Health and Physical Education Commons^™

The Assessment Of University Students' Knowledge, Attitudes, And Behaviors Toward Sex, Melissa Castora

The Pegasus Review: UCF Undergraduate Research Journal

Previous research provides varying results in the affects of sex education. While the goal of sex education is to educate and therefore protect one's self from high-risk sexual behaviors, research provides support that knowledge and attitudes do not always comply with behavior. The purpose of this study is to test college students' knowledge about sexual topics, their attitudes toward condom use, and compare these with the assessment of students' sexual behaviors. Results from the study support the hypothesis that knowledge about sexual issues and attitudes toward condom use can not predict sexual behavior. The study indicates that students' knowledge about …

Use Of Peer Buddies In Adaptive Physical Education, Jessica Lynn Kotelnicki

Theses and Dissertations

The purpose of this study was to observe the participation levels of students with disabilities in an adaptive physical education class when typically developing students are included in the class as Peer Buddies. The goal was to observe if students' performance levels increased while performing with fellow peers. This study was undertaken to see the relationship between students with disabilities participation levels in an adaptive physical education class when peer buddies were integrated. A baseline test was completed in the beginning of the study and participation was observed through class activities as well as abdominal crunches. Data was observed and …

The Application Of An Implementation Science Framework To Comprehensive School Physical Activity Programs: Be A Champion!, Justin B. Moore, Russell L. Carson, Collin A. Webster, Camelia R. Singletary, Darla M. Castelli, Russell R. Pate, Michael W. Beets, Aaron Beighle

Kinesiology and Health Promotion Faculty Publications

Comprehensive school physical activity programs (CSPAPs) have been endorsed as a promising strategy to increase youth physical activity (PA) in school settings. A CSPAP is a five-component approach, which includes opportunities before, during, and after school for PA. Extensive resources are available to public health practitioners and school officials regarding what should be implemented, but little guidance and few resources are available regarding how to effectively implement a CSPAP. Implementation science provides a number of conceptual frameworks that can guide implementation of a CSPAP, but few published studies have employed an implementation science framework to a CSPAP. Therefore, we developed …

Deconstructing The Model Minority Myth: Exploring Health Risk Behaviors Of American Asian And Pacific Islander Young Adults, Todd M. Sabato

Journal of Health Disparities Research and Practice

The model minority stereotype describes Asian and Pacific Islanders (API) as the epitome of assimilation into U.S. culture using hard work, intelligence, high educational attainment, and economic success to overcome the challenges of discrimination and recent immigration. Adopted model minority pressures assume a life of their own, with origins in childhood that are amplified during adolescence and young adulthood. In response to evidence of increased vulnerability to HIV and other sexually transmitted infection exposure, the present study compared prevalence estimates of health risk behaviors of API and cross-ethnic college students (N = 1,880). Self-reported alcohol use and abuse tendencies, …

Factors Associated With Academic Performance Among Second-Year Undergraduate Occupational Therapy Students, Tore Bonsaksen, Brian J. Ellingham, Tove Carstensen

The Open Journal of Occupational Therapy

Background: Research into occupational therapy education and its outcomes for students is growing. More research is needed to determine the factors of importance for occupational therapy students’ academic outcomes. This study aimed to investigate factors associated with academic performance among second-year undergraduate occupational therapy students in Norway.

Methods: Occupational therapy students (n = 111) from two education programs completed questionnaires asking for sociodemographic, work-related, and education-related information. Hierarchical linear regression analysis was used to examine factors independently associated with the students’ academic performance.

Results: A higher age was associated with better average academic performance among the students, whereas having …

Child Care Teachers’ Knowledge Of Fun Physical Activities And Healthy Food Choices For Pre-School Children, Elizabeth Gwyn

Nursing Theses and Capstone Projects

The focus of this project was to explore child-care teachers’ knowledge of fun physical activities and healthy food choice activities for preschool children. A four-week educational session was implemented in a rural child-care center. The intervention provided education in relationship to the implementation of fun physical activities and healthy food choice activities for child-care teachers during preschoolers structured playtime. The Child Care Teachers’ Knowledge Evaluation (CCTKE) tool developed by the doctoral student was used to collect responses from participants before and after the intervention. The participants’ data was analyzed using a t-test. There were no statistically significant differences between the …

