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Full-Text Articles in Educational Psychology

Mississippi Early Childhood Math Resource Guide: Supporting Mathematical Development From Birth Through Age Eight, Melissa Luckett, Systems Change Lab, Mississippi State University, Social Science Research Center, Mississippi State University May 2026

Mississippi Early Childhood Math Resource Guide: Supporting Mathematical Development From Birth Through Age Eight, Melissa Luckett, Systems Change Lab, Mississippi State University, Social Science Research Center, Mississippi State University

Books

The Mississippi Early Childhood Math Resource Guide is a comprehensive, research-informed digital publication designed to support the development of foundational mathematical skills in children from birth through age eight. Developed by the Systems Change Lab at Mississippi State University's Social Science Research Center, the guide translates evidence-based early mathematics concepts into practical, accessible strategies for educators, families, and caregivers. 

Organized by developmental stages, the guide integrates learning domains, age-appropriate math skills, and everyday instructional practices to promote the use of "math talk" and embedded learning opportunities across settings. It incorporates activities, instructional strategies, and resources aligned to support both formal …


Research Remix: Teams, Tech, And Texts, Jaime Carbajal Apr 2026

Research Remix: Teams, Tech, And Texts, Jaime Carbajal

UNLV Best Teaching Practices Expo

The pedagogical innovation that enhanced student learning in the Research Methodologies in Health Sciences course is described as Integrated Digital Collaborative Inquiry-Based Learning (IDCIBL). The IDCIBL approach leveraged digital tools (lecture videos, podcasts, recorded poster presentations, and Artificial Intelligence (AI) platforms), integrated journal article analysis, utilized research-informed active learning, and included team-based learning activities. The combination of multiple innovative strategies into the IDCIBL model intentionally transforms the educational environment and optimizes the student learning experience, relating to the TLC priority area of teaching and assessments in the age of Gen AI.


Motivational Systems In Education That Encourage Academic Achievement & Student Leadership, Hannah A. Lockhart, Angela Elsass Apr 2026

Motivational Systems In Education That Encourage Academic Achievement & Student Leadership, Hannah A. Lockhart, Angela Elsass

2026 Honors Symposium

This research examines how school-based motivational systems influence academic achievement, student engagement, and leadership development in K–12 educational settings. Grounded in contemporary motivational theory, the project explores motivation as a multidimensional construct shaped by autonomy, competence, relatedness, and belonging. Using an expanded review of literature as the primary methodological framework, the research synthesized 97 scholarly sources retrieved through multiple academic databases, including the University of Arkansas Libraries system, and integrated qualitative insight from a semi-structured professional interview with educator Ron Clark. Findings suggest that intentionally designed motivational systems, including schoolwide frameworks that foster belonging, recognition, and student agency, have a …


Unique Undergraduate Experiences And Their Impact On Postgraduate Plans For St. Mary's University Psychology Majors, Angelina Robledo, Zoe Lozano, Jose Ignacio Guerrero Donoso Apr 2026

Unique Undergraduate Experiences And Their Impact On Postgraduate Plans For St. Mary's University Psychology Majors, Angelina Robledo, Zoe Lozano, Jose Ignacio Guerrero Donoso

Posters - 2026

  • The amount of research opportunities a student has available is linked to higher post graduate student success rate (Stoloff et al., 2015).
  • The quality of different research experiences also matter (Love et al., 2007). Positive undergraduate experiences lead to higher levels of self-efficacy in undergraduate students.
  • Students' soft skills are improved throughout various classroom activities, preparing them for post graduate opportunities (Marsh et al., 2016).
  • Wayment and Dickinson (2008) found that students who participated in undergraduate research were more likely to get accepted to graduate school.
  • Hypotheses
    • Attending sophomore retreat can reassure areas of interest for psychology undergraduates, which may …


Trigger Warnings And A Pedagogy Of Trust, Morgan Read-Davidson Jan 2026

Trigger Warnings And A Pedagogy Of Trust, Morgan Read-Davidson

English Faculty Books and Book Chapters

"While the larger conversation about difficult content and trigger warnings is not new, the sudden need for urgently scheduled meetings with me did not begin until the COVID- 19 pandemic crisis and our move to remote instruction, and the subsequent adjustment back to the classroom. This seems to coincide with the increase of online and social media interaction during the pandemic, where the use of trigger warnings and content warnings on social media, particularly on Twitter, Instagram, and TikTok, have made the conversation far more visible. For students, this seems to have given them validation and confidence, as well as …


