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2023

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Articles 331 - 360 of 480

Full-Text Articles in Educational Assessment, Evaluation, and Research

Aged 539 Graduate Internship Report - Pacheco High School, Spencer C. Bronken Mar 2023

Aged 539 Graduate Internship Report - Pacheco High School, Spencer C. Bronken

Agricultural Education: Graduate Internship Reports

This internship and project report includes validation documents required in meeting the quality criteria for secondary-level programs of instruction in agriculture. The supporting material includes information to receive state and local funding, outline the goals and objectives of the program, along with an overview of Pacheco High School, the agriculture program, and the community.


Science Assessments As A Learning Opportunity: Feedforward With Multiple Attempts, Emily Faulconer Mar 2023

Science Assessments As A Learning Opportunity: Feedforward With Multiple Attempts, Emily Faulconer

Publications

Feedback best practices support timely, high-quality feedback with application opportunity. Multiple attempts on assessments support learning gains. A learning management system can be used to automatically provide feedback for application on a future assessment attempt. Current research has not thoroughly investigated the student impacts or opinions on this combined strategy. In this study, students took a second attempt 46% of the time, scoring an average of 10.1% higher on their second attempt. More than 60% of students who failed their first attempt completed a second attempt. Students perceived the feedback as useful in preparing for their second attempt. Future research …


Legitimization Of Affective Domain Learning: A Transformative Mixed-Methods Analysis Of Learning Outcomes Assessment Practice, Lan Misty Song Mar 2023

Legitimization Of Affective Domain Learning: A Transformative Mixed-Methods Analysis Of Learning Outcomes Assessment Practice, Lan Misty Song

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Ever since the development of Bloom’s Taxonomy, educational institutions have primarily focused on the cognitive learning domain, concerned with the transmission and acquisition of knowledge and skills. Recently, educators and researchers have become more interested in the affective domain—concerned with attitudes, emotions, and values—and how it affects student learning outcomes. While it is important to address affective-domain learning in any educational setting, one discipline giving it particular attention is nursing; their accrediting bodies are increasingly incorporating affective learning outcomes (ALOs) in their criteria. Thus, examining how nursing programs assess for ALOs may give insight in how to successfully integrate affective-domain …


Student Performance In Traditional In-Person Vs. Online Sections Of An Introductory Graduate Mathematics Course, Lauran E. Kittle Mar 2023

Student Performance In Traditional In-Person Vs. Online Sections Of An Introductory Graduate Mathematics Course, Lauran E. Kittle

Theses and Dissertations

The growth of technology impacts nearly every aspect of everyday life, to include education and learning. The availability of distance learning (online) classes has increased drastically in the last few decades, expanding access to education for millions of people. However, it is imperative to consider exactly how the growth of technology impacts education – whether it is a positive, negative, or neutral impact. Previous research comparing distance learning and in-residence (traditional) classes have widely mixed, disparate conclusions. This type of research, two-stage analysis, and modeling has yet to be conducted on a graduate school level. For this reason, a detailed …


The Effectiveness Of Collaborative Inquiry In Writing Center Peer Tutoring, Ciara Swan, Aiden Low Feb 2023

The Effectiveness Of Collaborative Inquiry In Writing Center Peer Tutoring, Ciara Swan, Aiden Low

Pacific's Annual Assessment Conference

No abstract provided.


Badging Information Literacy Skills, Nicole Mountjoy, Veronica Wells Feb 2023

Badging Information Literacy Skills, Nicole Mountjoy, Veronica Wells

Pacific's Annual Assessment Conference

No abstract provided.


Innovative Assessment Feedback Practices In Higher Education: A Path Towards Building Learning Circles Or Just Closing The Feedback Gap?, Mihaela A. Lynn Feb 2023

Innovative Assessment Feedback Practices In Higher Education: A Path Towards Building Learning Circles Or Just Closing The Feedback Gap?, Mihaela A. Lynn

Journal of Graduate Education Research

Considered a vital aspect of learning, feedback is usually a common element in instructional practice. In higher education, assessment feedback has been found to lack the ability to impact student learning. Therefore, recent feedback literature has stressed a change in practice to address this issue. This review examines the extent to which innovative assessment feedback practices succeed in engaging undergraduate students to use the feedback they receive. Findings indicate that making assessment feedback a dialogic, reiterative process that provides opportunities for reflection and interaction with peers can enable adaptive engagement and promote mastery learning. However, most of these affordances revolve …