Strategic Planning For Collegiate Athletics, R Henry Migliore

Migliore Collection

Aimed at developing a long term strategic plan for the athletic department. Strategic Planning for Collegiate Athletics offers a step-by-step approach, complete with worksheets and examples, to assist athletic administrations in developing their plans for collegiate athletics. You will discover how to manage issues such as high turnover rates, unclear goals among staff, working long hours and still being unable to keep up, and lack of team spirit. As a college, university, high school, or recreational athletic director, you will benefit from the theoretically sound decision-making material that can be applied toward these issues addressing such areas as creating purpose …

Social Norms Approach In Secondary Schools: Literature Review, Syeda Kashfee Ahmed, Pru Mitchell, Jenny Trevitt

Wellbeing

Life Education Australia commissioned the Australian Council for Educational Research to provide a summary of research related to interventions that used a social norms approach (SNA). The review focused on interventions aimed at reducing risky behaviours in secondary school students, particularly related to use of alcohol, tobacco and other drugs. Research questions There were two key questions guiding this literature review: Question 1: If we make more realistic the perceptions of young people about the levels of risky behaviour, and attitudes towards these risky behaviours, amongst their peers, is that likely to reduce the likelihood of them engaging in such …

A Review Of A Developmental Physical Activity Mindfulness Model To Increase Physical Activity In College Students, Tj Exford, Jessica Platt

LWLC Faculty Research

Studies have shown that, as young adults enter college, their level of physical activity is greatly diminished (Kwan, Cairney, Faulkner, & Pullenavegum, 2012). In fact, it has been estimated that one-third of students who are active in high school become inactive upon adapting to university life (Bray and Born, 2004). In Healthy Campus 2010: Making It Happen, the American College Health Association outlined physical activity (PA) goals and body mass index (BMI) goals for university students, and studies have shown that РА and BMI have actually deteriorated in many students after entering college (Deng, Castelli, Castro-Pinero, & Guan, 2011). Physical …

An Investigation Into The Relationship Between Fundamental Movement Skill Proficiency And Markers Of Health Among A Cohort Of Irish Primary School Children, Linda Bolger

PhDs

Background: Fundamental movement skills (FMS) are basic observable patterns of movement. Although FMS are positively associated with health, FMS levels among children worldwide are low. Interventions to improve FMS and markers of health among children are warranted. Thus, the purpose of this research was to firstly evaluate the FMS proficiency and markers of health of Irish primary school children, and to design and implement a programme of interventions to improve both.

Methods: Two interventions (1 Physical Activity [PA] and 1 FMS) were implemented and evaluated using children from 3 primary schools in Cork. Children (N=217, mean age: 7.98±2.00 years) …

Nebline, January 2018

NEBLINE Newsletter Archive from Nebraska Extension in Lancaster County

Feature: Extension 2017 Highlights

Food & Health

Farm & Acreage

Horticulture

Pests & Wildlife

4-H & Youth

Early Childhood

and other extension news and events

Exploring Diet, Physical Activity, And Self-Reported Health Status Among Individuals In The Medically Underserved Population, Kelley R. Devoe

Honors Undergraduate Theses

The primary purpose of this study is to determine if certain lifestyle and health behaviors (e.g. smoking, physical activity, diet) in the medically underserved population have any influence on particular health statuses. This study also looked to determine if these health behaviors resulted in particular medical aliments being more prevalent or specific to this community. The secondary purpose of this study aims to gain information that may help health care providers practicing in this community to earlier identify risk factors in patients before a medical problem becomes more severe, difficult and expensive to treat. A survey, adapted from the CDC's …

The Effects Of Emerging Technology On Healthcare And The Difficulties Of Integration, Skyler J. Pavlish-Carpenter

Honors Undergraduate Theses

Background: Disruptive technology describes technology that is significantly more advanced than previous iterations, such as: 3D printing, genetic manipulation, stem cell research, innovative surgical procedures, and computer-based charting software. These technologies often require extensive overhauls to implement into older systems and must overcome many difficult financial and societal complications before they can be widely used. In a field like healthcare that makes frequent advancements, these difficulties can mean that the technology will not be utilized to its full potential or implemented at all.

Objective: To determine the inhibiting factors that prevent disruptive technology from being implemented in conventional healthcare.