Introduction To Trigger Warnings: Teaching Through Trauma, Ian Barnard, Ryan Ashley Caldwell, Jada Patchigondla, Aneil Rallin, Morgan Read-Davidson, Ethan Trejo, Kristi M. Wilson Jan 2026

Introduction To Trigger Warnings: Teaching Through Trauma, Ian Barnard, Ryan Ashley Caldwell, Jada Patchigondla, Aneil Rallin, Morgan Read-Davidson, Ethan Trejo, Kristi M. Wilson

English Faculty Books and Book Chapters

"The individual histories of both trigger warnings and trauma have evolved rapidly in the overlapping wakes of COVID, mental health crises, attacks on educational institutions in the United States, climate apocalypse, evergrowing economic inequities, and, more promisingly, attempts at political redress and educational equity. At the same time, trigger warnings and trauma have become exponentially more intimately linked in the past few years. But however often the topic of trigger warnings provokes heated discussion, the appeals and alignments of the interlocutors equally as frequently defy neat political binaries. Critiques of trigger warnings come from all sides of the political and …


Enhancing Student Success Prediction With Multimodal Machine Learning Models, Senay Berhe Nov 2025

Enhancing Student Success Prediction With Multimodal Machine Learning Models, Senay Berhe

Undergraduate Research Symposium Posters

This project explores how multimodal, fairness-aware machine learning models can enhance early prediction of student success while promoting equity in higher education. Traditional prediction models often rely on static academic or demographic data, which can unintentionally reinforce bias and overlook the complex, behavioral aspects of learning. Our approach integrates engagement metrics from learning management systems, academic performance data, and motivational survey responses to capture a more holistic view of student learning. The predictive framework emphasizes behavioral and psychological features that are both actionable and ethically sound, supporting real-time intervention through the iTOOLS platform. By focusing on engagement consistency and motivational …


9th Gsep Research Symposium - 2025 Oct 2025

9th Gsep Research Symposium - 2025

GSEP Research Symposium

The Ninth Annual GSEP Research Symposium, themed "Building Bridges to Elevate Humanity: Innovations and Insights in Education and Psychology", was hosted by the Pepperdine University Graduate School of Education and Psychology (GSEP) on June 19–20, 2025, at the historic Château d’Hauteville in Switzerland and virtually via Zoom.

This hybrid symposium convened a vibrant global community of students, alumni, faculty, and scholars to share research that addresses real-world challenges, advances scholarly inquiry, and builds pathways for inclusive collaboration and leadership. Spanning a wide array of topics—from artificial intelligence and mental health to trauma-informed practices, educational equity, social justice, and cross-cultural leadership—the …


Increasing Implementation Of The Comfortable Cafeteria Program To Promote School-Age Children’S Mental Health And Well-Being, Reinecka Mondesir, Angela Labrie Blackwell Phd, Otr Aug 2025

Increasing Implementation Of The Comfortable Cafeteria Program To Promote School-Age Children’S Mental Health And Well-Being, Reinecka Mondesir, Angela Labrie Blackwell Phd, Otr

Summer 2025 OTD Capstone Symposium

Every Moment Counts (EMC) is a positive mental health promotion initiative that offers several initiatives to create inclusive environments that support student participation and emotional well-being throughout the school day. Comfortable Cafeteria, part of EMC, fosters positive mealtime experiences supporting peer interaction, emotional regulation, and inclusion. Many SBOT practitioners lack the resources to implement Comfortable Cafeteria, despite its benefits. This capstone project addresses the need for practical tools to help school-based occupational therapy (SBOT) practitioners integrate the Comfortable Cafeteria program into daily practice. Using the Multi-Tiered System of Supports (MTSS) framework, the project developed and disseminated an interactive, evidence-based video …


Research Newsletter Faculty Of Arts & Sciences: Issue Iv, Faculty Of Arts And Sciences Jun 2025

Research Newsletter Faculty Of Arts & Sciences: Issue Iv, Faculty Of Arts And Sciences

