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Articles 31 - 60 of 197
Full-Text Articles in Educational Psychology
Incremental Improvements: Examining Instructional Changes And Rationales Of K-12 Online Teachers Using The Picrat And 4e Frameworks, Jered Borup, Rocio Quiroga Velasquez, Charles R. Graham, Leanna Archambault, Royce Kimmons
Incremental Improvements: Examining Instructional Changes And Rationales Of K-12 Online Teachers Using The Picrat And 4e Frameworks, Jered Borup, Rocio Quiroga Velasquez, Charles R. Graham, Leanna Archambault, Royce Kimmons
Faculty Publications
Teacher preparation programs have been slow to prepare teachers for the online environment, leaving many online teachers needing to learn on the job. However, little research has examined how online teachers grow as educators. One way to better understand this growth is to examine the changes online teachers make in their instruction and their rationales for making them. In this qualitative case study, we surveyed online teachers three times during an academic year regarding their instructional changes. Participants described these changes and categorized them on a modified PICRAT matrix to indicate if the changes made student learning more passive, interactive, …
Increase Student Engagement In Online Writing Environments, Jonathan Balzotti, Jason K. Mcdonald, Kevin Haws, Amy Allen Rogers, Matthew J. Baker
Increase Student Engagement In Online Writing Environments, Jonathan Balzotti, Jason K. Mcdonald, Kevin Haws, Amy Allen Rogers, Matthew J. Baker
Faculty Publications
This case study explores a type of educational simulation, an alternative reality game we call a playable case study (PCS), and how its use influenced student engagement in an online writing classroom. The goal of the simulation was to help students create professional communication artifacts and experience real-world professional communication situations. This article reports the effectiveness of the playable case study as a tool specifically for online writing instruction (OWI). The context of our research was a PCS called Microcore. Acting as interns for a company, students are asked to investigate a serious problem that occurs and present a solution …
Evidence-Based Use Of Cognitive Testing For Academic Interventions: A Critical Appraisal Of Meta-Analytic Methodologies, Scott L. Decker, Jessica C. Luedke
Evidence-Based Use Of Cognitive Testing For Academic Interventions: A Critical Appraisal Of Meta-Analytic Methodologies, Scott L. Decker, Jessica C. Luedke
Faculty Publications
Research suggests Specific Learning Disabilities (SLD) are directly linked to specific neurocognitive deficits that result in unexpected learning delays in academic domains for children in schools. However, meta-analytic studies have failed to find supporting evidence for using neurocognitive tests and, consequently, have discouraged their inclusion in SLD identification policies. The current study critically reviews meta-analytic findings and the methodological validity of over 200 research studies used in previous meta-analytic studies to estimate the causal effect of neurocognitive tests on intervention outcomes. Results suggest that only a very small percentage (6–12%) of studies used in previous meta-analytic studies were methodologically valid …
Validating A Blended Teaching Readiness Instrument For Primary/Secondary Preservice Teachers, Douglas E. Archibald, Charles R. Graham, Ross Larsen
Validating A Blended Teaching Readiness Instrument For Primary/Secondary Preservice Teachers, Douglas E. Archibald, Charles R. Graham, Ross Larsen
Faculty Publications
Blended learning is the fastest growing teaching modality in North America and much of the world. However, research and training in blended learning are far outpaced by its usage. To remedy this gap, we developed a competency framework and Blended Teaching Readiness Instrument (BTRI) to help teachers and researchers evaluate teacher readiness for blended environments. The purpose of this research is to show that the blended teaching readiness model and accompanying BTRI are reliable for use with teacher candidates both before and after going through a blended teaching course. This knowledge would allow researchers and practitioners to have greater confidence …
K-12 Blended Teaching Skills And Abilities: An Analysis Of Blended Teaching Artifacts, Cecil R. Short, Charles R. Graham, Emily Sabey
K-12 Blended Teaching Skills And Abilities: An Analysis Of Blended Teaching Artifacts, Cecil R. Short, Charles R. Graham, Emily Sabey
Faculty Publications
Several professional organizations, non-profit groups, and researchers have provided K–12 blended teaching (BT) competencies; however, few of these have connected competencies to concrete practices. This analysis used a set of research-based BT dispositions, technology skills, and competencies (i.e., proficiencies) to analyze a representative sample of 959 artifacts focused on BT practices to uncover the proficiencies important to K–12 BT. The dispositions recognized for BT appeared in 87.9% of the artifacts, personalization competencies in 58.3%, technology skills in 54.0%, data practices in 46.0%, implementation competencies in 37.1%, online integration competencies in 30.4%, and online interaction competencies in 5.6%. Each of these …
Preparing Teachers To Teach In K-12 Blended Environments: A Systematic Mapping Review Of Research Trends, Impact, And Themes, Cecil R. Short, Charles R. Graham, Theresa Holmes, Laura Oviatt, Hannah Bateman
Preparing Teachers To Teach In K-12 Blended Environments: A Systematic Mapping Review Of Research Trends, Impact, And Themes, Cecil R. Short, Charles R. Graham, Theresa Holmes, Laura Oviatt, Hannah Bateman
Faculty Publications
No abstract provided.
