Health and Physical Education Commons^™

Determining Validity And Reliability Of Caloric Expenditure Recorded By Wearable Technology While Walking And Running, Bianca C. Weyers, Dustin W. Davis, Nicole R. Vargas, Jorge Perdomo Rodriguez, Elias M. Malek, Katherine V. Carlos, Bryson Carrier, James W. Navalta

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

With growing interest in tracking exercise progress, wearable technology is increasingly popular. While heart rate and step count are typically accurate for consumer-available devices, research from our laboratory indicates that caloric expenditure is not. PURPOSE: The current investigation aimed to evaluate the validity and reliability of caloric expenditure in multiple wearable devices during a self-paced walk and run. METHODS: Ten participants were tested (5F, 5M, age = 26.9± 9.43 years, body mass = 72.64± 7.73 kg, height = 168.66± 9.37 cm). Participants were asked to wear 5 devices: 2 Garmin Instinct watches (one on each wrist), 2 Polar Vantage M2 …

The Relationship Between Chronic Low Back Pain And Functional Movement, Lindsey Taylor Wensel, Spencer Baker

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

ABSTRACT

Movements of the spine are different in those who have chronic low back pain (CLBP) compared to those who do not. By using inertial measurement units (IMUs), we assessed the angular acceleration of L5 and the sacrum in both healthy and CLBP individuals. PURPOSE: To determine if there is a difference in the movement patterns of L5 and the sacrum during spinal flexion in those with CLBP compared to those without. METHODS: Movement acceleration patterns were evaluated in 10 individuals between the ages of 35-65 years of age. 5 of the individuals reported having CLBP so they …

Aerobic Fitness Levels Relate To Cognitive Function In People With Parkinson’S Disease As Assessed By The 6 Minute Walk Test, John Wallace, Kaylie Zapanta, E Todd Schroeder, Beth Fisher

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

While individuals with Parkinson’s disease (PD) present with impaired motor control, 26% demonstrate cognitive impairment independent of dementia¹. In fact, cognitive dysfunction often predates motor impairments and can diminish quality of life² as well as life expectancy³. Fortunately, aerobic exercise has been shown to improve cognition in older adults⁴ as well as PD patients^5-7. However, only a limited number of studies have determined a clear relationship between aerobic fitness levels and cognition in people with PD. Determining whether cognitive status and aerobic fitness levels are associated in people with PD would provide …

The Relationship Between Catecholamines And Lactate Concentration In Response To Exercise In Adolescents With Obesity, Vincent Vuong, Daniela Rubin

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Epinephrine is a catabolic hormone that increases metabolism through glycolysis and glycogenolysis. During exercise, accelerated glycogen and glucose breakdown is associated with increased lactate production. Previous studies show obesity (OB) decreases the epinephrine response during exercise potentially affecting glucose metabolism and lactate production. PURPOSE: To compare the epinephrine and lactate responses in adolescents with OB and adolescents with normal weight (NW) and to determine if changes in epinephrine and lactate concentrations are associated. METHODS: 12 adolescents with OB (9.2 ± 1.2 y, 39.9 ± 6.8% body fat) and 12 adolescents with NW (17.5 ± 4.6% body fat) completed …

Joint Angle Calculations Using Motion Capture And Deep Learning Pose Estimation While Running, Luke Vankeersbilck, Isaac Hedengren, Mcgyver Clark, Iain Hunter

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Marker based motion capture is currently the most accurate method of measuring human kinematics; however, it is expensive and is often limited to lab environments making it unsuitable for many applications. Two-dimensional methods are available through open source code, but it is unclear which of these methods provides the greatest accuracy. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to quantify the accuracy of pose estimation from a monocular electro-optical sensor with deep learning to infer segment end points and pose estimation utilizing two open-source code approaches. METHODS: One subject ran at 6.5 m/s for 15 s while being …

