members of our cultural tapestry. Every once in a while someone tells me about the name of a book, an organization, or a journal that …

Jaepl, Vol. 2, Winter 1996-1997, Alice G. Brand (Editor)

The Journal of the Assembly for Expanded Perspectives on Learning

Essays

Jean Trounstine. Sacred Spaces. Drama in the prison classroom teaches that transgression can enhance spirituality.

Irene Papoulis. Spirituality and Composition: One Teacher's Thoughts. The author explores her ambivalence about combining her interest in spirituality and her composition teaching.

George Kalamaras. Meditative Silence and Reciprocity: The Dialogic Implications for 'Spiritual Sites of Composing. Recent studies of silence must focus on the dialogical nature of Eastern meditation, examining the values of meditative awareness and social theories of reciprocity.

Christopher Ferry. When the Distressed Teach the Oppressed: Toward an Understanding of Communion and Commitment. Jane Tompkins' adaptation of Paulo Freire's educational philosophy …

From Writers To Writer/Designers, Margaret Batschelet, Linda Woodson

The Journal of the Assembly for Expanded Perspectives on Learning

Instructors should extend the idea of thought in word only to possibilities offered by the visual.

Back Matter, Alice G. Brand (Editor)

The Journal of the Assembly for Expanded Perspectives on Learning

No abstract provided.

Break Point: The Challenges Of Teaching Multicultural Education Courses, Arlette Ingram Willis, Shuaib J. Meacham

The Journal of the Assembly for Expanded Perspectives on Learning

Teaching multicultural education courses to preservice teachers exacts an emotional toll as they begin to acknowledge their ethnic awareness.

Meditative Silence And Reciprocity: The Dialogic Implications For "Spiritual Sites Of Composing", George Kalamaras

The Journal of the Assembly for Expanded Perspectives on Learning

Recent studies of silence must focus on the dialogical nature of Eastern meditation, examining the values of meditative awareness and social theories of reciprocity.

Reviews, Lisa Langstraat, Linda T. Calendrillo, Judith Bradshaw-Brown, Frances Jo Grossman

The Journal of the Assembly for Expanded Perspectives on Learning

Lisa Langstraat. The Epistemic Music of Rhetoric: Toward the Temporal Dimension of Affect in Reader Response and Writing. (Steven B. Katz, 1996).

Linda T Calendrillo. Images in Language, Media, and Mind. (Roy F. Fox, Ed., 1994).

Judith Bradshaw-Brown. The Tao of Teaching. (Greta Nagel, 1994).

Frances Jo Grossman. Bird by Bird: Some Instructions on Writing and Life. (Anne Lamott, 1994)

Dedication- Licensure Testing: Purposes, Procedures, And Practices, James C. Impara

Licensure Testing: Purposes, Procedures, and Practices

The impetus for this book and for my involvement in it are due principally to the efforts of three people: Jimmie Fortune, Howard Stoker, and Barbara Plake. Jimmie edited (and contributed to) an earlier book devoted to licensure testing (Fortune, J. C., & Associates, 1985, Understanding Testing in Occupational Licensing, Jossey Bass: San Francisco.). Shortly after that book was published he told me that he felt some important topics had not been included and that another book was needed. He encouraged me on several occasions to edit a new book that picked up where his left off and expand …

Preface- Licensure Testing: Purposes, Procedures, And Practices, James C. Impara

Licensure Testing: Purposes, Procedures, and Practices

This book represents a unique effort for the Buros Institute of Mental Measurements and the Buros-Nebraska Series on Measurement and Testing. All of the previous books in this series have been associated with a symposium sponsored by the Buros Institute of Mental Measurements and the University of Nebraska. This book is "free standing" in that it is an independent effort intended to fulfill a perceived need for a book, but without preceding the book with a symposium. There are few books devoted solely to the topic of licensure testing, but each state and the federal government is involved in this …

Section One: Purposes And Policy Issues

Licensure Testing: Purposes, Procedures, and Practices

No Content

Section Two: Overview Of The Procedures For Developing A Licensure Examination, James C. Impara

Licensure Testing: Purposes, Procedures, and Practices

There are a variety of strategies that may be employed in the development of a licensure examination. The following list of activities illustrates typical procedures. Depending on the needs and conditions of the particular occupation, certain variations in specific activities may take place or changes in the sequence may be appropriate. In addition to the procedures listed, many decisions will be made that may add activities. For example, the decision to use a computerized item bank or to enter into a computerized adaptive testing format will require procedures in addition to those described briefly below.

1. Conducting a job (or …

6. Developing And Using Clinical Examinations, Jimmie C. Fortune, Theodore R. Cromack

Licensure Testing: Purposes, Procedures, and Practices

INTRODUCTION

Generally, clinical examinations for licensing (sometimes called performance tests) involve the candidate completing one or more tasks (in licensing this is thought of as "services for a client") that have been selected from the supervised practice Gob analysis) of an occupation or profession. The clinical examination may exist in contexts (occupations) that do not require client interactions. Such contexts include building trades, automobile repair, accounting, etc. The tasks may range from fixing brakes, to preparing a body for burial, to wiring a house, or auditing a set of business interactions.