The Future Of Early College: An Interview With Dr. Leon Botstein, Dumaine Williams Feb 2023

The Future Of Early College: An Interview With Dr. Leon Botstein, Dumaine Williams

Early College Folio

The first public, tuition-free Bard High School Early College (BHSEC) opened in Brooklyn in 2001. Today, an entire network of Bard Early Colleges operates in partnership with public school systems to offer students affordable access to higher education in a cohesive, engaging environment. Simultaneously, alternative takes on early college (Early College High Schools, dual enrollment, early entrance) have proliferated across the United States, providing even more opportunities for younger students to earn college credit.

In December 2022, the author, Dean of Bard Early College, sat down with Bard College President Leon Botstein to examine how the pandemic made new demands …


The Real-Time Classification Of Competency Swimming Activity Through Machine Learning, Larry Powell, Seth Polsley, Drew Casey, Tracy Hammond Feb 2023

The Real-Time Classification Of Competency Swimming Activity Through Machine Learning, Larry Powell, Seth Polsley, Drew Casey, Tracy Hammond

International Journal of Aquatic Research and Education

Every year, an average of 3,536 people die from drowning in America. The significant factors that cause unintentional drowning are people’s lack of water safety awareness and swimming proficiency. Current industry and research trends regarding swimming activity recognition and commercial motion sensors focus more on lap swimming utilized by expert swimmers and do not account for freeform activities. Enhancing swimming education through wearable technology can aid people in learning efficient and effective swimming techniques and water safety. We developed a novel wearable system capable of storing and processing sensor data to categorize competitive and survival swimming activities on a mobile …


Culture-Laden Extensive Reading Through Team-Based Mobile Learning: Effects On Intercultural Communicative Competence And Reading Motivation, David Imamyartha, Eka Wahjuningsih, Areta Puspa, Mutiara Bilqis, Rizki Febri Andika Hudori Feb 2023

Culture-Laden Extensive Reading Through Team-Based Mobile Learning: Effects On Intercultural Communicative Competence And Reading Motivation, David Imamyartha, Eka Wahjuningsih, Areta Puspa, Mutiara Bilqis, Rizki Febri Andika Hudori

Jurnal Pendidikan: Teori, Penelitian, dan Pengembangan

With the advent of technology and increasing cultural diversity, language teachers in higher education are encouraged to push current pedagogical boundaries in search of the best approaches to cultural learning. This study responds to this pedagogical pursuit by experimenting with the integration of team-based mobile learning (TBML) in extensive reading classes mediated by the mobile instant messaging application Telegram. The research findings statistically demonstrate that TBML can develop EFL readers’ intercultural knowledge and understanding. The technological and socioconstructivist affordances of TBML also enhance reading motivation as a springboard for developing intercultural communicative competence (ICC). The research implications and limitations are …


Factors Influencing Students’ Academic Performance In Online Courses During The Covid-19 Pandemic, Ruri Nurul Aeni Wulandari, Brillian Rosy, Novi Trisnawati, Jaka Nugraha, Fitriana Rahmawati Feb 2023

Factors Influencing Students’ Academic Performance In Online Courses During The Covid-19 Pandemic, Ruri Nurul Aeni Wulandari, Brillian Rosy, Novi Trisnawati, Jaka Nugraha, Fitriana Rahmawati

Jurnal Pendidikan: Teori, Penelitian, dan Pengembangan

This study aims to investigate how online learning self-efficacy, self-regulated learning, and achievement motivation affect students' academic performance in online courses during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study participants were students from the Office Administration Education Study Program at Universitas Negeri Surabaya. We used structural equation modelling (SEM) to measure the direct and indirect effects of the structural model. The results show that online learning self-efficacy positively affects self-regulated learning, achievement motivation, and academic performance. However, self-regulated learning and achievement motivation do not affect academic performance, and also do not mediate the relationship between online learning self-efficacy and academic performance.


