Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Discipline
-
- Educational Methods (7)
- Social and Behavioral Sciences (7)
- Special Education and Teaching (6)
- Disability and Equity in Education (5)
- Educational Technology (5)
-
- Sociology (5)
- Higher Education (4)
- Medicine and Health Sciences (3)
- Arts and Humanities (2)
- Health and Physical Education (2)
- Medical Education (2)
- Race and Ethnicity (2)
- Sports Studies (2)
- Student Counseling and Personnel Services (2)
- Adult and Continuing Education (1)
- African American Studies (1)
- Bilingual, Multilingual, and Multicultural Education (1)
- Business (1)
- Community College Leadership (1)
- Domestic and Intimate Partner Violence (1)
- Education Economics (1)
- Education Law (1)
- Educational Assessment, Evaluation, and Research (1)
- Educational Psychology (1)
- Educational Sociology (1)
- Elementary Education (1)
- Gender Equity in Education (1)
- Gender and Sexuality (1)
- Keyword
-
- Teachers (11)
- Retention (10)
- Education (9)
- Motivation (9)
- Leadership (8)
-
- Teacher retention (8)
- Attrition (7)
- Self-efficacy (7)
- Arkansas (6)
- Community college (6)
- Literacy (6)
- Perceptions (6)
- Professional development (6)
- Reading (6)
- Principals (5)
- Special education (5)
- Student engagement (5)
- Teacher (5)
- Academic achievement (4)
- Academic success (4)
- Administrative support (4)
- Alternative learning (4)
- Barriers (4)
- Burnout (4)
- Classroom management (4)
- Co-teaching (4)
- Collaboration (4)
- Curriculum (4)
- Emotional intelligence (4)
- Faculty (4)
Articles 121 - 150 of 305
Full-Text Articles in Educational Leadership
Community College Advisors’ Perceived Levels Of Self-Efficacy Providing Career Counseling To Students In Alabama, James Eric Sewell
Community College Advisors’ Perceived Levels Of Self-Efficacy Providing Career Counseling To Students In Alabama, James Eric Sewell
Student Theses and Dissertations
The problem to be addressed in this quantitative study was the education system’s failure to produce individuals with the necessary skills to fulfill high-wage, high-demand technical positions in the market. The study examined whether career counseling self-efficacy levels varied across different experiences, such as educational background, years working as a community college advisor, years working as a teacher, recent training in career counseling, and perceived knowledge of career and technical education. More specifically, the study examined the self-efficacy of career counselors in providing career counseling in 10 Alabama community colleges. The self-efficacy levels of these career counselors were then evaluated …
An Analysis Of Factors Influencing The Success Of Dual-Enrollment Students Through The Perspectives Of Faculty And Counselors, Starlett Mack
An Analysis Of Factors Influencing The Success Of Dual-Enrollment Students Through The Perspectives Of Faculty And Counselors, Starlett Mack
Student Theses and Dissertations
“An Analysis of Factors Influencing the Success of Dual-Enrollment Students Through the Perspectives of Faculty and Counselors” is a qualitative study. Dual enrollment has increased enrollment by offering opportunities to a broader audience. However, portions of this broader audience may be unprepared to face the challenges of being dual-enrollment students. A lack of preparation could cause increased anxiety, feelings of inadequacy, and failure to complete classes. This qualitative case study explored the perceptions and practices of counselors and teachers who staffed a dual-enrollment program at a Texas community college. In particular, it sought to understand the collective impact of community …
Student Engagement In The Asynchronous Learning Model: A Qualitative Study Of K-5 Arkansas Public School Caregiver Perspectives, Angela Maize
Student Theses and Dissertations
In 2019, a coronavirus strand, SARS-CoV-2, caused a global pandemic of respiratory illness, also referred to as the coronavirus (Covid-19). The U.S. government implemented massive school closures as a non-pharmaceutical intervention to mitigate the spread of the virus. The abrupt pivot to the asynchronous learning model resulted in low levels of engagement for many students. As a result of the pivot, students were expected to return to onsite instruction with a fraction of the learning gains, compared to a pre-pandemic school year. The purpose of this qualitative phenomenological study was to explore caregiver perspectives of the level of engagement exhibited …
Examining The Influence Of Student Autonomy, Competence, And Student-Teacher Relatedness On Student Performance On High-Stakes Tests, Jennifer Gaston
Examining The Influence Of Student Autonomy, Competence, And Student-Teacher Relatedness On Student Performance On High-Stakes Tests, Jennifer Gaston
Student Theses and Dissertations
The purpose of this quantitative non-experimental cross-sectional study was to examine the possible relationship between students’ autonomy, students’ competence, and student-teacher relatedness, and their performance on ELA and math high-stakes tests. The self-determination theory was employed to guide the study. This study collected self-reported data from a sample of 116 5th through 8th grade students using the Basic Psychological Needs in the Classroom survey. This 5-point Likert-type survey determined to the extent that students’ perceived levels of the basic psychological needs of autonomy, competence, and relatedness influence their test performance. Self-reported test scores from the 2022 administration of the Mississippi …