Rural High School Principals And The Challenge Of Standards-Based Grading, Tom Buckmiller, Matt Townsley, Robyn Cooper
Rural High School Principals And The Challenge Of Standards-Based Grading, Tom Buckmiller, Matt Townsley, Robyn Cooper
Faculty Publications
The purpose of this study was to better understand how principals in rural schools are thinking about assessment and grading practices and if they anticipate implementing policy changes in the near future that may require increased support. Principals of schools in rural areas often face challenges that are significantly different from those of their urban and suburban counterparts. The researchers used a mixed-method survey to better understand if progressive grading policies were a part of the vision for principals of rural high schools, if they possessed conceptual underpinnings of such practices, and if they believed they had the capacity within …
Losing As And Fs: What Works For Schools Implementing Standards-Based Grading?, Matt Townsley, Tom Buckmiller
Losing As And Fs: What Works For Schools Implementing Standards-Based Grading?, Matt Townsley, Tom Buckmiller
Faculty Publications
The purpose of this essay is to document what works when K-12 schools implement standards-based grading through a deep dive into related literature and to suggest areas for future considerations. To ignore what others are doing and what is presented in the research literature on teaching and learning is not only inefficient, it is also irresponsible and unprofessional (Gupton, 2010). As more schools work to implement a robust teaching, learning and assessment system, K-12 teachers and administrators in the early stages of redesigning their grading practices will be looking towards the successes and struggles of early adopters in order to …
Academic Communities Of Engagement: An Expansive Lens For Examining Support Structures In Blended And Online Learning, Jered Borup, Charles R. Graham, Richard E. West, Leanna Archambault, Kristian J. Spring
Academic Communities Of Engagement: An Expansive Lens For Examining Support Structures In Blended And Online Learning, Jered Borup, Charles R. Graham, Richard E. West, Leanna Archambault, Kristian J. Spring
Faculty Publications
In this article we share the Academic Communities of Engagement (ACE) framework, which describes a student’s ability to engage affectively, behaviorally, and cognitively in an online or blended course independently and with support. Based on Vygotsky’s (Mind in society: the development of higher psychological processes, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1978) zone of proximal development, the framework examines how a student’s ability to engage in online or blended courses increases with support from two types of communities. The course community is organized and facilitated by those associated with the course or program. The personal community is comprised of actors not officially …
Supporting Students During Covid-19: Developing And Leveraging Academic Communities Of Engagement In A Time Of Crisis, Jered Borup, Michelle Jensen, Leanna Archambault, Cecil R. Short, Charles R. Graham
Supporting Students During Covid-19: Developing And Leveraging Academic Communities Of Engagement In A Time Of Crisis, Jered Borup, Michelle Jensen, Leanna Archambault, Cecil R. Short, Charles R. Graham
Faculty Publications
As school closures require educators to transition to remote teaching, relevant models for supporting students are necessary. This article discusses Academic Communities of Engagement (ACE), a framework identifying two communities to help support student engagement: (a) the course community associated with course or school (teacher, peers, administrators, counselors) and (b) students’ personal community with long-standing relationships (parents, siblings, friends). Within the framework these communities can provide affective, behavioral, and cognitive support in online (remote) settings. Examples from two schools that had to go remote demonstrate application of the framework promoting student engagement and success.