Development Of "Kids Learning" Educational Game As A Basic Learning Media About Geometry Materials For Kindergarten Children, Achmad Buchori, Devita Rahmania, Sharifah Osman Feb 2023

Development Of "Kids Learning" Educational Game As A Basic Learning Media About Geometry Materials For Kindergarten Children, Achmad Buchori, Devita Rahmania, Sharifah Osman

Jurnal Pendidikan: Teori, Penelitian, dan Pengembangan

The purpose of this research is to increase interest in learning for kindergarten children to recognize android-based flat shapes. This is an instructional game with both a learning and a gameplay menu. There are games on the play option such as Remembering Matches, Counting, and Guessing flat shapes using Multimedia. This study employs the Development Life Cycle (MDLC) model. The targets in this study were students of Kindergarten Mardirini Sidogemah Sayung Demak. Data processing was taken from the validation of media, materials, and user questionnaires using a Likert scale in the assessment. The results of the expert validation showed an …


Enhancing Elementary Preservice Teachers’ Scientific Literacy By Using Flipped Problem-Based Learning Integrated With E-Campus, Izzah Muyassaroh, Nur Luthfi Rizqa Herianingtyas Feb 2023

Enhancing Elementary Preservice Teachers’ Scientific Literacy By Using Flipped Problem-Based Learning Integrated With E-Campus, Izzah Muyassaroh, Nur Luthfi Rizqa Herianingtyas

Jurnal Pendidikan: Teori, Penelitian, dan Pengembangan

This study aimed to enhance the elementary preservice teachers’ scientific literacy at Pelita Bangsa University by using flipped problem-based learning integrated with e-campus. This Classroom Action Research was done in three cycles and each cycle was conducted with planning, action, observation, and reflection stages. The subjects of this study were 32 preservice teachers in the elementary teacher education program of Pelita Bangsa University in the academic year 2021-2022. Instruments and data collection techniques were observation, questionnaire, and test. The result of this study showed that the implementation of flipped problem-based learning integrated with e-campus improved elementary preservice teachers’ scientific literacy.


Contribution Of E-Book Implementation To Learning Achievement In Informatics Courses In Antartika, Muhammad Afifuddin Al Islami, Rahmania Sri Untari, Fitria Nur Hasanah, Dicka Y. Kardono Feb 2023

Contribution Of E-Book Implementation To Learning Achievement In Informatics Courses In Antartika, Muhammad Afifuddin Al Islami, Rahmania Sri Untari, Fitria Nur Hasanah, Dicka Y. Kardono

Jurnal Pendidikan: Teori, Penelitian, dan Pengembangan

This study aimed to determine (1) the contribution of E-Books to Informatics class X RPL subject to student achievement at SMK Antarctica 1 Sidoarjo (2) How significant is the contribution to student achievement in Informatics class X RPL at SMK Antarctica 1 Sidoarjo after using the E-Book. This research uses a quantitative method with the type of pre-experimental design one research group pretest-posttest design to compare the results obtained from the pretest and posttest. The population used was 36 students, and the sample was taken using a saturated sampling technique, meaning that all population members were taken to be tested. …


Effects Of Remap-Tps Using Wizer.Me Website And Mindmap Application On Students’ Cognitive Learning Results, Muhammad Ilham A’Raafi, Siti Zubaidah, Munzil Munzil, Azizul Ghofur Candra Wicaksono Feb 2023

Effects Of Remap-Tps Using Wizer.Me Website And Mindmap Application On Students’ Cognitive Learning Results, Muhammad Ilham A’Raafi, Siti Zubaidah, Munzil Munzil, Azizul Ghofur Candra Wicaksono

Jurnal Pendidikan: Teori, Penelitian, dan Pengembangan

This study aims to determine the Remap-TPS learning model assisted by the Wizer.me website and the MindMup application on students’ cognitive learning outcomes. This quasi-experimental study used a non-equivalent pretest-posttest control group design. The population of this research was all students of class XI SMA Negeri 8 Malang. The research sample was class XI MIPA 3 as the experimental class and class MIPA 4 as the control class. Cognitive learning outcomes data were obtained from the results of multiple-choice tests and essays. Data were analyzed using the one-way Anacova test. Based on the results of the study, it was shown …


Implementation Of Tik-Tok Learning Mediain Pugung Raharjo Local History Perpective Era 4.0, Dwi Gesti Jayanti, Zulkarnain Zulkarnain Feb 2023

Implementation Of Tik-Tok Learning Mediain Pugung Raharjo Local History Perpective Era 4.0, Dwi Gesti Jayanti, Zulkarnain Zulkarnain