Novice Teacher Retention And The Partnership School Model, Pamela Mangrum Everitt
Novice Teacher Retention And The Partnership School Model, Pamela Mangrum Everitt
Student Theses and Dissertations
The purpose of this case study was to examine the qualities novice teachers find valuable when determining whether or not they want to stay in their schools and districts after their first years of teaching. This case study also included undergraduate teacher preparation programs and whether or not graduating from a program with a partnership school model better prepares novice teachers for the classroom. Applying Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory, this study involved the analysis of eight teachers’ questionnaires and interviews to determine what job satisfaction looked like to novice teachers from the same school district and whether or not …
A Qualitative Study Of Early-Career Secondary Teachers' Experiences With Organizational Constraints And Supports As Related To Job Satisfaction, Jaime Lee Arnold
A Qualitative Study Of Early-Career Secondary Teachers' Experiences With Organizational Constraints And Supports As Related To Job Satisfaction, Jaime Lee Arnold
Student Theses and Dissertations
The problem addressed in this qualitative study is the rise in teacher job dissatisfaction and low rates of retention, which has resulted in a significant increase in teacher vacancies in school districts across the United States. The purpose of this study was to describe and understand the lived experiences of early-career secondary teachers with organizational constraints and supports as related to job satisfaction. This study’s guiding theoretical framework was the Job Demands-Resources Theory. Using a phenomenological approach, 13 early-career secondary teachers in northeast Tennessee were interviewed individually. A deductive and inductive analysis of data answered the research questions of the …
The Impact Of Family Education On Social-Emotional Learning In Early Childhood, Amanda Leann Green
The Impact Of Family Education On Social-Emotional Learning In Early Childhood, Amanda Leann Green
Student Theses and Dissertations
The purpose of this qualitative, phenomenological study was to explore the impact of family education in social-emotional learning on early childhood. The problem determined how family education on social-emotional learning impacted early childhood as perceived by teachers and families, how families and teachers described their perceptions of social-emotional learning, and how family education affected academic and social relationships in early childhood. Examining the participants’ data, viewed through the conceptual frameworks lenses of The Humanist Theory and the Collaborative for Academics, Social, and Emotional Learning, offered insight into the teacher and family perspectives on the school-family partnerships and implementation of social-emotional …
Examining The Influences Of Professional Learning Communities And The Data-Driven Decision-Making Process On Elementary Teachers’ Instructional Practices, Arrica Chandler
Examining The Influences Of Professional Learning Communities And The Data-Driven Decision-Making Process On Elementary Teachers’ Instructional Practices, Arrica Chandler
Student Theses and Dissertations
Data-driven decision-making (DDDM) requires educational leaders and teachers to monitor and evaluate programs and processes and link results to individual and organizational outcomes. A classroom teacher’s ability to collect and review data, analyze data to identify trends and strategies for student achievement, and use data to determine and implement instructional practices that influence student achievement is important to school improvement. The purpose of this qualitative case study was to investigate whether elementary teachers’ self-efficacy beliefs, human agency, participation in professional learning communities (PLCs) on DDDM, and their implementation of the DDDM process influence teachers’ instructional practices. The theories that served …
Factors Influencing The Selection And Change Of Major For Students At Historically Black Colleges And Universities, David Allen
Factors Influencing The Selection And Change Of Major For Students At Historically Black Colleges And Universities, David Allen
Student Theses and Dissertations
This qualitative exploratory study investigated the selection and change of majors for nine HBCU (Historically Black Colleges and Universities) students. The study included individual structured interviews that provided data that answered the following research questions: 1) what factors influenced the initial selection of major, and 2) what factors influenced the change of major? Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory (BET), utilizing each of the five layers, was used as the theoretical framework to understand how the students’ backgrounds or their ecology influenced major choices. Participants were asked at the end of the interviews how their change of major impacted their graduation timing. Results …
