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Articles 31 - 60 of 269
Full-Text Articles in Educational Technology
Does Writing Have A Future?, David J. Gunkel
Does Writing Have A Future?, David J. Gunkel
Proceedings of the New York State Communication Association
Professor David J. Gunkel is the Chair of the Department of Communication at Northern Illinois University – but that is his latest achievement in an extensive list of accomplishments. He is an award-winning educator, researcher, and the author of more than ninety scholarly articles and thirteen books. And it is his latest book, AI for Communication, and his latest thinking about what we have called artificial intelligence and writing that brought him to our 82nd annual conference.
In his keynote address on Saturday, October 9th, 2024, Dr. Gunkel argues that AI does not signal the “end …
The Influence Of Visualization Type And Gender On Multimedia Learning Performance: An Experimental Study, Ziji Wang
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The widespread availability of multimedia learning resources, driven by technological progress, presents both opportunities and challenges in education. While these resources, often designed with animations to aid learning, their effectiveness in learning across STEM and non-STEM fields remains controversial. Besides, researchers have increasingly turned their attention to understanding how individual learner characteristics such as gender and spatial ability influence effectiveness of multimedia learning.
This dissertation examined the impact of visualization type and gender on learning algorithms (STEM) and Chinese characters (non-STEM) after accounting for the effect of spatial ability, focusing on learning outcomes and cognitive load. The fact that males …
Ai-Enhanced Structured Literacy Intervention For Secondary Students: A Case Study Of Science Of Reading, Jennifer Bird
Ai-Enhanced Structured Literacy Intervention For Secondary Students: A Case Study Of Science Of Reading, Jennifer Bird
Teaching & Learning Faculty Publications
This study examines the effectiveness of Lexia PowerUp, an AI-powered literacy program, for sixth-grade students requiring Tier 3 reading intervention. Seven sixth-grade students (six boys, one girl; five African American, two Caucasian; all qualifying for free/reduced lunch) participated in a six-month intervention combining 50 minutes of daily small-group instruction with individualized Lexia PowerUp usage. Researchers measured progress through Achieve 3000 Lexile assessments and Lexia PowerUp performance data across three skill strands: Word Study, Grammar, and Comprehension. All participants demonstrated Lexile level improvements from beginning-of-year to mid-year assessments, though students remained below sixth-grade benchmarks (925-1070L). Analysis of Lexia PowerUp progression showed …
The Evolution Of Schooling: From Industrial Obedience To Techno-Autonomy, Seb Taylor, Ron Roberts Ii
The Evolution Of Schooling: From Industrial Obedience To Techno-Autonomy, Seb Taylor, Ron Roberts Ii
Digital Laboratory: Publisher of Internet Journal
This paper examines the enduring architecture of the American education system as a mechanism designed for compliance, not creativity. Rooted in 19th-century industrial logic, the structure of schooling, its physical design, time constraints, and assessment methods, has remained largely static despite seismic cultural and technological shifts. Through historical analysis and contemporary critique, this work interrogates the persistence of standardized methods, institutional prestige, and top-down instruction as barriers to meaningful learning and value creation. Drawing from interdisciplinary research and live case studies, including Alpha School’s AI-powered, mastery-based model, the paper advances the concept of techno-education: a student-centered paradigm informed by feedback …
Visionarium, July 2025, Full Issue
Visionarium, July 2025, Full Issue
International Journal of Emerging and Disruptive Innovation in Education : VISIONARIUM
No abstract provided.