Jurnal Pendidikan: Teori, Penelitian, dan Pengembangan

This study aims to determine the implementation of Tik-Tok-based learning in the perspective of Pugung Raharjo's local history era 4.0. The research uses descriptive qualitative research methods with a case study approach. Data collection techniques with the following steps: (1) observation, (2) in-depth interviews, (3) documentation. The results obtained are: (1) Learning Media Concepts, (2) Tik-Tok-Based Learning, (3 Local History of Pugung Raharjo Archaeological Sites, (4) Components of Skill Values in History Learning, (5) Implementation of Tik-Tok-Based Learning in Pugung Raharjo Local History Learning. The results show that the innovation of Tik-Tok-based application learning media can be used by teachers …


Utilization Of Assessment Features Inplatform Merdeka Mengajar (Pmm) In The Assessment Of Indonesian Language Learning, Firdaus Aritonang, Iqbal Syahrul Akbar Al Aziz, Sarwiji Suwandi Feb 2023

Utilization Of Assessment Features Inplatform Merdeka Mengajar (Pmm) In The Assessment Of Indonesian Language Learning, Firdaus Aritonang, Iqbal Syahrul Akbar Al Aziz, Sarwiji Suwandi

Jurnal Pendidikan: Teori, Penelitian, dan Pengembangan

The Indonesian government has launched the Merdeka Teaching Platform (PMM) application with various features that support learning activities in the independent curriculum. One of them is the student assessment feature. This study aims to determine the use of assessment features in PMM. This study used a qualitative descriptive method with interview, documentation, and observation techniques. The results of the study show that PMM has positive benefits in helping educators carry out assessments. Assessments in PMM include formative, summative, and diagnostic assessments that can be adjusted and adapted, so that PMM can be one of the solutions that educators can use …


Challenge-Based Learning & Steam Curriculum, Diana Lockwood Feb 2023

Challenge-Based Learning & Steam Curriculum, Diana Lockwood

The Transdisciplinary STEAM+ Journal

STEAM education is being integrated into elementary schools as a way to engage more students in creativity, hands-on learning, and problem-based learning also referred to as Challenge-Based-Learning (CBL). This article focuses on elementary educators’ curriculum design for STEAM and presenting students with open-ended questions phrased as a challenge as a way to raise student interest and achievement (DeJarnette, 2018; Hunter-Doniger, 2018). When students received challenges to solve, they felt more open to sharing their ideas since there was more than one potential right answer (DeJarnette, 2018; Drake, 2012). When implementing CBL, teachers act as facilitators using a constructivist approach as …


知源育利用のガイド, Yoshihiko Ariizumi Feb 2023

知源育利用のガイド, Yoshihiko Ariizumi

Learning, Teaching, & Researching Optimization

知源育を応用するための様々な角度からのヒントを学ぶことができるガイドです。実勢んをしながら、時々このガイドを参照することで、より高いレベルでの実践が可能になるでしょう。


Designing Hybrid Human-Ai Orchestration Tools For Individual And Collaborative Activities: A Technology Probe Study, Vanessa Echeverria, Kexin Yang, Luettamae Lawrence, Nikol Rummel, Vincent Aleven Feb 2023

Designing Hybrid Human-Ai Orchestration Tools For Individual And Collaborative Activities: A Technology Probe Study, Vanessa Echeverria, Kexin Yang, Luettamae Lawrence, Nikol Rummel, Vincent Aleven

Instructional Technology and Learning Sciences Faculty Publications

Combining individual and collaborative learning is common, but dynamic combinations (which happen as-the-need arises, rather than in pre-planned ways, and may happen on an individual basis) are rare. This work reports findings from a technology probe study exploring alternative designs for classroom co-orchestration support for dynamically transitioning between individual and collaborative learning. The study involved 1) a technology-probe classroom study in an authentic, AI-supported classroom to understand teachers' and students' needs for co-orchestration support over dynamic transitions; and 2) workshops and interviews with students and teachers to get informed feedback about their lived experiences. 118 students and three teachers from …