The Examination Of Hindering Factors Of 2-Year Community College Students’ Vertical Transfer To 4-Year Colleges, Rahime-Malik Howard
The Examination Of Hindering Factors Of 2-Year Community College Students’ Vertical Transfer To 4-Year Colleges, Rahime-Malik Howard
Student Theses and Dissertations
The current study examined hindering factors of 2-year community college students’ vertical transfer to 4-year colleges. The Rational Choice Theory guided the study and provided the scope of the problem, which is community college students' apprehension about transferring to 4-year colleges vertically. A quantitative Likert scale survey, which comprised demographic questions and measures of variable scales, was the data-gathering instrument. The measures of study variables were the College Persistence Questionnaire, the Student Financial Wellness Survey, the Academic Motivation Scale, and self-authored questions. The first three research questions of the study sought to explore whether apprehension to vertically transfer (RQ1), financial …
Understanding Teacher Perceptions Of Intentionally Nurturing Students' Social And Emotional Competencies In The General Education Classroom, Chelsea Austin Clark
Understanding Teacher Perceptions Of Intentionally Nurturing Students' Social And Emotional Competencies In The General Education Classroom, Chelsea Austin Clark
Student Theses and Dissertations
This dissertation explores the perceptions and understandings of K-6 general education teachers regarding their role in intentionally developing students’ emotional competencies. This research builds upon that which establishes the vitality of developed emotional competencies by including the perceptions of teachers who have been tasked with working directly with students’ social-emotional development. The goal of the study was to offer an approach to understanding teacher knowledge and preparedness regarding social-emotional learning in the general education classroom to provide a clear understanding of how teachers’ classroom experiences have shaped their perceptions of intentionally nurturing students’ social-emotional development. The guiding research questions of …
The Relationship Between Student Performance On Assigned Mastery Goals And Staar Performance In K-8 Texas School Students, Agamyrat Altyyev
The Relationship Between Student Performance On Assigned Mastery Goals And Staar Performance In K-8 Texas School Students, Agamyrat Altyyev
Student Theses and Dissertations
This study investigates the relationship between mastery goal performance and achievement on the State of Texas Assessments of Academic Readiness (STAAR) test. With policies like the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) placing increased importance on standardized-state assessments, schools are making efforts to improve scores, often by focusing heavily on test preparation. However, such conventional methods can restrict teaching in unproductive ways. Mastery goals, based on achievement goal theory, offer a potential alternative, although limited research exists on their impact on testing outcomes. The researcher evaluated a mastery goal intervention for 224 students in grades 3-8 from a Texas school using …
Project-Based Learning And Its Impact On Student Engagement, Well-Being, And Learning Outcomes: A Study Of Teachers’ Perspectives., Stefania Rubino
Project-Based Learning And Its Impact On Student Engagement, Well-Being, And Learning Outcomes: A Study Of Teachers’ Perspectives., Stefania Rubino
Student Theses and Dissertations
In recent years, the field of education has experienced major shifts characterized by a significant increase in the research of innovative instructional approaches. Project-based learning (PBL) is an educational approach that prioritizes collaborative projects and experiential learning activities, offering a unique framework for exploring the factors that influence student engagement, academic achievement, and overall well-being. Project-based learning (PBL) places emphasis on inquiry-based and student-centered learning through the successful completion of meaningful projects. The present study explored the impact of project-based learning (PBL) on student engagement, well-being, and learning outcomes as perceived by educators. This qualitative research was conducted, featuring interviews …
Teacher Perceptions Of Teaching Practices, Experiences, And Preparation Of Struggling Adolescent Readers In High-Poverty Schools, Viola Perry
Student Theses and Dissertations
After exiting elementary school, a considerable number of struggling adolescent readers who are not reading on grade level exists, especially in high-poverty schools. For secondary teachers to develop proficient readers, their instructional methods need to prepare students to master skills, such as their ability to read accurately and with fluency, and their ability to understand and gain knowledge from grade-level text. However, secondary teachers are not prepared to handle these instructional tasks. This study focuses on examining the challenges of insufficient college preparation and professional development opportunities in foundational reading skills for middle/junior high school teachers in high-poverty districts. A …