The Picrat Model For Technology Integration In Teacher Preparation, Royce Kimmons, Charles R. Graham, Richard E. West
The Picrat Model For Technology Integration In Teacher Preparation, Royce Kimmons, Charles R. Graham, Richard E. West
Faculty Publications
Technology integration models are theoretical constructs that guide researchers, educators, and other stakeholders in conceptualizing the messy, complex, and unstructured phenomenon of technology integration. Building on critiques and theoretical work in this area, the authors report on their analysis of the needs, benefits, and limitations of technology integration models in teacher preparation and propose a new model: PICRAT. PIC (passive, interactive, creative) refers to the student’s relationship to a technology in a particular educational scenario. RAT (replacement, amplification, transformation) describes the impact of the technology on a teacher’s previous practice. PICRAT can be a useful model for teaching technology integration, …
Teacher Recruitment: Factors That Predict High School Students’ Willingness To Become Teachers, Steve Christensen, Randall Davies, Scott Harris, Joseph Hanks, Byran Bowles
Teacher Recruitment: Factors That Predict High School Students’ Willingness To Become Teachers, Steve Christensen, Randall Davies, Scott Harris, Joseph Hanks, Byran Bowles
Faculty Publications
This study examines factors that influence high school students’ willingness to consider teaching as a career. Using predictive modeling, we identified five factors that are highly predictive of a students’ willingness to consider teaching and their belief that teaching is their best career option. Results indicated that high school students were more likely to consider teaching when they had confidence in their ability to be good teachers, when family members and others encouraged them to become teachers, and when they felt their community supported teachers. Most of those who considered teaching thought of themselves as average students. Less impactful factors …
Considering Standards-Based Grading: Challenges For Secondary School Leaders, Matt Townsley
Considering Standards-Based Grading: Challenges For Secondary School Leaders, Matt Townsley
Faculty Publications
Rather than awarding points for a combination of worksheet completion, quiz performance, in-class participation, and essay writing, standards-based grading separates academics from non-academic factors and communicates students' nonprogress towards mastery of course or grade-level standards. Some secondary schools are moving towards standards-based grading (SBG) in an attempt to produce more consistent grading practices, however the empirical evidence resulting from this change is mixed. The purpose of this article is to describe principles of standards-based grading, empirical support of SBG, and several common challenges secondary school leaders may face when considering this philosophical shift. Future research recommendations include exploring the perspectives …
Driving, Sustaining And Scaling Up Blended Learning Practices In Higher Education Institutions: A Proposed Framework, Cher Ping Lim, Tianchong Wang, Charles R. Graham
Driving, Sustaining And Scaling Up Blended Learning Practices In Higher Education Institutions: A Proposed Framework, Cher Ping Lim, Tianchong Wang, Charles R. Graham
Faculty Publications
Higher education institutions (HEIs) have recognised the role of blended learning (BL) in enhancing teaching and learning quality; many of these institutions have implemented BL initiatives as part of their quality enhancement efforts. Despite these efforts, HEIs face sustainability and scalability challenges and issues. There have been pockets of innovative BL practices but these practices are not prevalent across courses and programmes within institutions. In response, this paper proposes a framework to inform institutional strategic planning for driving, sustaining, and scaling up BL practices in HEIs. There are seven strategic dimensions in this framework: (1) curriculum; (2) vision and policy …
Experiences With Personalized Learning In A Blended Teaching Course For Preservice Teachers, Karen T. Arnesen, Charles R. Graham, Cecil R. Short, Douglas Archibald
Experiences With Personalized Learning In A Blended Teaching Course For Preservice Teachers, Karen T. Arnesen, Charles R. Graham, Cecil R. Short, Douglas Archibald
Faculty Publications