Conceptualizing Lifelong Learning For K-12 Education, Betsy Ng Feb 2023

Conceptualizing Lifelong Learning For K-12 Education, Betsy Ng

Journal of Research Initiatives

In this era of rapid evolution, education in the twenty-first century must strive to develop students to be lifelong learners. Students should possess goals and life-ready competencies for continuous learning during formal, non-formal, and informal education. Within a globalizing world, lifelong learning skills enable students to manage difficulties and challenges. Lifelong learning for K-12 education may shape our students’ values and behavior, as well as build resilience in the face of challenges ahead. To date, educational research related to lifelong learning across varied contexts of K-12 education is still in its infancy. The present paper contributes to the conceptualization of …


Onward In Higher Education: Business Faculty Perspectives On Authentic Assessment, Farah L. Kashef, Matt Townsley Feb 2023

Onward In Higher Education: Business Faculty Perspectives On Authentic Assessment, Farah L. Kashef, Matt Townsley

Journal of Research Initiatives

This mixed-method study explored business faculty’s perspectives on drawbacks and benefits associated with authentic assessment at 10 R1 Midwestern universities. In search of solutions, faculty were also asked to provide recommendations in implementing authentic assessment. Quantitative and qualitative findings suggest most business faculty are in favor of assessment strategies that promote higher order thinking and real-world practices. However, ongoing faculty professional development opportunities and reconsidering the assessment culture of higher education are needed to make this important shift towards authentic assessment.


A Conceptual Exploration Of Anti-Fragility In The Context Of Confucian Heritage Culture Education, Alwyn Lau Feb 2023

A Conceptual Exploration Of Anti-Fragility In The Context Of Confucian Heritage Culture Education, Alwyn Lau

Journal of Research Initiatives

It is a common but not unrealistic stereotype of Asian students that educational success is a matter of personal identity and status. As such, achieving distinctions in as many subjects as possible (the popular target of becoming a ‘straight A’ student) is usually a non-negotiable objective nurtured by both parents and educators. Such an obsessive pursuit of academic excellence produces both laudable outcomes (e.g. the tendency of Asian students to outperform their counterparts) as well as dangerous ones (e.g. worrying rates of mental health problems). This theoretical paper hopes to apply the concept of anti-fragility developed by Nassim Nicholas Taleb, …


A 5-Week Personalized Training Workshop To Assess And Evaluate Faculty Members Teaching Online, Felix O. Quayson, Christopher Zirkle Feb 2023

A 5-Week Personalized Training Workshop To Assess And Evaluate Faculty Members Teaching Online, Felix O. Quayson, Christopher Zirkle

Journal of Research Initiatives

The authors developed the Skills of Inquiry (SoI) model accompanied by a logic model to assess and evaluate faculty members teaching online. The Skills of Inquiry is based on faculty members’ abilities to understand the online environments, skills development pertaining to online teaching, and acquisition of specific online skills. The Skills of Inquiry model was used to personalize a 5-week workshop training and development module specifically for faculty members teaching online. The training workshop is effective in training faculty members to acquire specific online teaching skills through customized and individualized professional development learning. The training is a self-paced asynchronous online …


How Do They See Me? Examining The Experiences Of Faculty In The Context Of Classroom Whiteness Factors, Papia Bawa, Diantha Watts Dr. Feb 2023

How Do They See Me? Examining The Experiences Of Faculty In The Context Of Classroom Whiteness Factors, Papia Bawa, Diantha Watts Dr.

Journal of Research Initiatives

Today polarized attitudes and aptitudes have created a subtle but steady paradigm shift in the way equity, diversity, and inclusivity (EDI) issues are seen by stakeholders. As a result, focusing on critical aspects of equity relationships and the fallout from discriminatory attitudes towards marginalized groups has become ever more needed. While diversity issues exist in all societal, professional, and personal realms, its impact within educational institutions is perhaps the most deeply profound. This Hermeneutic Phenomenology study examines the experiences of six higher education faculty who teach predominantly white student classrooms to identify issues and recommendations with respect to their relationship …


Analysis Of Early Childhood Education And Learning Outcomes In The Pacific, Dan Cloney, Yung Nietschke, Jeffery Marshall Feb 2023

Analysis Of Early Childhood Education And Learning Outcomes In The Pacific, Dan Cloney, Yung Nietschke, Jeffery Marshall

