Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
Educational Assessment, Evaluation, and Research Commons™
Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Discipline
-
- Educational Methods (250)
- Higher Education (250)
- Teacher Education and Professional Development (228)
- Curriculum and Instruction (222)
- Educational Leadership (215)
-
- Social and Behavioral Sciences (163)
- Educational Administration and Supervision (155)
- Educational Psychology (78)
- Higher Education and Teaching (72)
- Secondary Education (70)
- Science and Mathematics Education (69)
- Elementary Education (68)
- Higher Education Administration (67)
- Language and Literacy Education (67)
- Curriculum and Social Inquiry (64)
- Medicine and Health Sciences (62)
- Bilingual, Multilingual, and Multicultural Education (57)
- Disability and Equity in Education (57)
- Educational Technology (52)
- Online and Distance Education (49)
- Other Education (48)
- Arts and Humanities (46)
- Adult and Continuing Education (45)
- International and Comparative Education (44)
- Other Educational Administration and Supervision (42)
- Library and Information Science (39)
- Scholarship of Teaching and Learning (39)
- Early Childhood Education (35)
- Institution
-
- Wright State University (163)
- Australian Council for Educational Research (ACER) (76)
- University of Arkansas, Fayetteville (58)
- Morehead State University (55)
- Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta (36)
-
- Ministry of Higher and Secondary Specialized Education of the Republic of Uzbekistan (34)
- Western Michigan University (32)
- San Jose State University (30)
- Chulalongkorn University (27)
- University of Nebraska at Omaha (27)
- Utah State University (27)
- Bank Street College of Education (26)
- University of Central Florida (25)
- University of New England (25)
- Walden University (21)
- Portland State University (20)
- University of Dayton (20)
- Seton Hall University (17)
- Chapman University (16)
- Southeastern University (15)
- Eastern Kentucky University (14)
- National Council on Measurement in Education (14)
- University of Kentucky (14)
- Bowling Green State University (13)
- Nova Southeastern University (13)
- University of South Florida (13)
- Bard College (11)
- Old Dominion University (11)
- Technological University Dublin (11)
- University of the Pacific (11)
- Keyword
-
- Annual Program Outcomes Assessments (163)
- Report (163)
- Wright State University--Raj Soin College of Business (41)
- Wright State University--College of Liberal Arts (40)
- Education (36)
-
- Wright State University--College of Science and Mathematics (32)
- Assessment (30)
- Wright State University--College of Health, Education, and Human Services (29)
- Higher education (25)
- COVID-19 (22)
- Professional development (21)
- Leadership (17)
- Student assessment (17)
- Learning progressions (16)
- Primary secondary education (16)
- Wright State University--Lake Campus (16)
- Adult learning (15)
- International programs (13)
- Monitoring (Assessment) (13)
- Self-efficacy (13)
- Teachers (13)
- Equity (12)
- Evaluation (12)
- Literacy (11)
- Academic achievement (10)
- Educational leadership (10)
- Infographics (10)
- PISA (10)
- Program evaluation (10)
- Research news (10)
- Publication
-
- Annual Program Outcomes Assessments - All (163)
- Faculty Research at Morehead State University (39)
- Central Asian Journal of Education (34)
- Graduate Theses and Dissertations (30)
- Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal) (28)
-
- Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD) (27)
- Occasional Paper Series (26)
- All Theses And Dissertations (25)
- Dissertations (25)
- Electronic Theses and Dissertations (20)
- Jurnal Penelitian dan Evaluasi Pendidikan (20)
- 2021-2030 ACER Research Conferences (19)
- Educational Leadership Faculty Publications (17)
- Seton Hall University Dissertations and Theses (ETDs) (17)
- Outcomes and Impact Quarterly (16)
- REID (Research and Evaluation in Education) (16)
- Theses and Dissertations (16)
- Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies (16)
- Education Reform Faculty and Graduate Students Publications (15)
- Chinese/English Journal of Educational Measurement and Evaluation | 教育测量与评估双语期刊 (14)
- Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-2023 (14)
- Education Faculty Articles and Research (13)
- Doctor of Education (Ed.D) (12)
- International Journal of Aquatic Research and Education (12)
- Morehead State Theses and Dissertations (12)
- Assessment in Action Conference (11)
- Early College Folio (11)
- Enrollment Reports (11)
- Journal of English Learner Education (11)
- Teacher infographics (11)
- Publication Type
- File Type
Articles 481 - 510 of 1246
Full-Text Articles in Educational Assessment, Evaluation, and Research
Measuring The Impact Of A Girls Education Program In Zambia
Measuring The Impact Of A Girls Education Program In Zambia
International Developments
The Zambian Girls 2030: Realizing My Potential program was initiated in 2016 through a partnership between the Ministry of General Education (MoGE) and UNICEF. The program aims to ensure better educational and employment outcomes for Zambian girls through various educational interventions at the secondary school level. The ACER evaluation will shed light on the results achieved against the targeted objectives and the potential for expansion of the program.