Methods: …

Analysis Of Campus Accessibility At The University Of Kentucky, Molly Mathistad

Lewis Honors College Capstone Collection

The paper reviews the accessibility satisfaction ratings and suggestions provided by University of Kentucky (UK) students who live with disabilities. A detailed survey was distributed to all students registered with the UK Disability Resource Center (DRC), inquiring about individual satisfaction with campus aspects such as the DRC, utilized accommodations, campus environment, student and faculty sensitivity, and the potential benefit of accommodation space(s) around campus. Participants listed dozens of potential solutions to problems which they and others face on campus daily, all of which are detailed in results sections of the paper. The most commonly mentioned issues included faculty sensitivity training, …

Health Promotion In Elementary School Students, Madelyn J. Miles

Lewis Honors College Capstone Collection

The following project was created to address the rising epidemic of childhood obesity. Childhood obesity is caused by many factors such as genetics, metabolism, community and neighborhood design, diet, exercise, and short sleep duration (Center for Disease Control: Childhood Obesity Facts). Social determinants of health, systems of oppression, and stigma can all influence the obesity epidemic. These include but are not limited to social status, location, culture, age, sexuality, ethnicity, and race. These identities can influence affordability and access to healthcare and further contribute to the obesity epidemic. It is important to understand these issues as a future provider. A …

Using Self-Study As A Process For Teacher Inquiry Into Classroom Diversity, Aimee Rogers, Lisa Ortmann

Education, Health & Behavior Studies Faculty Publications

Educators in our region of the country likely agree that although there is growing diversity in our public schools in terms of culture, race, ethnicity, gender-identification, primary language and other aspects of diversity, the diversity of practicing and developing teachers has remained relatively unchanged. According to a national report, 82% of all undergraduate degrees in education across the country were awarded to white students in 2009-10, three-quarters of whom were women (AACTE, 2013). In our region of the upper midwest, the statistics are closer to 96% white and 73% female (North Dakota State University, 2017). Although as a teacher workforce, …

Using The Health Belief Model To Assess Undergraduate College Students Knowledge And Perceptions Of Human Papillomavirus In Order To Better Understand Vaccine Intentions, Kelly Mcmahon

All Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Other Capstone Projects

According to the Centers for Disease control and Prevention (CDC)(2016b), Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is the most commonly sexually transmitted infection in the United States. HPV is so prevalent that nearly all sexually active people will obtain a strain of HPV at some point in their lives (CDC, 2016d). Approximately one in four Americans are currently infected in the United States with HPV, and approximately 14 million new infections of HPV spread each year in the United States (CDC, 2016b).

Ultimately the HPV vaccination is a form of cancer prevention. With the vaccination uptake, the burden of HPV related health problems …

Analyzing Physical Education Teacher Behavior Using Systematic Observation, Seth T. Eckler

Theses and Dissertations--Education Sciences

Introduction: Experts in the field have advocated that quality physical education (QPE) is the centerpiece of a comprehensive school physical education program (CSPAP). Evidence-based programs and instructional models have shown great promise in increasing the physical activity (PA) of today’s youth. However, little is known about the specific impact of teaching behaviors (TB) used within these programs and their impact on student outcomes. Therefore, the aim of this study was to use a systematic observation method that is primarily focused on analyzing TBs that are displayed in class, identify TBs that may contribute to positive student activity outcomes, and make …

การจัดการเรียนรู้พลศึกษาโดยใช้การละเล่นพื้นบ้านไทยเพื่อส่งเสริมสมรรถภาพทางกายความซื่อสัตย์และความรับผิดชอบของเด็กปฐมวัย, วรรณนิศา พงษ์จิรังกาล