Faculty of Arts and Sciences Archives

  • Research Newsletter
  • RISE Programme
  • Early Career Faculty Support
  • Grant Writing
  • Community-Based Water Management
  • Climate Change Projects
  • Student Internships
  • AHRC Network Workshop
  • Dr. Nichola Khan
  • Grants Consultant
  • Mishal Hammad Saeed


The Power Of Connection: Fostering A Safe And Supportive Classroom, Michelle A. Arroyo Apr 2025

The Power Of Connection: Fostering A Safe And Supportive Classroom, Michelle A. Arroyo

UNLV Best Teaching Practices Expo

One of the most effective teaching practices is building strong relationships with students and creating a safe, supportive classroom environment. When students feel valued, respected, and comfortable, they are more likely to engage in learning, take risks, and persist through challenges. In my classroom, I prioritize getting to know my students personally, establishing consistent expectations, and fostering a culture where mistakes are seen as opportunities for growth. By emphasizing trust, encouragement, and open communication, I create a space where students feel safe to ask questions without fear, advocate for themselves, and develop confidence in their abilities. This approach is particularly …


Teaching With Roleplaying Games, Bryan Blankfield Apr 2025

Teaching With Roleplaying Games, Bryan Blankfield

UNLV Best Teaching Practices Expo

Roleplaying Games (RPG) offer a uniquely dynamic teaching practice. Educational RPGs invite students to roleplay as historical figures or character types navigating complex scenarios. My students have roleplayed as golden age hip hop artists, presidential campaign teams, and citizens debating for/against Maya Lin’s proposed Vietnam Veterans Memorial in 1980. Any scenario is possible! The length of these games can span from one class period to an entire semester. It just depends on your objectives.


Helping Students Frame Their Educational Experiences, Nathan Slife, Joseph Ervin Apr 2025

Helping Students Frame Their Educational Experiences, Nathan Slife, Joseph Ervin

UNLV Best Teaching Practices Expo

What separates a good instructor from a great instructor? One crucial aspect of a great instructor is their ability to help students frame their educational experiences. This framing assistance occurs for both good and challenging student experiences. Instructors play an important role in helping students understand their educational experiences. An instructor may not recognize that they have such a role. We encourage instructors to be intentional about their role in students’ framing.


Creative Arts Therapies Week, Raquel Estrada, William Flores Mar 2025

Creative Arts Therapies Week, Raquel Estrada, William Flores

Library Display Posters

Creative Arts Therapies Week is observed during the third week of March. It is a collection of posters that has been designed to highlight library resources in celebration of Creative Arts Therapies Week. Poster topics include: General Books, Streaming Films, and Research Resources. Book and video covers are hyperlinked.


Historias De Vida De La Práctica Pedagógica De Maestros Afectados Por El Conflicto Armado En La Frontera Del Departamento De Norte De Santander, Colombia, José Pascual Mora García Nov 2024

Historias De Vida De La Práctica Pedagógica De Maestros Afectados Por El Conflicto Armado En La Frontera Del Departamento De Norte De Santander, Colombia, José Pascual Mora García

Educación

Este libro recoge los relatos de más de treinta docentes, en su mayoría mujeres, que ejercen su labor en zonas rurales de Norte de Santander, una región afectada por el conflicto armado en Colombia. Basado en el proyecto de investigación «La universidad colombiana en la formación de educadores, modernidad, poder político en la sociedad del conocimiento (1992-2019)», este trabajo explora prácticas pedagógicas resilientes y decoloniales, y recupera las voces de los maestros para destacar los desafíos y valores pedagógicos en contextos adversos. La investigación, realizada con enfoque fenomenológico y epistemología pluriversa, documenta sus experiencias a lo largo de décadas, abordando …


Alternatives To Screen Time Given In Parenting Advice, Emma Romeo Nov 2024

Alternatives To Screen Time Given In Parenting Advice, Emma Romeo

Undergraduate Research Symposium Lightning Talks

Screen time within the last decade is an area of rising interest, especially in a "Post-Covid" world. Despite a diversity of opinions being written and research being done on screen time, what is being presented as an alternative is lesser known. In this research, the aim is to identify types of activities that are presented to parents as alternatives' to screen time in parenting websites and blogs. This study uses qualitative content analysis of over 240 articles from 2019-2023 mentioning media use or screen time from two regularly consumed and popular parenting websites, Sheknows.com and Parents.com. The data so far …