In this study, we explored the experiences of preservice teachers as they learned about and experienced personalized learning in a one-credit class designed to introduce students to four core competency areas in K–12 blended teaching contexts: online integration, data practices, personalization, and online interactions. The course included online synchronous, online asynchronous, and in-person class meetings. Using both quantitative and qualitative methods, we examined students’ pre and post readiness surveys, activity data, and reflections on their experiences in the course. We found that through course readings; creation of an online module based on blended learning pedagogies, which included personalized learning experiences; …
K–12 Blended Teaching Readiness: Model And Instrument Development, Charles R. Graham, Jered Borup, Emily Pulham, Ross Larsen
K–12 Blended Teaching Readiness: Model And Instrument Development, Charles R. Graham, Jered Borup, Emily Pulham, Ross Larsen
Faculty Publications
An increasing number of K–12 schools have adopted blended learning approaches. Current empirical research has been sparse regarding preparing teachers for blended teaching, including the skills they must develop to teach in blended contexts. This research is focused on that weakness, with the purposes of systematically identifying the skills needed for teaching in a blended learning context and of developing and testing an instrument that can be used to determine individual and school-wide readiness for blended teaching. In this study we present a measurement model used to develop items for measuring K–12 blended learning readiness. Specifically the instrument contained the …
Online Teaching Competencies In Observational Rubrics: What Are Institutions Evaluating?, Jonathan E. Thomas, Charles R. Graham
Online Teaching Competencies In Observational Rubrics: What Are Institutions Evaluating?, Jonathan E. Thomas, Charles R. Graham
Faculty Publications
Evaluation of online instructors is a developing field of research. Institutions have made great progress in recent years to refine their efforts to evaluate online teaching in order to improve online teaching. Some institutions, however, still struggle to evaluate online instructors who did not design the course they are teaching. The purpose of this study was to identify some of the most important observable teaching behaviors identified in evaluation rubrics and how these compare to established online teaching competencies. Findings indicate that there is a growing consensus of what are the most important, observable teaching behaviors, and that this can …
Interaction, Student Satisfaction, And Teacher Time Investment In Online High School Courses, Chad Turley, Charles R. Graham
Interaction, Student Satisfaction, And Teacher Time Investment In Online High School Courses, Chad Turley, Charles R. Graham
Faculty Publications
This case study explores differences between two online course models by investigating the results of a student end-of-course evaluation survey and teacher communication logs in two online high school courses. The two course models were designed with different types and levels of interaction, one with high levels of student-content interaction, the second with high levels of student-content and student-teacher interaction. The majority of research on interaction in online learning has been conducted with adult learners at the university level. There is far less literature focusing on K-12 online learning while investigating interaction, student satisfaction, and teacher time investment. This case …
Learner Engagement In Blended Learning Environments: A Conceptual Framework, Lisa R. Halverson, Charles R. Graham
Learner Engagement In Blended Learning Environments: A Conceptual Framework, Lisa R. Halverson, Charles R. Graham
Faculty Publications
Learner engagement correlates with important educational outcomes, including academic achievement and satisfaction. Although research is already exploring learner engagement in blended contexts, no theoretical framework guides inquiry or practice, and little consistency or specificity exists in engagement definitions and operationalizations. Developing definitions, models, and measures of the factors that indicate learner engagement is important to establishing whether changes in instructional methods (facilitators) result in improved engagement (measured via indicators). This article reviews the existing literature on learner engagement and identifies constructs most relevant to learning in general and blended learning in particular. The authors present a possible conceptual framework for …
Shielding Students From Stereotype Threat: Instructional And Developmental Implications, Michael D. Milmine, Elvin Gabriel
Shielding Students From Stereotype Threat: Instructional And Developmental Implications, Michael D. Milmine, Elvin Gabriel
Faculty Publications
No abstract provided.