Other contexts require the candidate to perform services or …

7. Basic Psychometric Issues In Licensure Testing, Howard W. Stoker, James C. Impara

Licensure Testing: Purposes, Procedures, and Practices

INTRODUCTION

The number of people in the United States who carry some responsibility for the writing of examination questions and the construction of tests is unknown. In the Preface to The Construction and Use of Achievement Examinations, published by the American Council on Education in 1936, the authors indicated that the number probably exceeded a million. That number has certainly grown in the past 60 years. Questions are posed to students by teachers at all levels of education; the Armed Forces have people whose job it is to construct tests which are used in the promotion of personnel; over …

4. Practice Analysis: Building The Foundation For Validity, Joan E. Knapp, Lenora G. Knapp

Licensure Testing: Purposes, Procedures, and Practices

INTRODUCTION

A review of the literature associated with job analysis reveals two extremes of opinion as represented by the following provocative quotes:

Historically job analysis has been a relatively soporific area of industrial and organizational psychology, characterized by neither heated controversy nor prominent visibility in the research literature. (Harvey, 1991, p. 71)

Validation was once a priestly mystery, a ritual behind the scenes with the professional elite as witness and judge. Today it is a public spectacle combining the attraction of chess and mud wrestling. (Cronbach, 1988, p. 3)

Both our evaluation of practice analysis research and our professional experience …

5. Systematic Item Writing And Test Construction, Anthony Laduca, Steven M. Downing, Thomas R. Henzel

Licensure Testing: Purposes, Procedures, and Practices

Standardized objective testing remains the most popular mode of licensure testing. Even where other types of tests are incorporated, it is often the case that they are provided as complimentary to standardized, multiple-choice (MC) tests. Moreover, scoring theories and standard-setting procedures have been developed over the years in the context of standardized MC testing. At the same time, critics have pointed to limitations of contemporary MC testing practices, including lack of fidelity to real-life challenges and emphasis on recall of factual minutiae. In our view, testing professionals should make conscientious attempts to modify test development procedures so as to address …

3. Policy Issues With Psychometric Implications, Michael Rosenfeld, Richard F. J. Tannenbaum, Scott Wesley

Licensure Testing: Purposes, Procedures, and Practices

Testing candidates with disabilities, testing repeaters, and coaching involve issues of fairness, the validity of the inferences made from test scores, and protection of the public. Licensing boards must develop policies to deal with each of these issues. It is interesting to note that although all three are of concern to licensing agencies, little of the research on these topics has been conducted in licensure settings. This chapter discusses the results of research conducted on each topic, considers the psychometric implications for policy of each, and suggests steps licensing boards can take when formulating policy.

TESTING CANDIDATES WITH DISABILITIES IN …

Section Three Emerging Practices

Licensure Testing: Purposes, Procedures, and Practices

No abstract provided.

8. Item Banking, Betty A. Bergstrom, Richard C. Gershon

Licensure Testing: Purposes, Procedures, and Practices

Item banks developed by licensure agencies range from a collection of items stored on index cards to highly sophisticated electronic databases. Regardless of the storage mechanism, most banks contain items that have been organized and referenced according to procedures established by the licensure agency. This chapter outlines useful practices for building and maintaining a computerized item bank. We address storage of item text, graphics, and statistical history. We deal with the creation of paper-and-pencil and computerized tests from an item bank and the use of Item Response Theory (lRT) to calibrate and equate item banks. New directions in item banking …

12. Computerized Testing In Licensure, C. David Vale

Licensure Testing: Purposes, Procedures, and Practices

Computerized testing has come out of the laboratory and into the field. By rough estimates, over a million licensure and certification examinations are currently given by computer each year, and the number is rising. Computerized testing is not appropriate for every application, however. Computerized tests always result in significantly greater direct costs than paper-and-pencil tests. To justify their use, a computerized test must result in a net dollar saving. This means that something in the process of computerization must offer a cost reduction that more than offsets the direct cost of computerization. The purpose of this chapter is to identify …

9. Differential Item Functioning In Licensure Tests, Barbara S. Plake

Licensure Testing: Purposes, Procedures, and Practices

When test scores are used to make important decisions, as is typically the case with licensure tests, the validity of test score interpretations is extremely critical. The validity of the decision (e.g., pass or fail the licensure examination) relies heavily on the validity of the test score that is used in making the licensure decision. So, although validity is always a critical component in test score interpretation, it has increased importance when the score is used in high-stakes decision situations such as licensure testing.

Issues in validity for licensure tests have been addressed in Chapter 4 of this volume. The …

13. Future Psychometric Practices In Licensure Testing, Steven S. Nettles

Licensure Testing: Purposes, Procedures, and Practices

New technologies continue to emerge each year, and influence testing practices. In particular, in the last 10 years the personal computer has evolved from a curious and minimally useful tool to an indispensable partner in many certification and licensure testing programs. It is involved in every aspect- including candidate scheduling, test assembly, test administration, test scoring and analysis, and score reporting. Initially, it is used to determine the content to be included in the job analysis instrument, and later, to analyze the returned surveys. After the job analysis is completed and test specifications prepared, it can be used to bank …

11. Equating, Judy A. Shea, John J. Norcini

Licensure Testing: Purposes, Procedures, and Practices

INTRODUCTION

Testing programs nearly always need examinations that measure the same thing, but are composed of different questions (i .e., alternate forms of the same test). When different questions are used, however, there is no assurance that scores on the forms are equivalent; different sets of items might be easier or harder and, therefore, produce higher or lower scores. Equating is used to overcome this problem. Simply stated, it is the design and statistical procedure that permits scores on one form of a test to be comparable to scores on an alternate form.

A hypothetical example will help explain why …