Instructional Systems Design: The Diffusion And Adoption Of Technology: (Volume 2), Cassandra Celaya (Author), Pamela J. Downing (Author), Jessica Shifflett (Author), Debbie Gdula (Author), Tracie Barr (Author), Miguel Ramlatchan (Author & Editor) Oct 2024

Instructional Systems Design: The Diffusion And Adoption Of Technology: (Volume 2), Cassandra Celaya (Author), Pamela J. Downing (Author), Jessica Shifflett (Author), Debbie Gdula (Author), Tracie Barr (Author), Miguel Ramlatchan (Author & Editor)

University Administration Bookshelf

Instructional designers, instructional systems designers, and other educational technologists are, by their nature, innovators. These professionals apply and extend the applied science of learning, systems, communication, and instructional design theory to help students learn. Technology in some capacity is used to make the connections between subject matter experts, teachers, instructors, and their learners. It is common for instructional designers to seek new tools, techniques, and innovations for the improvement of learning, access, quality, and student satisfaction. However, the adoption and diffusion of new educational technology and innovation is a complex process that depends on many variables. Understanding these processes and …


Gsep Research Symposium Proceedings - 2024 Sep 2024

Gsep Research Symposium Proceedings - 2024

GSEP Research Symposium

The 8th Annual GSEP Research Symposium, was themed "Dismantling Barriers between Research and Practice: Shining a Light on Global Interdisciplinary Solutions," took place on July 18-19, 2024, at the picturesque Château d'Hauteville in Saint-Légier-La Chiésaz, Switzerland.

The annual symposium is hosted by the Pepperdine University Graduate School of Education and Psychology (GSEP). The symposium served as a dynamic platform for students, faculty, alums, and staff to come together and explore innovative ideas across multiple disciplines. Featuring 69 selected presentations under five distinct tracks, the proceedings showcase groundbreaking research, foster meaningful discussions, and promote professional development.

The symposium aimed to bridge …


The Learn Method: An Interactive Guide For Effective Learning, Karla Lassonde May 2024

The Learn Method: An Interactive Guide For Effective Learning, Karla Lassonde

MSU Authors Collection

The LEARN Method is a program designed to teach students strategies to improve learning.

NOTE: Some of the interactive elements are not available in the PDF version. Please visit https://minnstate.pressbooks.pub/learnmethod/ to view the online version with full H5P elements.


Pre To Post Course Differences In Knowledge And Perception Of A Careers For Psychology Majors Course, Laura Powell May 2024

Pre To Post Course Differences In Knowledge And Perception Of A Careers For Psychology Majors Course, Laura Powell

CoTL 2024 Research Talks

The Psychology Department at the University of South Alabama began teaching a course titled “Careers for Psychology Majors” in Fall 2019. This sophomore level course was created to help psychology majors explore careers options with a bachelor's degree in psychology as well as careers that require graduate study. Students completed a pre and post course survey from their Landrum and Davis (2020) textbook regarding their knowledge and perceptions of career options after graduating. Pre to post course changes in student surveys were analyzed with paired samples t-tests for each question. Increases from pre to post was observed with every question …


Interprofessional Community Schools, Shauna Curran, Morgan Bassett, Belle Betit, Kelly Couch, Allie Hegarty, Katelynn Leblanc Apr 2024

Interprofessional Community Schools, Shauna Curran, Morgan Bassett, Belle Betit, Kelly Couch, Allie Hegarty, Katelynn Leblanc

CAIEP Spring Showcase 2024

This presentation details the key components of community schools and their importance to community members and students alike. Comprised of four primary pillars, these schools focus on expanding learning opportunities, bringing in a variety of student supports, serving families collectively, while emphasizing the collaborative element of leadership. Community schools serve as an integration point of various elements of a community to come together in order to produce maximum benefits for all.


Moving Through: Supporting Preservice Teachers’ Transition Through College To The Profession Using Homerooms, David Wolff, Mark Diacopoulos, Alexis Durman, Alexis Monks, Madison Adamson, Kim Ballew Jan 2024

Moving Through: Supporting Preservice Teachers’ Transition Through College To The Profession Using Homerooms, David Wolff, Mark Diacopoulos, Alexis Durman, Alexis Monks, Madison Adamson, Kim Ballew

Open Educational Resources - Teaching and Learning

Preservice Teachers at Pitt State undergo a significant transition from student to professional. Faculty in the College of Education created a weekly Homeroom to support this shift, covering topics like goal setting, power dynamics, generational differences, self-care, identity charts, and time management. Preservice Teachers’ experiences will be shared.