Do Student Achievement Scores Differ For Those Taught By Teachers With High Emotional Intelligence As Compared To Low Emotional Intelligence?, Carlos Daniel Mock
Do Student Achievement Scores Differ For Those Taught By Teachers With High Emotional Intelligence As Compared To Low Emotional Intelligence?, Carlos Daniel Mock
Student Theses and Dissertations
This quantitative study investigates the influence of teachers' emotional intelligence on student achievement in an American curriculum international school setting in Bangkok, Thailand. Amidst concerns over student proficiency levels in the United States and Thailand, the study aimed to identify whether teachers’ emotional intelligence is linked to a difference in student achievement in reading, language usage, and mathematics. The study responded to calls for further investigation into how teacher emotional intelligence may influence student achievement to inform hiring practices and teacher training priorities to improve educational outcomes. The study aimed to contribute to debate on how to enhance student achievement, …
Education Of Grandchildren Within Skipped-Generation Households: Challenges And Experiences Influencing Grandparents Raising Grandchildren, Myra Ann Randolph
Education Of Grandchildren Within Skipped-Generation Households: Challenges And Experiences Influencing Grandparents Raising Grandchildren, Myra Ann Randolph
Student Theses and Dissertations
Skipped-generation households are not traditional, as the typical guardians do not include the mother, father, or foster parents. They are the households of grandparents who have accepted the responsibility to provide care for their grandchildren. Recent literature demonstrates that grandfamilies, inclusive of grandparents and grandchildren, experience many stress-related challenges. The problem is that grandparents responsible for raising their grandchildren are required to adopt new parental roles. This can become very stressful, as many may not have the knowledge of, or access to, contemporary supports and resources to effectively adopt and raise their grandchildren. The purpose of this study was to …
The Perceptions Of Experienced Teachers On Administrative Support In Rural Classrooms And The Implications On Teacher Retention, Mitchell Reed
The Perceptions Of Experienced Teachers On Administrative Support In Rural Classrooms And The Implications On Teacher Retention, Mitchell Reed
Student Theses and Dissertations
The goal of this study was to solve the problem of teachers leaving the profession early, which has led to the lack of educators in classrooms across the country, impacting various stakeholders, including students, school districts, and fellow educators. Depending on where the school district is located and the students the schools serve, Teacher retention is more of an issue. The purpose of this qualitative narrative study is to understand the storied perceptions of experienced teachers as it relates to administrative supports that target teacher retention in a small, rural school district in a state in the Midwest. The theoretical …
An Analysis Of Arkansas Alternative Learning Placement Characteristics, Corey Throckmorton
An Analysis Of Arkansas Alternative Learning Placement Characteristics, Corey Throckmorton
Student Theses and Dissertations
The purpose of this study was to explore the alternative education placement characteristics in the state of Arkansas and the demographics of the students placed in ALE. There are eleven characteristics of which two are required to be present in a student profile in order for a student to be placed in alternative education in Arkansas. This quantitative study analyzed the specific characteristics indicted for students placed in ALE during the 2021-2022 school year. This study found commonalities of selected characteristics among the students placed in alternative education in Arkansas. The study found the most prevalent pathway to ALE is …
Novice Teachers: Thriving In Urban Turnaround Schools, Lacee Rodgers
Novice Teachers: Thriving In Urban Turnaround Schools, Lacee Rodgers
Student Theses and Dissertations
Students in urban turnaround schools often receive subpar education in comparison to their counterparts in suburban schools due to insufficient resources and a lack of quality, experienced teachers. Urban turnaround schools have a higher number of novice teachers who may be unable to provide quality instruction that closes the achievement gap between students in urban turnaround schools, who are mostly black and brown, and their suburban counterparts. This not only impacts the students’ education, but consequently their entire lives. The purpose of this study is to examine novice teachers in the Achievement School District, an urban turnaround district in Memphis, …
Perceptions Of Academic Letter Grades In K-8 Public Schools Located Inside Of The Cherokee Nation Reservation, Corey Eugene Bunch
Perceptions Of Academic Letter Grades In K-8 Public Schools Located Inside Of The Cherokee Nation Reservation, Corey Eugene Bunch
Student Theses and Dissertations