The Design, Development, And Implementation Of Student-Facing Learning Analytics Dashboards, Robert Bodily, Tarah K. Ikahihfo, Benjamin Mackley, Charles R. Graham
The Design, Development, And Implementation Of Student-Facing Learning Analytics Dashboards, Robert Bodily, Tarah K. Ikahihfo, Benjamin Mackley, Charles R. Graham
Faculty Publications
We have designed, developed, and implemented a student-facing learning analytics dashboard in order to support students as they learn in online environments. There are two separate dashboards in our system: a content recommender dashboard and a skills recommender dashboard. The content recommender helps students identify gaps in their content knowledge; the skills recommender helps students improve their metacognitive strategies. We discuss the technical requirements needed to develop a real-time student dashboard as well as report our inquiry into the functionality students want in a dashboard. The dashboards were evaluated with focus groups and a perceptions survey. Students were positive in …
Comparing K-12 Online And Blended Teaching Competencies: A Literature Review, Emily Pulham, Charles R. Graham
Comparing K-12 Online And Blended Teaching Competencies: A Literature Review, Emily Pulham, Charles R. Graham
Faculty Publications
This article presents a synthesis of reports and research on K-12 blended teaching competencies compared with K-12 online teaching competencies. The skills needed to teach in online and blended environments are distinct from traditional teaching, but teacher education programs often do not equip preservice teachers for the new modes of instruction. Additionally, there is a dearth of research on blended teaching competencies. This review synthesizes 8 blended teaching documents and 10 online teaching documents. Seven global themes identified in both competency domains are (1) pedagogy, (2) management, (3) assessment, (4) technology, (5) instructional design, (6) dispositions, and (7) improvement. The …
Online Student Use Of A Proximate Community Of Engagement In An Independent Study Program, Darin R. Oviatt, Charles R. Graham, Randall S. Davies, Jered Borup
Online Student Use Of A Proximate Community Of Engagement In An Independent Study Program, Darin R. Oviatt, Charles R. Graham, Randall S. Davies, Jered Borup
Faculty Publications
Research has suggested that independent study students in online courses may benefit from engaging with a proximate community of engagement (PCE) and that students perceive that such engagement will help them succeed. Independent Study students were surveyed at the completion of their course to assess the level at which they actually interacted with a PCE. Survey findings were confirmed with follow-up interviews with students and their parents to triangulate survey data. Findings revealed that students in the study interacted with a PCE when completing the course. The percentage of students actually engaged with a PCE was lower than the percentages …
Blended Learning: The New Normal And Emerging Technologies, Charles Dziuban, Charles R. Graham, Patsy D. Moskal, Anders Norberg, Nicole Sicilia
Blended Learning: The New Normal And Emerging Technologies, Charles Dziuban, Charles R. Graham, Patsy D. Moskal, Anders Norberg, Nicole Sicilia
Faculty Publications
This study addressed several outcomes, implications, and possible future directions for blended learning (BL) in higher education in a world where information communication technologies (ICTs) increasingly communicate with each other. In considering effectiveness, the authors contend that BL coalesces around access, success, and students’ perception of their learning environments. Success and withdrawal rates for face-to-face and online courses are compared to those for BL as they interact with minority status. Investigation of student perception about course excellence revealed the existence of robust if-then decision rules for determining how students evaluate their educational experiences. Those rules were independent of course modality, …
Exploring The Potential Of Lms Log Data As A Proxy Measure Of Student Engagement, Curtis R. Henrie, Robert Bodily, Ross Larsen, Charles R. Graham
Exploring The Potential Of Lms Log Data As A Proxy Measure Of Student Engagement, Curtis R. Henrie, Robert Bodily, Ross Larsen, Charles R. Graham
Faculty Publications
This study examines the relationship between log data of student activity in learning management systems and self-reported student engagement survey scores. Log data has the potential to serve as a meaningful proxy for survey scores. Should this be the case, log data could be used as a minimally disruptive and scalable approach to quickly identify who needs help, evaluate design, and personalize instruction. We correlated LMS log data variables to student engagement survey scores to study the relationship between these two sources of data. Overall, log data was not a statistically significant proxy measure of students’ self-reported cognitive and emotional …