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

การวิจัยครั้งนี้มีวัตถุประสงค์เพื่อ 1) เปรียบเทียบค่าเฉลี่ยของคะแนนสมรรถภาพทางกาย ความซื่อสัตย์และความรับผิดชอบก่อนและหลังการทดลองของนักเรียนกลุ่มทดลองที่ได้รับการจัดการเรียนรู้พลศึกษาโดยใช้การละเล่นพื้นบ้านไทย และของนักเรียนกลุ่มควบคุมที่ได้รับการจัดการเรียนรู้พลศึกษาตามปกติ 2) เปรียบเทียบค่าเฉลี่ยของคะแนนสมรรถภาพทางกาย ความซื่อสัตย์และความรับผิดชอบหลังการทดลองระหว่างนักเรียนกลุ่มทดลองที่ได้รับการจัดการเรียนรู้พลศึกษาโดยใช้การละเล่นพื้นบ้านไทย กับนักเรียนกลุ่มควบคุมที่ได้รับการจัดการเรียนรู้พลศึกษาตามปกติ ตัวอย่างคือ นักเรียนปฐมวัยชั้นปีที่ 2 อายุ 5-6 ปี โรงเรียนสังกัดกรุงเทพมหานครแห่งหนึ่ง จำนวน 46 คน โดยแบ่งเป็นกลุ่มทดลอง 23 คน และกลุ่มควบคุม จำนวน 23 คน เครื่องมือที่ใช้ในการวิจัย คือ แผนการจัดการเรียนรู้พลศึกษาโดยใช้การละเล่นพื้นบ้านไทย จำนวน 16 แผน แบบทดสอบมรรถภาพทางกาย และแบบวัดความซื่อสัตย์และความรับผิดชอบ วิเคราะห์ข้อมูลโดยใช้ค่าเฉลี่ย ส่วนเบี่ยงเบนมาตรฐาน ทดสอบความแตกต่างค่าเฉลี่ยของคะแนนด้วยค่า "ที" (t-test) ผลการวิจัยพบว่า 1) ค่าเฉลี่ยของคะแนนสมรรถภาพทางกาย ความซื่อสัตย์และความรับผิดชอบหลังการทดลองของนักเรียนกลุ่มทดลองสูงกว่าก่อนการทดลองอย่างมีนัยสำคัญทางสถิติที่ระดับ .05 2) ค่าเฉลี่ยของคะแนนสมรรถภาพทางกาย ความซื่อสัตย์และความรับผิดชอบหลังการทดลองของนักเรียนกลุ่มทดลองสูงกว่านักเรียนกลุ่มควบคุมอย่างมีนัยสำคัญทางสถิติที่ระดับ .05

2018-2019 Nursing Graduate Student Handbook, Morehead State University. Nursing Department.

Nursing Department Publications Archive

2018-2019 Graduate Student Handbook for the Department of Nursing at Morehead State University.

A Wellness Approach To Investigating Student Veterans’ Career Goals, Thomas C. Seguin, Abby L. Bjornsen-Ramig, Ashley J. Blount, Danae M. Dinkel

Health and Kinesiology Faculty Publications

A qualitative methodology was utilized to assess the wellness factors student Veterans (N = 10) perceived as influential to their decision to separate from the military and choice of intended career path. Participants included prior enlisted student Veterans pursuing undergraduate degrees at a mid-sized Midwestern university. Interview transcripts were coded according to the Indivisible Self Model of Wellness (IS-Wel; Myers & Sweeney, 2004) and analyzed phenomenologically. Participants referenced Control and Self-Worth as motivators for separation from military service; Work and Thinking were the main themes regarding choice of future profession. Additional themes emerged in reference to how Veterans’ priorities changed …

Testing The Effectiveness Of A Sct-Based Peer Wellness Coaching Training Program In Enhancing Health Self-Efficacy And Outcome Expectations Among Undergraduate Peer Educators, Abigail Dubovi

Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)

Peer health education (PHE) is a widely implemented approach to health promotion on college campuses. Based on its emphasis on vicarious learning and social persuasion, social cognitive theory (SCT; Bandura, 2000) is frequently cited to account for the proposed mechanisms of PHE. However, to date, no prior studies have developed and tested the utility of a SCT-based PHE training program in improving theoretically consistent outcomes among peer educators. Thus, the purpose of this study was to develop, implement, and test the effectiveness of a 15-week, SCT-based peer wellness coaching (PWCTP) training program in enhancing health self-efficacy (HSE) and outcome expectations …

The Effectiveness Of A "Patient Discharge Information" Booklet In Patient Education Programs In Saudi Arabia, Amani Mohammed Al Rebeh

Dissertations and Theses @ UNI

The purpose of this research was to investigate the effectiveness of the Patient Discharge Information (PDI) booklet on the knowledge, attitude, and behaviors of participants who were cesarean patients in local hospitals in Saudi Arabia. This study investigated the following two research questions: (1) does the participant have information, resources, and understand basic personal health information regarding her health conditions including diagnosis, treatment, self-care management, medication instructions, normal expected symptoms, dangerous signs and what to do, as well as lifestyle changes?; and (2) how does patient discharge information provided by the hospital make a difference in participants’ knowledge, attitude, and …