The Role Of Body Fat Percentage And Vo2max In Predicting Arterial Stiffness In Female College Students, Sara Thomasson, Grant Calhoun, Natalie Pham, Kennedy Kerbs, Sofia Harman, Payton Price, Annika Grams, Ruth Larson, Isaiah Mews, Zachary Zeigler, Anthony Acevedo

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Within the college population, high blood pressure (BP), as well as obesity and sedentary lifestyles, are seen. Bodyfat influences these outcomes. Much of the literature ignores the possible effects that fitness may have on these outcomes, specifically in females. Purpose: The intent of this study was to determine if VO_MAX can predict arterial stiffness after adjusting for body fat% in college females. Methods: Healthy young females were recruited from Grand Canyon University. Subjects came to the lab for a single visit for the following assessments: height, weight, waist circumference, hip circumference, aortic BP, augmentation pressure (AP), augmentation index adjusted …

Different Resistance Training Protocols During The Crunch Exercise Affect Muscle Thickness, Echo-Intensity, Load Lifted, And Perception Of Effort In Recreationally-Trained Participants., Keanna J. Sullivan, Paulo H. Marchetti

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

The correct choice of the acute variables is another important component of a resistance training (RT) session. The combination of intensity and volume is fundamental to determine the dose-response in a RT session and can induce specific metabolic and mechanical stress in the muscle. PURPOSE: The primary purpose of this study was to evaluate acute dose-response of different volume x intensity RT protocols with equated total volume (40 repetitions) during the crunch exercise on muscle thickness, echo-intensity, load lifted, and rating of perceived exertion in recreationally-trained participants. METHODS: Fifteen resistance-trained participants (23±3years, 76.4±6.5kg, 173.3±6.5cm) performed the abdominal crunch exercise …

Shorter Versus Longer Bouts Of Rowing-Based Interval Exercise Attenuate The Physiological And Perceptual Response, Robert Sturdy, Austin Teske, Harrison Thomas, Pinelopi Stavrinou, Gregory C. Bogdanis, Todd Astorino Ph.D

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

High intensity interval exercise (HIIE) requires repeated bouts of near-maximal to maximal efforts (intensities > 85 %HRmax) interspersed with a brief recovery. Data show superior increases in maximal oxygen uptake (VO 2max) in response to chronic HIIE compared to moderate intensity continuous exercise (MICE) in healthy adults as well as clinical populations (Milanovic et al. 2015; Weston et al., 2014). PURPOSE: This study compared physiological and perceptual variables between short and long durations of rowing-based high intensity interval exercise (HIIE). METHODS: Fourteen active adults (age = 26.4 ± 7.2 yr) performed incremental rowing exercise to fatigue to measure maximal …

Acute Effect Of Sauna On Blood Composition, Kate Strong, Olivia Leach, Jayson Gifford

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Sauna therapy has previously shown to benefit cardiovascular health. Nevertheless, the impact of sauna therapy on blood properties has not been described thus far. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of a bout of sauna therapy on hemoglobin, hematocrit, and plasma volume. METHODS: Six healthy young adults (ages18-36; n=5 male, n=1 female) underwent a total of 40 min of sauna exposure in two 20 min increments. A baseline blood draw was performed pre-sauna. Participants underwent sauna exposure, and blood draws were performed directly post 40 mins of sauna, as well as after a 90-minute recovery …

Aging Male Runners Show Achilles Tendon Thinning Following A 10k Run While Females Do Not - Pilot Analysis, Annie Smedley, Joshua Sponbeck, Benjamin Smedley, Aaron W. Johnson

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

The Achilles tendon experiences large amounts of force while running, which leads to Achilles tendon adaptation. One known Achilles tendon adaptation to running is Achilles tendon thinning. The Achilles tendon thinning response has not been examined at multiple locations of the Achilles tendon and has not been studied in an aging (>50 y) population. PURPOSE: We examined the effect of a 10k run on Achilles tendon cross sectional area in three locations of the Achilles tendon in runners aged 50 years and older. METHODS: Seven runners - three male (age = 73.6 y ±8.2, height = 174.4 …