Nepal Shifts To The Testing Of Higher Order Skills
Nepal Shifts To The Testing Of Higher Order Skills
International Developments
An overhaul of the examination system in Nepal focuses on standardisation of exams and assessing higher order thinking skills at the end of basic education.
Integrative Principles In Preparation Of Future Foreign Language Teachers For Pedagogical Practice, Ravshan Sayfulin Teacher, Dilafruz Sandibaeva Teacher
Integrative Principles In Preparation Of Future Foreign Language Teachers For Pedagogical Practice, Ravshan Sayfulin Teacher, Dilafruz Sandibaeva Teacher
Central Asian Journal of Education
The article discusses that improving the quality of teaching foreign languages in higher education on the basis of integrated approach is an important component of successful socialization of the individual and development in the world community, the mechanisms of which are implemented in the educational process. Particular attention is paid to organizing the educational process at the level of international standards on the basis of integrated approaches, ensuring the quality of educational content in harmony with the culture of the country where the language is studied, and expanding pedagogical and didactic opportunities.
Volume And Content Of Educational Materials Used In The Educational Process, Nigora Shuxratovna Ruzikulova Phd
Volume And Content Of Educational Materials Used In The Educational Process, Nigora Shuxratovna Ruzikulova Phd
Central Asian Journal of Education
This article addresses the issues of developing a methodological system for the use of teaching materials in the educational process, didactic aspects of their use, selection and description of teaching materials by size and content on the basis of harmonization with international assessment programs.
Understanding High School Assistant Principals’ Perspective Of Standardized Testing Policy For English Language Learners In Maryland, Jae Won Hwang
Understanding High School Assistant Principals’ Perspective Of Standardized Testing Policy For English Language Learners In Maryland, Jae Won Hwang
Seton Hall University Dissertations and Theses (ETDs)
Given federal and state mandates, school administrators in the United States are often held responsible for enacting standardized testing policies in their school settings. Standardized testing requirements apply for all students attending school including ELL (English Language Learner) students. However, a review of the literature finds that standardized testing for ELL students is problematic when schools interpret testing scores as some indication of content knowledge mastery. At the current time, content-area standardized testing policies and practices in public schools are not consistent with what we know about second language development. What is missing in the existing research is an examination …
Seeking Universal Education: From Singapore’S Educational Success, Gulnar Rzayeva
Seeking Universal Education: From Singapore’S Educational Success, Gulnar Rzayeva
Master's Projects and Capstones
According to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, education is considered a fundamental human right. However, this right is not accessible for every child. Not all education systems are capable of providing quality education. There are various reasons behind this issue. Based on the OECD and PISA records, Singapore has a successful education system with multiple ethnicities and religions. This study intends to discover some characteristics of Singapore's education system and the feasibility of achieving similar success in other practices. In the methodology part, based on a literature review on the education policy and the education system of Singapore, content …
Building Research Capacity Through An Academic Community Of Practice: A Design Case Study, Olga Koz, Anissa Lokey-Vega
Building Research Capacity Through An Academic Community Of Practice: A Design Case Study, Olga Koz, Anissa Lokey-Vega
Faculty Articles
Purpose – The study’s purpose was to examine the faculty-driven organization’s design and development that supports faculty research needs, track the emergence of the community of practice (CoP) and provide greater insight into continued organizational design iterations.