Enhancing Art History Education With Ai: Accessibility, Engagement, And Skill Development, Analisa Soverns-Reed
Enhancing Art History Education With Ai: Accessibility, Engagement, And Skill Development, Analisa Soverns-Reed
International Journal of Emerging and Disruptive Innovation in Education : VISIONARIUM
The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the art history classroom offers transformative opportunities for students through accessibility, engagement, and skill development. This paper explores how AI can democratize access to art history education by providing cost-effective tools that eliminate traditional barriers, such as expensive textbooks, inaccessible archives, or costly field trips. AI-powered platforms like visual recognition software and adaptive learning tools enable students to engage with material more deeply, allowing for personalized learning pathways and interactive explorations of art and its contexts. Beyond content delivery, incorporating AI fosters critical digital literacy, equipping students with the skills to navigate and …
Painting With Ai: Enhancing Creativity And Understanding In The Arts Classroom, Erica Blum
Painting With Ai: Enhancing Creativity And Understanding In The Arts Classroom, Erica Blum
International Journal of Emerging and Disruptive Innovation in Education : VISIONARIUM
In the context of contemporary art and design education, the rapid advancement of generative artificial intelligence has introduced profound shifts in both creative practice and pedagogical responsibility. Art and design professors now encounter students who approach AIdriven tools with a mixture of skepticism and curiosity, often perceiving such technologies as antithetical to authentic artistic development or as expedient alternatives to disciplined practice. This article articulates an instructional approach that leverages Adobe Photoshop’s generative capabilities—specifically neural filters, generative fill, and the manipulation of alpha channels— to position artificial intelligence as a collaborative, rather than substitutive, element within digital art-making. The 2025 …
Bridging Tradition And Technology: Ai As A Catalyst For Heritage Preservation And Humanities Research, Kholoud Ghaith
Bridging Tradition And Technology: Ai As A Catalyst For Heritage Preservation And Humanities Research, Kholoud Ghaith
International Journal of Emerging and Disruptive Innovation in Education : VISIONARIUM
It is an empirical study examining how AI can be the driving force for cultural heritage and humanities conservation. As the AI tools that digitize, analyze, and conserve cultural resources have become in recent years, they have led to digital transformations in machine learning, digital twinning, and natural language processing. These technologies answer the industry's most challenging problems, such as the loss of historical material, access restrictions to heritage sites, and the labor-intensive nature of traditional conservation techniques. In implementing AI in heritage, institutions can document more accurately, keep records predictively, and offer more interesting public experiences via rich digital …
Writing As Curation: Empowering Authorial Agency In Ai-Assisted Composition Through Style Prompting And Quotation Glosses, Daniel Plate
Writing As Curation: Empowering Authorial Agency In Ai-Assisted Composition Through Style Prompting And Quotation Glosses, Daniel Plate
International Journal of Emerging and Disruptive Innovation in Education : VISIONARIUM
As artificial intelligence writing tools become increasingly prevalent in educational settings, students often report feeling alienated from AI-generated content, describing it as lacking their "authentic voice." This article presents a pedagogical approach that addresses this challenge by repositioning students as curators of their authorial identities rather than passive consumers of AI-generated text. Through a dual curation methodology combining quotation glosses with style prompting, students develop multiple authorial voices for different rhetorical situations while maintaining agency over their writing process. The approach builds on classical rhetorical traditions while leveraging contemporary AI capabilities, creating a framework where students collaborate with AI tools …
Ai-Powered Storytelling And Interactive Timelines For Arts And Humanities Education, Bhavya Raoulji
Ai-Powered Storytelling And Interactive Timelines For Arts And Humanities Education, Bhavya Raoulji
International Journal of Emerging and Disruptive Innovation in Education : VISIONARIUM
The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in education has opened avenues for transformative teaching and learning experiences, particularly in the arts and humanities. This submission explores the development of two AI-driven classroom tools: Chabot and interactive timelines. These tools immerse students in storytelling and historical exploration, fostering critical thinking, creativity, and interdisciplinary collaboration. The Chabot simulates conversations with historical figures or cultural narrators, providing AI-generated responses enriched with contextual details and multimedia content. The interactive timeline offers dynamic visualizations of historical events, enhanced by AI-generated summaries, audio clips, and visual aids. These tools integrate project-based learning methodologies, promoting critical thinking, …
Forward: Special Issue - Future Of Ai In Arts And Humanities Education, James Hutson
Forward: Special Issue - Future Of Ai In Arts And Humanities Education, James Hutson
International Journal of Emerging and Disruptive Innovation in Education : VISIONARIUM
A link to a video of Dr. Hutson's Symposium introduction can be found below in the Additional Files section.
Growth Mindset And Generative Ai, J. Elizabeth Clark, Casandra Silva Sibilin
Growth Mindset And Generative Ai, J. Elizabeth Clark, Casandra Silva Sibilin
Open Educational Resources
This module expands the CUNY Learning Mindsets framework—originally developed with the University of Virginia’s Motivate Lab to support student motivation through growth, purpose and relevance, and sense of belonging (GPS)—by introducing a fourth module focused on generative artificial intelligence (Gen AI). Designed in spring 2025 by CUNY Learning Mindset Ambassadors Casandra Silva Sibilin and J. Elizabeth Clark, the module integrates growth mindset principles with emerging research on Gen AI to help educators and students engage with these tools as opportunities for learning and development rather than shortcuts or sources of academic misconduct.