A Career In Healthcare For Students In A Graduate Level Clinical Exercise Physiology Program, Julianne Skeen, Donna Cataldo, Holly Bright, Macy Wright, Zeyu Song, Robert Scales

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Physician referrals to physical therapy are common in mainstream healthcare practice. Clinical Exercise Physiologists (CEPs) are mostly limited to employment as a practitioner in supervised cardiac rehabilitation (CR) or cardiology-based diagnostics and stress testing. PURPOSE: This investigation was conducted to identify employment trends in healthcare for a cohort of CEPs prior to or within 1-year after graduation from an accredited CEP Program (2017-2022). METHODS: A 5-year retrospective review of university and internship site historical records was conducted to determine the career path of the CEPs. This investigation included a sample of 10 students (50% female) that successfully completed a cardiology-based …

Heavy Backpack Load Carriage Affects The Median Nerve, Deanna Schmidt, Jennifer Hein, Katherine Saul

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

First responder and military personal often carry heavy backpacks of over 30% body weight when loaded with equipment. Use of the hands may be impaired by the compression of backpack straps on the nerves of the upper limb. PURPOSE: The aim of the study is to characterize the effects of walking with backpack load on upper limb function by examining changes in nerve conduction resulting from compression of the brachial plexus by backpack straps. We hypothesized that nerve conduction would be decreased in amplitude of the action potential and timing would be delayed after walking while carrying a 30% …

Make Reading Fun: Implications Of Virtual Reality On Standing Balance And Control, Makena Savola, Belle Ponce De Leon, Amanda Duben, Wendy T. Pham, Joshua Vicente, Jacob Hinkel-Lipsker

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

The recent rapid expansion of virtual reality (VR) technology is driving a widespread number of new applications, including providing immersive environments for users to learn and read through commercially-available applications. However, recent research has shown that VR causes symptoms of dizziness and motion sickness, which could disrupt users gait and balance. Thus, it is important to understand how to best mitigate these effects before VR use becomes more widespread across the lay public. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the acute effect of VR use on gait and balance control following use, and whether aspects of virtual …

Resisting Arrest: Analysis Of Different Prone Body Positions On Time To Stand And Engage, Krissy Sanchez, J. Jay Dawes, Mark Stephenson, Robin (Rob) Marc Orr, Robert G. Lockie

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

An isolated police officer executing an arrest can be placed in a dangerous situation should the detainee become non-compliant. Further research is needed to ascertain the position that a detainee can be placed in that takes the longest time for them to rise from the ground, as this can influence the officer’s reaction time to a life-threatening situation. PURPOSE: Determine differences between participants' time from four prone positions to a standing athletic position which would then prepare the participant to engage or run from the officer, similar to what could be seen during an interaction between police and detainees. METHODS: …

Continuous Leg Cycling Ergometry Prescribed At Identical Relative Power Output Elicits Different Physiological Responses Versus Arm Cycle Ergometry, Tanner M. Robson, David W. Mcmillan, Todd A. Astorino Facsm

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to compare physiological and perceptual responses to progressive moderate intensity continuous exercise (MICE) between leg (LCE) and arm cycle ergometry (ACE). METHODS: Seventeen active men and women (age and percent body fat = 26 ± 7 yr and 18 ± 3 %) initially performed graded exercise on each modality to assess maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) and peak power output (PPO). Using a randomized crossover design, they subsequently performed 45 min of MICE consisting of three 15 min bouts at 20, 40, and 60 % PPO on each modality. Gas exchange data (VO2, VCO2, …

Does Experimental Anterior Knee Pain Alter Effects Of Running On Femoral Articular Cartilage Thickness And Volume? A Pilot Study, Lauren N. Richardson, Andrew Pope, Sunku Kwon, Matthew K. Seeley