Exploring Belonging And Success In First Generation College Students With Disabilities, Cael Sinclair, Molly Taylor, Sharon Zumbrunn Jan 2024

Exploring Belonging And Success In First Generation College Students With Disabilities, Cael Sinclair, Molly Taylor, Sharon Zumbrunn

Undergraduate Research Posters

As colleges create initiatives to admit and accommodate marginalized students, the struggles of those marginalized students are becoming increasingly impactful and present. Research suggests that students’ sense of social belonging is often connected to student academic success (Connell & Wellborn 1991). However, marginalized students often experience a lower sense of belonging, particularly students who are the first in their families to go to college (Stebleton et al. 2014), and those who identify as disabled (Leake & Stodden 2014). The present study evaluated how the strengths and experiences of first-generation college students with disabilities impacted their belonging and academic success in …


The Effects Of A Shared Vision Of Teacher Leadership On Classroom Teachers’ Instruction, Tiffany L. Bockelmann Dec 2023

The Effects Of A Shared Vision Of Teacher Leadership On Classroom Teachers’ Instruction, Tiffany L. Bockelmann

The Interactive Journal of Global Leadership and Learning Infographics

Many models of instructional teacher leadership exist in schools with various outcomes for teachers. The aim of this illustrative case study was to understand systemic alignment in a formal teacher leadership system and how this alignment impacted instructional change. This dissertation was framed by three research questions: 1) How do the rationales of teachers, teacher leaders, and administrators regarding teacher leadership in their school align? 2) How does the coherence of a system of leadership impact classroom teachers’ abilities to engage with formal teacher leaders? 3) How does the coherence of a system of leadership impact classroom teachers’ abilities to …


The Relationship Between School Refusal Behavior And Executive Functions, Christina Saliba, Shreyas Bhat, Karina R. Carrillo-Juárez [email protected], Randolph Dupont Apr 2023

The Relationship Between School Refusal Behavior And Executive Functions, Christina Saliba, Shreyas Bhat, Karina R. Carrillo-Juárez [email protected], Randolph Dupont

Undergraduate Research Symposium Posters

School refusal is a pressing issue that impacts children throughout the United States. School Refusal behaviors can be attributed to four distinct reasons: avoiding school because it induces negative emotions (ANA), avoiding social or evaluative situations (ESE), seeking attention from others (AGB), and pursuing rewards outside of the school environment (PTR) (Kearney, 2002). Executive functions are mechanisms that monitor and regulate cognitive processes and tasks. These include problem-solving, working memory, attention, and inhibition. Executive functions can be linked with various aspects of school achievement and cognitive development in children and adolescents (Sosic-Vasic, 2017). Previous research has shown that kindergarteners who …


Play As Curriculum, Drew Chappell Apr 2023

Play As Curriculum, Drew Chappell

Theatre Faculty Books and Book Chapters

Play as an academic field comprises multiple disciplines, definitions, and objectives and acknowledges a link between play and learning. Historically and in contemporary societies, play has been used as a teaching methodology; this occurs in formal classroom pedagogy as well as outside the classroom as part of informal and improvisational curriculum. Because play generally includes a component of pleasure, as a methodology it compels entry into learning in a way other practices do not. Yet this playful learning can be problematic, depending on outcomes and structures that define the play/learning experience through narrative and power dynamics. Scholars may analyze various …


Video Game Therapy For Adhd Managment, Wilhelm Alec Sison Beroncal Jan 2023

Video Game Therapy For Adhd Managment, Wilhelm Alec Sison Beroncal

Nursing | Student Research Posters

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) stands out as the most common childhood neurodevelopmental disorder, leading to functional challenges in various aspects of the daily lives of affected young individuals (Bul et al., 2016).

There is no current cure for ADHD, however effective treatments are available through medications. The FDA has authorized two types of medications for managing ADHD in children as young as 6 years old: stimulants, such as methylphenidate and amphetamine (e.g. Adderall), and non-stimulant options including Strattera, Intuniv, Kapvay, and Qelbree (U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 2023).