The module provides an introduction to …
Using Digital Storytelling As A Tool To Enhance Vocabulary For Young Learners, Suresh Banoth, Udaya Muthyala
Using Digital Storytelling As A Tool To Enhance Vocabulary For Young Learners, Suresh Banoth, Udaya Muthyala
Journal of English and Applied Linguistics
Digital storytelling (DST) represents an innovative pedagogical approach aimed at enhancing vocabulary acquisition among young learners. This study investigates how effective Digital Storytelling (DST) is in enhancing English vocabulary skills among 32 sixth-grade students at Government Model School in Hyderabad, Telangana State, India. By integrating visual, auditory, and textual elements, DST facilitates a deeper understanding of vocabulary within context, which supports better retention and accessibility. The study employs the VSS (Vocabulary Self-Collection Strategy) serves as an effective tool to promote student involvement and responsibility in vocabulary learning by encouraging learners to actively discover and gather unfamiliar words, The use of …
Spotlight: Russian Aspect In Conversation And Russian Grammar Youtube Channel, Margaret Godwin-Jones
Spotlight: Russian Aspect In Conversation And Russian Grammar Youtube Channel, Margaret Godwin-Jones
Russian Language Journal
The Digital Resources Corner (DRC) offers reviews of new digital resources that could be beneficial in the teaching and/or learning of Slavic languages. It is intended for instructors looking for or evaluating different materials to use in the classroom.
Telling The Library’S Story: A Step-By-Step Tutorial For Using Data Visualization To Show Impact On Teaching And Learning, David Vickers Loertscher, Michelle Young
Telling The Library’S Story: A Step-By-Step Tutorial For Using Data Visualization To Show Impact On Teaching And Learning, David Vickers Loertscher, Michelle Young
Learning Hub
This tutorial introduces school librarians to the use of data visualization tools for documenting and communicating their impact on teaching and learning. By leveraging accessible platforms like Google Forms and Google Sheets, the authors demonstrate how librarians can build dashboards and real-time visual reports to showcase co-teaching, instructional collaboration, and student engagement. The tutorial features real-world examples, highlights common data sources already available to librarians, and argues that dynamic visual storytelling is a powerful alternative to traditional library statistics.
Reimagining Musical Collaboration: Ai And Music Real-Time Communication (M-Rtc), The Future Of Musical Creativity, Dana Kemack Goot
Reimagining Musical Collaboration: Ai And Music Real-Time Communication (M-Rtc), The Future Of Musical Creativity, Dana Kemack Goot
Journal of the Association for Technology in Music Instruction
This project explored the intersection of Music Real-Time Communication (M-RTC), artificial intelligence (AI), and machine learning (ML) in online musical collaboration. Presented at the 2023 National CMS/ATMI conference, the project served as a preliminary inquiry into how online musicking technologies impact human-to-human interactions and sought out the capabilities in creativity in music technology. The live performance featured three musicians performing from different geographic locations using an AI-generated composition and an AI-powered accompaniment application. The project demonstrated the creative potential of integrating AI and ML into M-RTC, expanding the possibilities for remote collaboration, composition, and performance. The musicians navigated both the …
Структурно-Семантическая Модель Матричной Таблицы Глаголов Звучания: К Реконструкции Лексической Системы, Irina V. Ivliyeva
Структурно-Семантическая Модель Матричной Таблицы Глаголов Звучания: К Реконструкции Лексической Системы, Irina V. Ivliyeva
Arts, Languages and Philosophy Faculty Research & Creative Works
цель статьи – провести структурно-семантический анализ авторской таблицы веб-извлечения глагольных форм. Матричная таблица форм глаголов звучания рассматривается как инновационный лексикографический инструмент, обладающий способностью не только фиксировать уже существующие единицы, но и выявлять потенциальные формы глаголов, находящиеся за пределами кодификационных норм. Работа направлена на описание структуры, принципов построения и способов наполнения данной таблицы. Проводится сопоставление с традиционными лексикографическими источниками. Особое внимание уделяется семантическому значению незаполненных ячеек, способности таблицы к синтезу новых форм и её потенциалу как прогностического инструмента в сфере лексики, словообразования и словообразовательного синтеза.