Generic Vs. Modality-Specific Competencies For K-12 Online And Blended Teaching, Emily Pulham, Charles R. Graham, Cecil R. Short
Generic Vs. Modality-Specific Competencies For K-12 Online And Blended Teaching, Emily Pulham, Charles R. Graham, Cecil R. Short
Faculty Publications
Although research has explored teacher competencies in K-12 blended and online learning, it has not specified which competencies are appropriate to an online or digital medium, which refer to blending in-person with online experiences, or which are generic—applicable in any teaching modality. This article explores selected K-12 online and blended teaching competency documents to determine which specific modalities (online, in-person, blended, or generic) the competencies address. Many competencies are still categorized as generic, and not specific enough to denote a particular context. The authors give recommendations for pre-service teacher education and indicate needs for further research in K-12 online and …
Reconsidering Design And Evaluation, Andrew S. Gibbons Iii, David D. Williams
Reconsidering Design And Evaluation, Andrew S. Gibbons Iii, David D. Williams
Faculty Publications
In this paper we have put design and evaluation as it were under a microscope with multiple lenses. We use four different snapshots of design, each at a different level of resolution, to reveal new perspectives on the design-evaluation relationship. We believe that the disparate views of designers and evaluators can be resolved by resorting to the middle ground described by Klir. We believe also that the disparate views of educational technologists and learning scientists can be similarly resolved by appealing to the similar principle of Edelson.
Thematic Patterns In International Blended Learning Literature, Research, Practices, And Terminology, Kristian J. Spring, Charles R. Graham
Thematic Patterns In International Blended Learning Literature, Research, Practices, And Terminology, Kristian J. Spring, Charles R. Graham
Faculty Publications
The goal of this research was to discover and compare themes of the top blended learning (BL) articles from seven different regions of the world. Top cited articles in BL from these regions show strong similarities in research processes, practice, terminology, and focus. Small differences are apparent among the regions and top articles in general, but similar patterns demonstrate that themes might promote collaboration and exchange between regions and that the most cited articles from around the world could fit well within the topical, research, and publication practices of the field. Our results suggest that although different regions must have …
Investigating Student Engagement In Blended Learning Settings Using Experience Sampling And Structural Equation Modeling, Kristine C. Manwaring, Ross Larsen, Charles R. Graham, Curtis R. Henrie, Lisa R. Halverson
Investigating Student Engagement In Blended Learning Settings Using Experience Sampling And Structural Equation Modeling, Kristine C. Manwaring, Ross Larsen, Charles R. Graham, Curtis R. Henrie, Lisa R. Halverson
Faculty Publications
We investigated activity-level student engagement in blended learning classes at the university level. We used intensive longitudinal methodology to collect activity level engagement data throughout a semester for 68 students enrolled in six blended courses across two universities. We used structural equation modeling to gain a holistic understanding of learning environments, including the influence of personal characteristics, course design, and student perceptions of the learning experience on in-the-moment cognitive and emotional engagement. To investigate longitudinal relationships between emotional and cognitive engagement, we employed cross-lagged modeling techniques. Findings showed that course design and student perception variables had a greater influence on …
Online Learner Engagement: Opportunities And Challenges With Using Data Analytics, Robert Bodily, Charles R. Graham, Michael D. Bush
Online Learner Engagement: Opportunities And Challenges With Using Data Analytics, Robert Bodily, Charles R. Graham, Michael D. Bush
Faculty Publications
This article describes the crossroads between learning analytics and learner engagement. The authors do this by describing specific challenges of using analytics to support student engagement from three distinct perspectives: pedagogical considerations, technological issues, and interface design concerns. While engaging online learners presents a major challenge to the educational community, the affordances of online learning environments and new advances in data analytics present many opportunities that can lead to improvements in our ability to fully engage students. The authors' work specifically underscores the fact that no single tool or system will be able to address all of the challenges involved. …