Early Childhood Education

There is strong evidence supporting early childhood education (ECE) programmes as an effective way to support children to have the best start in life, especially for the most disadvantaged children. When high‐quality programmes are established – where quality is assured, and barriers to participation eliminated – large positive effects are observed that are sustained into adulthood. Indeed, substantial positive returns on public investment in ECE programmes are reported. When low‐quality programmes are taken to scale in the market, however, smaller effects or no effects are observed. This is attributed to failure to get quality right. And when quality is too …


Investigation Of The Role Of Principal Servant Leadership Based On Spiritual Moral Values In Conditioning Humanistic Education, Yulius Rustan Effendi, Pieter Sahertian Jan 2023

Investigation Of The Role Of Principal Servant Leadership Based On Spiritual Moral Values In Conditioning Humanistic Education, Yulius Rustan Effendi, Pieter Sahertian

Jurnal Pendidikan: Teori, Penelitian, dan Pengembangan

This study aims to describe the leadership role of the principal's servant leadership based on spiritual moral values in conditioning humanistic education. This research uses qualitative research and case study design. The research subjects were 3 school principals and 3 senior teachers from three schools in State Junior High Schools, Islamic Private Junior High Schools, and Catholic Junior High Schools located in Malang City, East Java, Indonesia. Data were collected using in-depth interview techniques, participant observation, and documentation study. Data analysis used a modified analytic analysis method. Data validation by measuring credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability. The results of this …


Concept And Implementation Merdeka Belajar Curriculum In Higher Education, Muhammad Ade Kurnia Harahap, Bambang Ismaya, Abdul Wahab, Susatyo Adhi Pramono, Ichsan Ichsan Jan 2023

Concept And Implementation Merdeka Belajar Curriculum In Higher Education, Muhammad Ade Kurnia Harahap, Bambang Ismaya, Abdul Wahab, Susatyo Adhi Pramono, Ichsan Ichsan

Jurnal Pendidikan: Teori, Penelitian, dan Pengembangan

The government has implemented numerous policies to improve educational quality, such as the independent learning policy. Educational institutions are no less lagging behind in terms of improving educational quality. The descriptive qualitative method was used in this research. The sources used are from scientific books, academic article, journal that has been published in line with the main issue. The results of this study show that the implementation and the concept of the independent learning policy in higher educational level aims to improve the quality of education through the learning process, commitment from teachers, as well as creativity and support from …


Former Students’ Perceptions Toward Rsbi Program: A Reflection Of Indonesia’S Abolished Bilingual Program, Putu Yoga Sathya Pratama, Luh Putu Artini, Ni Putu Era Marsakawati Jan 2023

Former Students’ Perceptions Toward Rsbi Program: A Reflection Of Indonesia’S Abolished Bilingual Program, Putu Yoga Sathya Pratama, Luh Putu Artini, Ni Putu Era Marsakawati

Jurnal Pendidikan: Teori, Penelitian, dan Pengembangan

This article is an attempt to describe RSBI program’s reflection from the former students’ perceptions. The article employed case study research design to explore students’ perceptions with particular emphasis on the use of bilingualism in the classroom. The data were gathered from interview toward 17 former students of RSBI program. The obtained data were analyzed qualitatively and inductively. Results presented RSBI program were perceived diversely from the reason, experience, and expectation viewpoints. Implications portrayed evaluation material in planning future programs that intensify the implementation of international-standards in general, or the use of two languages in the classroom in particular.


Development Of Android-Based Mobile Learning On Ecosystem Materials To Increase The Interest In Learning Elementary School Students, Linda Setiawati, Asep Sunandar, Muhammad Zidni Ilman Nafi’A, Ediyanto Ediyanto, Melor Md Yunus Jan 2023

Development Of Android-Based Mobile Learning On Ecosystem Materials To Increase The Interest In Learning Elementary School Students, Linda Setiawati, Asep Sunandar, Muhammad Zidni Ilman Nafi’A, Ediyanto Ediyanto, Melor Md Yunus

Jurnal Pendidikan: Teori, Penelitian, dan Pengembangan

The development of mobile learning ecosystem materials for elementary school students aims to produce a learning media that aims to support teachers in delivering learning materials in class while increasing interest in learning. Research and Development (R&D) is the research method used, and the Lee and Owens model is the development model used in this development. The results of this mobile learning development were validated by the validator with an average percentage of 94.5%. The results of this validation indicate that the resulting mobile learning is valid or feasible to use in the learning process in order to increase student …