An Interactive Walkthrough Of Richard Kostelanetz’S Library, Martin Glick
An Interactive Walkthrough Of Richard Kostelanetz’S Library, Martin Glick
Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects
My project utilizes the visual novel game engine Ren’Py to create an embodied virtual walkthrough of Richard Kostelanetz’s personal library. Kostelanetz is a pioneering avante-garde artist, critic, and anthologist whose work spans multiple decades and artistic practices. This interactive experience introduces users to the astounding collection of 25,000 books that Kostelanetz has amassed in Ridgewood, Queens over his decades of publishing avant-garde literature. While scholars might be familiar with his anthologies such as Scenarios: Scripts to Perform (1980) and Texts-Sound Texts (1980), my project allows users to browse through sample pages of his original “Book Art”.
This New Media Object …
Soybean Oil-Derived Acrylate/Methacrylate Ether For High Resolution Additive Manufacturing (3d Printing) Technology, Tanuj Patel
Soybean Oil-Derived Acrylate/Methacrylate Ether For High Resolution Additive Manufacturing (3d Printing) Technology, Tanuj Patel
Electronic Theses & Dissertations
Additive Manufacturing is one of the rapidly developing techniques, as industries continue to explore new ways to create prototypes and end-use parts, one of the significant challenges that remains is the reliance on petroleum-based plastics for 3D printing, especially in the production of photocurable resins. that may be used to prototype complex structures and sophisticated geometries that are typically challenging to produce with conventional methods. Thus, replacing petroleum-based plastics with renewable resources is increasingly important for additive manufacturing (3D printing) of photocurable resins. The use of bio-based renewable resources in AM is a feasible alternative to traditional petroleum-based plastics. Henceforth, …
Using Scaffolding, Gamification, And Self Awareness To Create Responsive Ux/Ui In Cad Software To Nurture Metacognition In Novice Users, Obed Ibrahim Gonzalez
Using Scaffolding, Gamification, And Self Awareness To Create Responsive Ux/Ui In Cad Software To Nurture Metacognition In Novice Users, Obed Ibrahim Gonzalez
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Computer-aided Design (CAD) software represents a significant shift from manual and analog design processes to digital workflows, offering substantial utility, accuracy, and productivity benefits. However, CAD software often presents a steep learning curve, particularly for novice users who are new to the software or possess only basic knowledge. Traditional CAD curricula have predominantly focused on technical problem-solving—teaching tools and systems—while often neglecting strategic knowledge that encompasses reflection, planning, and refining, which are essential components of metacognition. Metacognition is crucial for transforming novices into experts who use fewer and more complex commands, employ sophisticated planning, and achieve their goals more efficiently. …
One-To-One Chromebook Best Practices In Secondary-Level English Language Arts Classrooms, Jonathan M. Cook
One-To-One Chromebook Best Practices In Secondary-Level English Language Arts Classrooms, Jonathan M. Cook
All-Inclusive List of Electronic Theses and Dissertations
This hermeneutic phenomenological study aims to examine the lived experiences of secondary-level English Language Arts (ELA) teachers to better understand what, if any, best practices exist for the use of one-to-one Chromebooks in these teachers’ classrooms. Seventeen participants agreed to be interviewed for this study. All participants had at least two years of teaching experience and at least two years of Chromebook experience. Interviews took place over Zoom and were digitally recorded. Five common themes emerged from these collected data: 1) the importance of training; 2) the frequently problematic oversight from administrators; 3) the overall lack of innovation in classroom …
Harnessing The Affordances Of Whatsapp For Online Learning, Ogbonnaya B. Akpa
Harnessing The Affordances Of Whatsapp For Online Learning, Ogbonnaya B. Akpa
Dissertations and Doctoral Documents, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 2023–
The perennial problem of inadequate funding of public universities in Nigeria hinders their ability to implement online learning using conventional platforms and tools. Educators are compelled to explore alternatives for the cost-effective implementation of online learning. WhatsApp is a tool faculty and students at universities in Nigeria already use, which may be adopted for online learning implementation. This study used a mixed-methods approach to investigate the usefulness of WhatsApp for online learning as perceived by faculty members and students at a Nigerian public university.