Pilbara Internal Evaluation Report 2018: School Breakfast Program. Food Sensations® In Schools, Fuel Your Future, Food Sensations® For Parents And Educator Training, Stephanie L. Godrich, L. M. Aberle, V. E. Blake, J. R. Platts, N. N. Lee, L. M. Thorne, F. L. Foulkes Taylor

Research outputs 2014 to 2021

Executive Summary

- In partnership with BHP (BHP), Foodbank of Western Australia (FBWA) delivers the School Breakfast Program (SBP), Food Sensations® in Schools initiative (FSS), Fuel Your Future program (FYF), Food Sensations® for Parents program (FSP) and Educator Training program (ET) with schools and communities throughout WA’s Pilbara region.

-- Evaluation of these programs and initiatives was underpinned by each program’s objectives, relating to knowledge, skills and program satisfaction. As such, tailored program planning logic models and evaluation plans were developed for each program. Methods and tools were based on good practice indicated in published and grey literature and FBWA …

Preventing Teenage Pregnancy, Lulu Diaz

Nebraska College Preparatory Academy: Senior Capstone Projects

In society today, teenage pregnancy is an issue which affects not only the young mother, but also the child in numerous ways. Society needs to be better informed about methods of preventing this type of pregnancy. Small steps to prevent teenage pregnancy are not taken, and many are unaware of how much it really does affect their adolescent years. Teenage mothers are less likely to graduate high school, endure high levels of stress, and are more prone to drug use. Teenage pregnancy can not be fully stopped, but it can be slowly reduced by having the “talk” with children at …

Evaluating The Effects Of Nutritional Intake During Adolescence On Educational Attainment And Labor Market Earnings As An Adult, Mikaela Connell

CMC Senior Theses

In this thesis, I analyze whether nutritional intake at the time of adolescence can impact academic attainment and earnings later on in life. Millions of children in the United States are living in food insecure households and do not have access to an adequate nutritious diet. Since adolescence is a time period of intense growth and development, it is essential to meet nutritional needs at this time. Using data from the Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health), I measure the nutrition of a nationally representative sample of youth in the United States through their daily food intake, …

Improving The Physical Activity And Outdoor Play Environment Of Family Child Care Homes In Nebraska Through Go Nutrition And Physical Activity Self-Assessment For Child Care, Danae Dinkel, Dipti Dev, Yage Guo, Emily Hulse, Zainab Rida, Ami Sedani, Brian Coyle

Health and Kinesiology Faculty Publications

Background: The purpose of this study was to determine if the Go Nutrition and Physical Activity Self-Assessment in Child Care (Go NAP SACC) intervention was effective in improving best practices in the areas of infant and child physical activity and outdoor play and learning in family child care homes (FCCHs) in Nebraska. Methods: FCCHs (n = 201) participated in a pre–post evaluation using the Infant and Child Physical Activity and Outdoor Play and Learning assessments from the Go NAP SACC validated measure to assess compliance with best practices. Results: At post, FCCHs demonstrated significant differences in 85% …

Effectiveness Of Tai Chi On Cardiac Autonomic Function And Symptomatology In Women With Fibromyalgia: A Randomized Controlled Trial, Alexei Wong, Arturo Figueroa, Marcos A. Sanchez-Gonzalez, Won-Mok Son, Oksana P. Chernykh, Song-Young Park

Health and Kinesiology Faculty Publications

The present study examined the effects of a 12-week Tai Chi (TC) training regimen on heart rate variability (HRV), symptomatology, muscle fitness and body composition in women with fibromyalgia. Participants were randomly assigned to either a TC training group (n = 18) or a control group (n = 19). HRV, symptomatology, muscle fitness and body composition were measured before and after 12 weeks. There were significant decreases (p < 0.05) in sympathovagal balance (LnLF/LnHF), sympathetic tone (LnLF, nLF), pain, and fatigue, and significant increases (p < 0.05) in parasympathetic tone (LnHF, nHF), strength and flexibility following TC compared with no changes after control. The changes in LnLF and LnLF/LnHF were correlated with changes in pain. There were no significant changes in HR, sleep quality and body composition after TC or control. TC may be an effective therapeutic intervention for improving sympathovagal balance, pain, fatigue, strength and flexibility in women with fibromyalgia.