Academic letter grades may potentially encourage or discourage Cherokee students from doing well in school and seeking advanced degrees beyond secondary school. Cherokee Nation has just over 100 public school districts located inside the reservation boundaries, in which more than 200,000 students are being served daily, with nearly 32,000 being Cherokee citizens. This study focused on the twenty-five K-8 school districts primarily located in rural areas with the highest populations of Cherokee students. Perceptions of grades may vary widely for students, parents, and school officials. In 2023, there were approximately 10,000 classrooms in the Cherokee Nation, and there was little …
Did School Reform Initiatives In The United States Support Multicultural Teaching Practices In A K-12 School Setting?, Shereen Holmes
Did School Reform Initiatives In The United States Support Multicultural Teaching Practices In A K-12 School Setting?, Shereen Holmes
Student Theses and Dissertations
This dissertation examined the relationship between school reform initiatives in the United States over the last thirty years and multicultural teaching practices. The methodology chosen was a qualitative phenomenological research study that was conducted with six participants, three novice teachers and three teacher educators. The research revealed that though educators valued the importance of multiculturism in the classroom, there was a disconnect in consistent implementation. The findings also revealed that school reform initiatives such as the Every Students Succeed Act (ESSA) of 2015 provided the guidance used by states and school districts to identify standards for the classroom. This suggests …
Disproportionality In Discipline And Academic Achievement Of African American Students In South Carolina School Districts, Joyce Haigler Conyers
Disproportionality In Discipline And Academic Achievement Of African American Students In South Carolina School Districts, Joyce Haigler Conyers
Student Theses and Dissertations
In the state of South Carolina, African American students make up 34% of the student population but 59% of students receive out-of-school suspension. It was assumed by prior research statistics that the disproportionality of discipline produces lower academic achievement for African American students. An examination of the disproportionality of discipline through a structural theoretical lens as an effort to understand the inequity in the application of exclusionary discipline, specifically out-of-school suspension, for African American students and how it affects their academic performance was the focus of this study. The data for this non-experimental quantitative study was obtained from the South …
Increasing College Retention And Access For Disadvantaged Mckinney-Vento Students By Exploring Disproportionate Entitlement To Collegiate Resources, Quincy Samuel Smith
Increasing College Retention And Access For Disadvantaged Mckinney-Vento Students By Exploring Disproportionate Entitlement To Collegiate Resources, Quincy Samuel Smith
Student Theses and Dissertations
Going to college creates a financial challenge for an increasing number of American students. The inadequacy of available financial aid and lack of wrap-around services make the possibility of college graduation increasingly challenging for former McKinney-Vento students. The purpose of this study was to explore the financial, socio-emotional, and academic resources designated for former McKinney-Vento students and how those resources (or lack thereof) influence successful college matriculation and retention. The problem to be addressed in this study is Former McKinney-Vento students no longer receive McKinney-Vento services when they transition to college. This qualitative study utilized an exploratory research method. Functionalism …
Impact Of Implementing A Growth Mindset Intervention On Academically At-Risk Students, Rebecca Anne Kaste
Impact Of Implementing A Growth Mindset Intervention On Academically At-Risk Students, Rebecca Anne Kaste
Student Theses and Dissertations
The COVID-19 pandemic impacted education around the world. To help close the achievement gaps incurred from the effects of the pandemic, the state of Tennessee created summer schools programs to remediate learning loss for those students identified as academically at-risk at being retained. The current study addressed how to improve the academic and social-emotional behavioral outcomes of academically at-risk middle school students through the implementation of a growth mindset intervention. The purpose of this quasi-experimental research study was to examine the impact of a growth mindset intervention on academically at-risk middle school students participating in the Tennessee Summer Learning Loss …
Socioeconomic Status And Stereotype Threat: Does Stereotype Threat Associated With Low Socioeconomic Status Impact Academic Performance, Gwendolyn Rains
Socioeconomic Status And Stereotype Threat: Does Stereotype Threat Associated With Low Socioeconomic Status Impact Academic Performance, Gwendolyn Rains
Student Theses and Dissertations