Findings of the study revealed that both students and faculty members perceived WhatsApp as a highly …
Textual Transformations: An Introduction To Ai For Composition 101, J. Elizabeth Clark
Textual Transformations: An Introduction To Ai For Composition 101, J. Elizabeth Clark
Open Educational Resources
This curriculum unit is a critical literacy unit about AI designed for first-year writing. The introductory composition course prepares students for academic writing with a heavy emphasis on writing-as-process, critical reading, gathering information, inquiry-based writing, and taking research notes. This curriculum unit pairs the writing portion of the course with an AI critical literacy framework for students.
This is a 20-hour, 9 lesson unit designed for an introductory composition course:
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Prepwork: Preliminary Assessment and AI Policies
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Lesson 1: What is AI?
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Lesson 2: The History of AI
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Lesson 3: How Does AI Work?
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Lesson 4: AI in Action
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Lesson 5: …
Empowering Multilingual Learners Through Culturally Sustaining Pedagogy And Arts-Based Learning In Burkina Faso, Inoussa Malgoubri
Empowering Multilingual Learners Through Culturally Sustaining Pedagogy And Arts-Based Learning In Burkina Faso, Inoussa Malgoubri
Dissertations and Doctoral Documents, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 2023–
This dissertation explores how culturally sustaining pedagogy and arts-based learning can engage multilingual learners of English as an Additional Language (EAL) in Burkina Faso. The research emphasizes the incorporation of local cultural elements and learners' linguistic backgrounds into the EAL curriculum to address challenges such as limited classroom interactions (Somé-Guiebré, 2020) and monolingual instructional strategies with inadequate cultural representation (Ndlangamandla, 2024). This qualitative study integrates culturally relevant materials, including Forum Theater, slam poetry, and griot-style storytelling, to create an engaging and inclusive learning environment. Data consisted of observation, images from arts-based workshops and pre- and post-workshop interviews with selected teachers …
Playing The Digital Dialectic Game: Writing Pedagogy With Generative Ai, Rebekah Shultz Colby
Playing The Digital Dialectic Game: Writing Pedagogy With Generative Ai, Rebekah Shultz Colby
University Writing Program: Faculty Scholarship
This article explores teaching writing with generative AI as critical play where students and teachers engage in an ethically dialectical and aleatory game with generative AI. I qualitatively surveyed 24 writing teachers about how they teach writing with generative AI as well as its advantages and disadvantages. I discovered that teachers used generative AI to teach about the ethics of generative AI's design and rhetorical use to avoid plagiarism. Teachers also critically played with generative AI to teach the writing process of invention, drafting, revision, and editing. Specifically, the critical, dialectical interplay of human and machine invents in aleatory and …
The Effectiveness Of Using Al Hodhud Application To Teach Reading Skills In Arabic As A Second Language In The International Baccalaureate System For Kindergarten Students, Samaa Bassem Haroun, Mohammad M. T. Habib Samkari
The Effectiveness Of Using Al Hodhud Application To Teach Reading Skills In Arabic As A Second Language In The International Baccalaureate System For Kindergarten Students, Samaa Bassem Haroun, Mohammad M. T. Habib Samkari
Journal of the Association of Arab Universities for Research in Higher Education مجلة اتحاد الجامعات العربية للبحوث في التعليم العالي
هدفت الدراسة التعرف إلى فاعلية تطبيق "الهدهد" في تنمية مهارات القراءة باللغة العربية كلغة ثانية لدى طلبة رياض الأطفال في برنامج البكالوريا الدولية، وقد أجريت الدراسة في مدرسة المواهب الإنجليزية في محافظة العاصمة عمان في الأردن خلال الفصل الدراسي الثاني من العام الدراسي 2022-2023. ولتحقيق أهداف الدراسة تم استخدام المنهج شبه التجريبي، وتم اختيار مجموعة الدراسة عمدياً، وتألفت المجموعة من (40) طفلاً من مرحلة رياض الأطفال، وتألفت العينة من مجموعة واحدة درست استخدام تطبيق الهدهد، وتم تطبيق الاختبار القبلي والبعدي، وبعد تطبيق الدراسة وإجراء التحليل الإحصائي أظهرت نتائج فاعلية تطبيق الهدهد في تنمية مهارات القراءة باللغة العربية كلغة ثانية، وأظهرت …