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Anterior knee pain is a common problem for runners that often alters running biomechanics. It is unclear how/if changes in running biomechanics due to anterior knee pain affect knee articular cartilage health. PURPOSE: To determine if experimental anterior knee pain during running acutely alters deformation in femoral articular cartilage due to running. METHODS: 10 runners completed three sessions that each in- volved a 60-min treadmill run: a control, sham, and pain session. Experimental anterior knee pain was in- duced during the pain session via a continuous infusion of hypertonic saline into the infrapatellar fat pad. The sham and control sessions …

Differences In Arterial Occlusion Pressure Of The Superficial Femoral Artery Between The Dominant And Non-Dominant Legs, Shay Richards, Chase Blazzard, Hannah Hart, Nicole Kasper, Ryan Lacey, Daniela Lopez, Pat R. Vehrs Facsm

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

The arterial occlusion pressure (AOP) is dependent on limb circumference. Previous research seldom reports the AOP of both limbs. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare the superficial femoral artery AOP measured in the dominant and non-dominant legs. METHODS: Ultrasound (GE LOGIQ) was used to detect blood flow through the superficial femoral artery of both legs in a random order in 20 males and 20 females. Circumference of the upper thigh, leg volume, and skinfold thickness were measured in both legs. Blood pressure was continuously monitored using a CNAP device. An inflatable cuff was placed around the upper …

Impact Of Meal Planning On Physical Health And Functional Ability, Alejandra Ramirez, Sarah Dunn

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

It is well known that unhealthy nutritional habits as well as poor dietary choices may increase one’s risk of developing hypertension, overweight/obesity, and inflammation which can lead to comorbidities, diseases states or even death. Planning your meals serves a wide purpose that together with nutrition aids in maintaining a healthy body system. Meal planning has been utilized by the individuals in the exercise world to assist in receiving the valuable nutrients needed to help build and maintain a healthy body. However, the curiosity in understanding whether meal planning may impact the functional status of the individuals who do not consistently …

Impact Of Mask Wearing On Post Exercise Hemodynamics, Payton Price, Zachary Zeigler, Anthony Acevedo, Lucas Heikka, Adarius West, Malia Nowlen, Justin Emelife, Sofia Harman, Ruthie Larson

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

As the guidelines regarding COVID-19 regressed, many fitness centers established regulations requiring mask-wearing during exercise. Data suggest that the impact of a mask during exercise has minimal effects on exercise hemodynamics. The post-exercise period has been described as a window of opportunity to lower blood pressure, a phenomenon called post-exercise hypotension. The impact of wearing a mask on post-exercise hemodynamics is unknown. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of mask-wearing on post-exercise hemodynamics. METHODS: Nine total participants aged 18-30 yr were recruited for this experimental cross-over study. This within-subject design involved six randomized …

Comparing Perceptual Responses Between Different Modalities Of Sprint Interval Training (Sit), Shealin Pierce, Madisen Piva, Todd Astorino Ph.D

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Although the time-efficiency and physiological benefits of SIT are well-documented, it has been criticized for eliciting adverse psychological responses in many adults, which are a potential barrier to long-term exercise adherence. To date, minimal research has studied the influence of exercise modality on perceptual responses to SIT. PURPOSE: To compare perceptual responses between different modalities of SIT in adults. METHODS: Subjects consisted of 11 healthy, non-obese men and women (age= 27±9 year, %BF=16±5%) who are physically active (PA=5±2hr). Participants initially underwent graded exercise testing to determine VO₂max and peak power output (PPO) on the arm (ACE) and leg cycle ergometer …

Effect Of Device Warm-Up Time On Load-Voltage Relationship In S-Type Load Cells, Jherrica Phillips, Marcus Pulido-Ojeda, Mikaela Kirkpatrick, Ashley Landa, Eric Martin, George Beckham, Steven Kim