Stereotype threat effect (STE) is a psychosocial phenomenon that can cause performance decrements on standardized tests. The purpose of this quantitative study was to explore standardized test construct through the lens of intelligence theories as a potential mediator for STE for low socioeconomic status (LSES) students in rural Arkansas schools. The theory of STE will be used to explain why LSES are susceptible to STE. The researcher collected quantitative data through an experimental design; participants took either a performance-based or a traditionally formatted math and literacy test to determine if scores (dependent variable) were significantly impacted by test construct within …
Technology Use Within A Charlotte Mason Liberal Education: A Phenomenology Study On Critical Thinking, Luecrecy Ragan
Technology Use Within A Charlotte Mason Liberal Education: A Phenomenology Study On Critical Thinking, Luecrecy Ragan
Student Theses and Dissertations
Technology use, education technology, and innovations continue to grow in the 21st century. Information is abundant, and it can be challenging to process and decipher. Students are deficient in critical thinking and experience negative effects from the overuse of technology. Liberal education philosophy focuses on building critical thinking and educating the whole person. The purpose of this qualitative phenomenology study was to explore and describe the experiences of K-12 leaders and teachers implementing education technology while following a liberal education model focused on supporting critical thinking, cognitive ability, and the whole person. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with eight leaders and …
Examination Of Hindering Influences Of Uncertified Teachers, Teacher Attrition Rates, And Inexperienced Teachers On Reading Achievement In High-Poverty Schools, Terri Guy
Student Theses and Dissertations
This quantitative study examined the influences of uncertified teacher rates, teacher attrition rates, and teacher inexperience rates on reading achievement in high-poverty schools in Arkansas, incorporating the frameworks of Human Capital and Social Capital Theories. Utilizing archival data from the 2021-2022 academic year and employing multiple linear regression and analysis of covariance, the study meticulously examined the relationship between teacher characteristics and third grade reading achievement across the state. Contrary to initial hypotheses, the findings presented a nuanced landscape where none of the teacher-related factors (uncertified status, attrition, inexperience) significantly predicted reading achievement outcomes within the examined cohort. This divergence …
The American View On Global Education In Curriculum And Its Necessity For Entering The Workforce, Alison Taylor
The American View On Global Education In Curriculum And Its Necessity For Entering The Workforce, Alison Taylor
Student Theses and Dissertations
The problem addressed in this study is the lack of globalization terminology and geography standards included in the United States’ public education system leading to a workforce that is missing key 21st century skill competency. According to social efficiency theory, it is important for education to teach the necessary employability skills in the school curriculum. Geography standards align with employability skills, but the subject is disappearing from United States classrooms. This quantitative regression study evaluates the predictive relationships between exposure to geography curriculum in the United States, American perception of the importance of geography, and recent high school graduate’s self-assessed …
Enhancing Students' Motivational Capacities In Music Classrooms Through Gamification Of Curriculum, Nikita Mamedov
Enhancing Students' Motivational Capacities In Music Classrooms Through Gamification Of Curriculum, Nikita Mamedov
Student Theses and Dissertations
The study examined the influence of gamification on students’ motivation in the music theory curriculum in eighth through twelfth grades. The study measured students’ motivation by applying a gamified assessment method in the high school music coursework covering music theory in the curriculum. Through educational gamification, self-regulated motivation, interest and enjoyment, competence, and autonomy were assessed within the student motivation. The study employed an experimental research design with 57 participants in the control group and 59 participants in the experimental group enrolled in music courses at the North America International School in Shanghai, China. The control group completed the traditional …
Teacher Perceptions Of The Boundless Learning Professional Development On Instruction In A Co-Taught Class, Debbie Fleming
Teacher Perceptions Of The Boundless Learning Professional Development On Instruction In A Co-Taught Class, Debbie Fleming
Student Theses and Dissertations
The concept of serving students with disabilities in their least restrictive environment is a fundamental principle of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. This mandate emphasizes that students with disabilities should receive their education alongside their non-disabled peers to the greatest extent possible. This is often achieved in a co-taught class led by a general education and a special education co-teacher. Frequently, these educators feel unprepared to provide instruction that is adequate to meet the diverse needs of their students. General educators do not feel they have the skills necessary to teach students with disabilities, and special educators question if …