Experiencing The Shift: How Experiential Blended Learning Professional Development Enhances Teacher Self-Efficacy, Shannon N. Tabaldo, Ashley L. Ireland
Experiencing The Shift: How Experiential Blended Learning Professional Development Enhances Teacher Self-Efficacy, Shannon N. Tabaldo, Ashley L. Ireland
Journal of Catholic Education
This qualitative study examines how participation in a multi-year, experiential professional development program—the Academy of Blended Learning (ABL)—shaped teachers’ perceived self-efficacy in implementing blended learning. Grounded in Bandura’s self-efficacy theory, Bruner’s constructivism, and Knowles’ adult learning principles, the study drew on semi-structured interviews and instructional artifacts from eight teachers in Catholic schools serving historically marginalized communities in California. Findings suggest that ABL participation was associated with increased instructional confidence, a stronger sense of professional purpose, and greater enthusiasm for student-centered, technology-enhanced learning. Teachers attributed these shifts to ABL’s design, which emphasized active participation, collaborative inquiry, differentiated instruction, and development of …
The Integration Of Artificial Intelligence And Ontologies: Transformations In Knowledge Representation And Application, Grazia Serratore, Julaine Clunis
The Integration Of Artificial Intelligence And Ontologies: Transformations In Knowledge Representation And Application, Grazia Serratore, Julaine Clunis
STEMPS Faculty Publications
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is reshaping the landscape of knowledge representation. There is an increasingly strong bidirectional relationship, between AI techniques and ontologies. AI techniques revolutionized traditional, manual ontology development and contribute to automated ontology construction, while ontologies enhance the performance of AI systems and their semantic accuracy. Through a comprehensive review of current literature, this paper aims to examine: i) how Machine Learning (ML) techniques contribute to the automated construction, refinement, and validation of ontologies; ii) the most widely used and effective ML approaches for ontology construction; iii) how domain-specific requirements influence the selection and adaptation of AI techniques for …
Hypnosis And Mindfulness Audio Recordings For Reducing Fatigue In Individuals With Multiple Sclerosis: A Randomized Controlled Study, Mark P. Jensen, Susan Robles, Michael G. Nash, Susanne May, Dwan M. Ehde, Melissa A. Day, Owen Gottlieb, Laurence I. Sugarman, Kevin N. Alschuler
Hypnosis And Mindfulness Audio Recordings For Reducing Fatigue In Individuals With Multiple Sclerosis: A Randomized Controlled Study, Mark P. Jensen, Susan Robles, Michael G. Nash, Susanne May, Dwan M. Ehde, Melissa A. Day, Owen Gottlieb, Laurence I. Sugarman, Kevin N. Alschuler
Articles
Background
Fatigue is a common problem in individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS).
Objective
The objective was to evaluate the effects on fatigue of having 4 weeks of
access to audio recordings of therapeutic hypnosis (HYP) and mindfulness meditation
(MM) practices.
Methods
A total of 333 individuals with MS and fatigue were randomly assigned to
one of the three treatment conditions for 28 weeks: (1) access to therapeutic HYP audio
recordings, (2) access to MM audio recordings, or (3) no access to recordings
(treatment as usual or TAU). Fatigue impact (primary outcome) and other outcomes
were assessed at 4, 16, and …
Ai-Powered Genre-Based Writing Assignments For Intermediate And Advanced Russian Learners, Natalia Petrova, Iuliia Rychkova
Ai-Powered Genre-Based Writing Assignments For Intermediate And Advanced Russian Learners, Natalia Petrova, Iuliia Rychkova
Russian Language Journal
The integration of AI into language education has been a subject of growing interest among researchers and educators, but the adoption of even basic AI tools in the classroom has been slow and cautious (Vogt & Flindt, 2023). Most available research on integrating AI tools to improve L2 writing proficiency focuses on services that provide automated written corrective feedback (e.g., Tran, 2024; Wiboolyasarin et al., 2024). In contrast, this report explores the possible implementation of AI tools as teacher-facing systems (Baker & Smith, 2019), that is, how language instructors can use ChatGPT and Gemini to lower their workload in class …