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Warm up time may have an effect on voltage readings taken from s-type load cells, making prior load- voltage calibration equations inaccurate. PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of warm up time on load- voltage relationship in s-type load cells. METHODS: Dead weight calibrations were performed on two load cells using 200kg after 15 minutes, 1 hour, and 2 hours of warm up time. A linear model was created to estimate the influence of warm up time on the load-voltage relationship (i.e. voltage = β0 + β1•load + β2•power.source(plug) + β3•time + β4•load • time.) RESULTS: Time did not affect voltage …

Fat-Fit Index On Predicting Cardiovascular Outcomes In College Aged Students, Natalie Pham, Zachary Zeigler, Anthony Acevedo, Payton Price, Ruthie Larson, Annika Grams, Sofia Harman, Sara Thomasson, Isaiah Mews

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Globally, 70% of all deaths annually occur from chronic diseases due to lifestyle risk factors such as obesity and low physical activity. These modifiable factors contribute to the result of chronic cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease, and diabetes. Body Mass Index (BMI) is a common measurement used to predict risk obesity. Furthermore, maximum oxygen consumption (VO2) is used to measure an individual's cardiorespiratory fitness. Fitness Fat Index (FFI) has been suggested to measure chronic disease risks. FFI represents an individual’s cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) divided by their waist to height ratio (WHR). Higher FFI is associated with cardiovascular disease and the reduction …

Effects Of Acute Aerobic Exercise On Circulating Stlr And Srage Profiles In Normoglycemic And Insulin-Resistant Individuals, Ryan K. Perkins

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Impaired blood glucose regulation as a consequence of insulin resistance is linked to development of many clinical conditions, including cardiovascular disease, Alzheimer’s, and skeletal muscle wasting via inflammatory processes. Recent evidence suggests circulating solubilized Toll-Like Receptor (sTLR) and Receptor for Advanced Glycation Endproducts (sRAGE) originate from skeletal muscle and are related to glucose management and inflammation. PURPOSE: The purpose of this investigation was to explore 1) relationships among sTLR and sRAGE profiles and indices of metabolic health and 2) sTLR and sRAGE responses to an acute bout of aerobic exercise (AE) in normoglycemic (NG) and insulin-resistant (IR) individuals. We hypothesized …

Electromyographic Comparison Between The Rear-Foot-Elevated Vs. B-Stance Unilateral Back Squat Techniques, Sarah Pearce, Jennifer Rivera, Minhyuk Kwon, Whitney Leyva, Edward Jo

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

The Rear-Foot-Elevated back squat (RFE) and B-Stance (BS) are two unilateral back squat techniques with the latter commonly proposed as the more stable of the two. There is currently a lack of research comparing these two techniques with respect to neuromuscular demand and movement characteristics. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the muscle activation differences via surface electromyography (EMG) between the RFE vs. BS unilateral back squat techniques with equated load. METHODS: Thirteen healthy college-aged, resistance-trained male (n=10) and female (n=3) subjects were recruited for this study. Subjects visited the laboratory on two occasions separated …

Concurrent Validity And Reliability Of Average Heart Rate And Energy Expenditure Of Identical Garmin Instinct Watches During Low Intensity Resistance Training, David R. Pearce, Jocelyn M Graffius, Brynlie Ellingford, Bryson Carrier, Charli D. Aguilar, Damian Gil, Mike Torres, Dustin W. Davis, Wesley Zielger, Wyatt Fullmer, Myranda Peck, Nicole R. Vargas, Bianca Weyers, Katherine Carlos, Nathaniel Bodell, Jacob W. Manning, James W. Navalta, Mark Debeliso Phd, Merrill Funk, Marcus M. Lawrence

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

ABSTRACT

Wearable technology and resistance training are two of the top five worldwide fitness trends for 2022 as determined by ACSM. Many devices, such as Garmin’s Instinct, have functions to track various physiological aspects during resistance training. However, to our knowledge, independent verification of the validity and reliability of these devices for estimating average heart rate (HR) and energy expenditure (EE) during resistance training are nonexistent. PURPOSE: To determine the concurrent validity and reliability of identical Garmin Instinct watches during resistance training. METHODS: Twenty subjects (n=10 female and male; age: 23.2±7.7 years; height: 169.7±11.1; weight: 76.3±15.7 kg) completed …