The choice of treatment is highly individualized to meet the specific …


Creating A Gifted-Friendly Classroom, David Wolff Jan 2023

Creating A Gifted-Friendly Classroom, David Wolff

Open Educational Resources - Teaching and Learning

The goal of undergraduate teacher preparation programs is to equip future teachers to work with all learners. Gifted and talented learners are likely found in every classroom regardless of where they reside. According to Rinn et al. (2022), Kansas, Missouri, Oklahoma, Colorado, and Nebraska do not require undergraduate teacher candidates to take university coursework on gifted education. The goal of this presentation is to provide a general overview of gifted education specific to Kansas. This presentation aims to address myths and misconceptions about gifted education and gifted learners, characteristics of gifted learners, a basic overview of a general identification process, …


Aportes A La Psicología Desde La Presencia Y El Impacto A La Región Sabana De Occidente, Rafael Leonardo Cortes Lugo, Adrián David Galindo Ubaque, Julieth Carolina Castro Morales, Leidy Carolina Amezquita Bautista, Camila Brigitte Cárdenas Hernández, Viviana Alejandra Molina Lozano, Brayan David Apache Galvis, Leidy Yuray Pachón Velandia, Jesús Francisco Castro Molina, Jessica Yulieth Ardila Becerra, Astrid Carolina Zapata Londoño, Diana Carolina Álvarez Gómez, Anguie Carolina Colorado Hernández, Angie Tatiana Manzanares Medina, Yizeth Carolina Restrepo Hernández, Leidy Viviana Salcedo Ramírez Dec 2022

Aportes A La Psicología Desde La Presencia Y El Impacto A La Región Sabana De Occidente, Rafael Leonardo Cortes Lugo, Adrián David Galindo Ubaque, Julieth Carolina Castro Morales, Leidy Carolina Amezquita Bautista, Camila Brigitte Cárdenas Hernández, Viviana Alejandra Molina Lozano, Brayan David Apache Galvis, Leidy Yuray Pachón Velandia, Jesús Francisco Castro Molina, Jessica Yulieth Ardila Becerra, Astrid Carolina Zapata Londoño, Diana Carolina Álvarez Gómez, Anguie Carolina Colorado Hernández, Angie Tatiana Manzanares Medina, Yizeth Carolina Restrepo Hernández, Leidy Viviana Salcedo Ramírez

Ciencias Sociales, Humanidades y Ciencias Políticas

El programa de Psicología de la Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Humanidades y Ciencias Políticas de la Universidad de Cundinamarca en sus 10 años ha tenido el propósito y objetivo de formar profesionales que aporten, desde sus conocimientos, las herramientas a las necesidades sociales del municipio de Facatativá , la región y el territorio nacional. Por ello, el programa se ha preocupado por fortalecer los procesos de ciencia, tecnología e innovación, las prácticas y la interacción social. A partir de estos ejes, el compromiso del programa se ha acrecentado y seguirá de acuerdo con la propuesta del Modelo Educativo Digital Transmoderno …


Instructional Systems Design And The Diffusion And Adoption Of Technology: (Volume 1), Miguel Ramlatchan (Author & Editor), Mark Parsons (Author), Meghan Soldani (Author), Josie Joswick Mendoza (Author), Maria Satre (Author), Brittany Spitz (Author), Jasmine Bundy (Author), Amanda Kline (Author) Nov 2022

Instructional Systems Design And The Diffusion And Adoption Of Technology: (Volume 1), Miguel Ramlatchan (Author & Editor), Mark Parsons (Author), Meghan Soldani (Author), Josie Joswick Mendoza (Author), Maria Satre (Author), Brittany Spitz (Author), Jasmine Bundy (Author), Amanda Kline (Author)

Distance Learning Faculty & Staff Books

Instructional designers, instructional systems designers, and other educational technologists are, by their nature, innovators. These professionals apply and extend the applied science of learning, systems, communication, and instructional design theory to help students learn. Technology in some capacity is used to make the connections between subject matter experts, teachers, instructors, and their learners. It is common for instructional designers to seek new tools, techniques, and innovations for the improvement of learning, access, quality, and student satisfaction. However, the adoption and diffusion of new educational technology and innovation is a complex process that depends on many variables. Understanding these processes and …