Using Foot Pressure Analysis To Predict Reoccurrence Of Deformity For Children With Unilateral Clubfoot, Juanita Jean Wallace

Theses and Dissertations--Kinesiology and Health Promotion

Reoccurrence of deformity can affect upwards of 64% of children with clubfoot. The ability to use foot function as a measure of reoccurrence has not been previously assessed. The purpose of this investigation was to utilize foot pressure analysis to predict the probability of reoccurrence in children with unilateral clubfoot. Retrospective foot pressure data revealed predictive algorithms detecting the probability of experiencing any type of reoccurrence (overall reoccurrence) and for experiencing a tibialis anterior tendon transfer (TATT). The equation for overall reoccurrence reported sensitivity and specificity of 0.82 and 0.81 and the equation for TATT reported values of 0.81 and …

การพัฒนาหลักสูตรฝึกอบรมเพื่อเสริมสร้างสมรรถนะของครูพลศึกษาในศตวรรษที่ 21 โดยประยุกต์ใช้การอำนวยความสะดวกในการเรียนรู้ร่วมกับการสอนแบบเสริมศักยภาพ, อัสรี สะอีดี

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

การวิจัยนี้มีวัตถุประสงค์เพื่อ1) ประเมินความต้องการจำเป็นในการเสริมสร้างสมรรถนะสำหรับการเป็น ครูพลศึกษาในศตวรรษที่ 21 2) พัฒนาหลักสูตรฝึกอบรมเพื่อเสริมสร้างสมรรถนะครูพลศึกษาในศตวรรษที่ 21 โดยประยุกต์ใช้การอำนวยความสะดวกในการเรียนรู้ร่วมกับการสอนแบบเสริมศักยภาพ และ 3) ประเมินประสิทธิผลหลักสูตรฝึกอบรมที่พัฒนาขึ้น กลุ่มตัวอย่างที่ใช้ในการศึกษาความต้องการจำเป็น คือ ครูพลศึกษาในโรงเรียนมัธยมศึกษา จำนวน 395 คน ได้จากการสุ่มตัวอย่างแบบหลายขั้นตอน และกลุ่มตัวอย่างที่ใช้ในการประเมินประสิทธิผลหลักสูตรฝึกอบรม คือ ครูพลศึกษาในโรงเรียนมัธยมศึกษา จำนวน 30 คน ได้จากการเลือกแบบเจาะจง และผ่านเกณฑ์คัดเข้า ทำการเก็บข้อมูล 2 ครั้ง คือ ก่อนการทดลองและหลังการทดลอง นำข้อมูลที่ได้มาหาค่าเฉลี่ย ส่วนเบี่ยงเบนมาตรฐาน วิเคราะห์ ความต้องการจำเป็นด้วยการใช้เทคนิคใช้เทคนิค Modified Priority Needs Index ในการจัดลำดับความสำคัญของ ความต้องการจำเป็น และทดสอบด้วยสถิติที ผลการวิจัยพบว่า 1) สมรรถนะครูพลศึกษาในศตวรรษที่ 21 ประกอบด้วยสมรรถนะ 6 ด้าน ได้แก่ (1) ด้านความรู้วิชาการ การจัดการเรียนการสอน ทักษะทางการกีฬาและการออกกำลังกาย (2) ด้านการส่งเสริมพัฒนาผู้เรียน โดยเน้นผู้เรียนเป็นสำคัญ (3) ด้านการสื่อสารและการมีมนุษยสัมพันธ์ทั้งกับนักเรียน ผู้ปกครอง เพื่อนครู และ ผู้บริหาร (4) ด้านการรู้เท่าทันสื่อ สารสนเทศ และดิจิทัล (5) ด้านการพัฒนาตนเองในความเป็นครูพลศึกษา และ (6) ด้านการปรับตัวให้เข้ากับนักเรียนและยุคสมัยที่เปลี่ยนแปลงที่มี โดยพบว่า ค่าความต้องการจำเป็นสูงสุด คือ ด้านการรู้เท่าทันสื่อ สารสนเทศ และดิจิทัล มีค่า PNI modified เท่ากับ .470 2) หลักสูตรฝึกอบรมที่พัฒนาขึ้นมี 8 องค์ประกอบ ได้แก่ (1) หลักการและความเป็นมา (2) วัตถุประสงค์ของหลักสูตรฝึกอบรม (3) หน่วยการเรียนรู้ของหลักสูตรฝึกอบรม จำนวน 5 หน่วย (4) ระยะเวลาของการฝึกอบรม (5) …