Tendon Collagen Fibril Identification Via Phase Contrast Microscopy, Julissa Ortiz-Delatorre, Guillermo Bojorge, Andrew Ichimura, Annette Chan, Ryan T. Scott, Kent A. Lorenz, James R. Bagley

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Tendons play a key role in the musculoskeletal system as their main functions are to connect muscles to bones, provide shock absorption, and increase range of motion and the efficiency of locomotion. Due to the tendons’ hierarchical structure, the ability to image subfibrillar units plays a key role in visualizing how changes at the microscopic level affect the macroscopic structure and function. PURPOSE: To provide an accessible method for confirming the separation of tendon tissue to the collagen fibril level. METHODS: Previously frozen (-80°C) 657BL/6J mouse tendons were treated with a chemical and mechanical extraction technique which led …

The Relationship Between Physical Activity And Quality Of Sleep In College Students, Jaidyn N. Olson, Sarah Dunn

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

In addition to the rigors of academic life post pandemic, students are often faced with balancing a healthy mindset, extracurricular activities, family time, and employment, all while pursuing their future professional career. Each of these endeavors takes time and effort on the part of the individual. When stressed with little time to spare, health behaviors in a college student are typically last on the list of priorities and often physical activity and sleep get the least amount of attention. While both sleep and physical activity have been shown to benefit college student success, they are more often than not, forgotten. …

Impact Of Load Carriage On Metabolic Efficiency, Tyson Ngatikaura, Shane Draper, Lily Poulton, Ally Sipple, Tyler Standifird, Andrew Creer

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Load carriage is a crucial detail of long-distance running, especially when it comes to ultra-marathon distances (>26.2 miles). Longer distances require larger loads to carry fluids and nutrition to maintain performance during these events. Running packs fitted close to the torso are the most popular methods for carrying 1-3 L of fluid, additional food, and gear; however, little is known to what extent load mass may impact running performance. PURPOSE: To identify at which point relative load mass (% of body mass) begins to negatively impact submaximal metabolic efficiency. METHODS: To date, 7 active runners (≥3 days/week, ≥16.09 km/week …

Dietary Magnesium Intake On Heart Rate And Time-To-Fatigue During Hiit Exercise: A Pilot Study, Brian Neff, Jared Moore, George Salem Facsm

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

In high intensity interval training (HIIT), bouts of intense work are alternated with less intense periods. HIIT provides an effective stimulus to increase the volume of exercise at or above 90% heart rate maximum (HR_max). Magnesium (Mg) modulates energy metabolism and enzymatic processes. Studies suggest that Mg assists oxidative transport, improves glucose availability, delays lactate accumulation, and reduces inflammation. A gap exists in understanding how Mg affects HIIT. Moreover, the influence of a Vegan (VD) vs Omnivore (OD) diet on HIIT performance outcomes (e.g., heart rate [HR] and time-to-fatigue [TTF]), has yet to be investigated. PURPOSE: This …

The Effect Of Sleep Quality On Profile Of Mood, Physiological Responses, And Athletic Performance, Sarah Nash, Matthew Fowler, Bulent Sokmen

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

While the extent of an athlete’s physiological adaptations varies due to a range of external factors, sleep deprivation has been proven to negatively affect one’s training and, ultimately, one’s overall athletic success. Sleep deprivation, either for a short or prolonged period of time, also leads to adverse psychological effects, as measured by the alteration of genes in the brain. PURPOSE: This study investigates how both normal sleep and sleep deprivation affect an athlete’s recovery, overall skeletal muscle performance, and mental state. METHODS: Using a randomized-crossover design, 7 healthy individuals, 3 males and 4 females, with at least 1 …