Design/methodology/approach – In this longitudinal design case study, the authors employed different methods to collect and analyze archival, quantitative, and qualitative data to capture the phenomenon’s complexity.
Findings – The findings challenge the assumption that only formal organizational structures and top-down management approaches stimulate research and build research capacity in universities and propose a new sustainable and agile informal organizational structure and strategies …
Seeking Universal Education: From Singapore’S Educational Success, Gulnar Rzayeva
Seeking Universal Education: From Singapore’S Educational Success, Gulnar Rzayeva
Master's Projects and Capstones
According to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, education is considered a fundamental human right. However, this right is not accessible for every child. Not all education systems are capable of providing quality education. There are various reasons behind this issue. Based on the OECD and PISA records, Singapore has a successful education system with multiple ethnicities and religions. This study intends to discover some characteristics of Singapore's education system and the feasibility of achieving similar success in other practices. In the methodology part, based on a literature review on the education policy and the education system of Singapore, content …
Indigenous Assessment Developers On Elements Of The Disjuncture-Response Dialectic: A Critical Comparative Case Study, David A. Sul
Indigenous Assessment Developers On Elements Of The Disjuncture-Response Dialectic: A Critical Comparative Case Study, David A. Sul
Doctoral Dissertations
The disjuncture-response dialectic proposes that the assessment development practices of Indigenous assessment developers exist within a broader environment where attention to broader themes such as settler colonialism (Wolfe, 2006) and Indigenous sovereignty is incorporated. To understand this dialectic, this study sought insight from Indigenous assessment developers about the issues they face when developing culturally specific assessments for use within their environments and settings.
This study used a critical (Giroux, 1979; Horkheimer, 2018; McKenzie, 2012) comparative case study approach (Bartlett & Vavrus, 2017b) with a convenience sample of three Indigenous assessment developers representing a cross-section of culturally specific assessment development projects …
Pediatric Residency Academic Rotation Improves Self-Rated Proficiency In Quality Improvement Skills, Maria Heubeck, Rebecca Craig, Taylor Ford, Lanier Lopez, Grace Mccauley, Elizabeth Yakes Jimenez
Pediatric Residency Academic Rotation Improves Self-Rated Proficiency In Quality Improvement Skills, Maria Heubeck, Rebecca Craig, Taylor Ford, Lanier Lopez, Grace Mccauley, Elizabeth Yakes Jimenez
Quality Improvement/Patient Safety Symposium
Category: In-progress research
Title: Pediatric Residency Academic Rotation Improves Self-Rated Proficiency in Quality Improvement Skills
Maria Heubeck, MD; Rebecca Craig, MD; Taylor, Ford, MD; Lanier Lopez, MD; Grace McCauley, MPH; Elizabeth Yakes Jimenez, PhD, RDN, LD
Introduction: As of July 2020, all second-year pediatric residents participate in a one-month academic rotation. The rotation focuses on quality improvement (QI), research, education and leadership skills and experience. This project aims to assess the impact of the rotation on residents’ self-reported QI proficiency, self-rated motivation to pursue scholarly activities, and competency based on ACGME milestones.
Methods: Pediatric residents participating in the academic rotation …
Improving Learning Outcomes Through Teacher Development
Improving Learning Outcomes Through Teacher Development
International Developments
The Australian Government’s Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT) has commissioned ACER to conduct the Teacher Development Multi-Year Series, a long-term, multi-country study to determine the extent to which Australian investments improve teaching quality and student learning. Countries involved include Timor-Leste, the three-year study focuses on Apoio Lideransa liuhusi Mentoria no Aprendizajen (ALMA) as part of the Australia-Timor-Leste Partnership for Human Development) - previously known as the Professional Learning Program; Lao PDR; and the Vanuatu Education Sector Program (VESP).
Acer And Unicef Partner In Assessment And Evaluation
Acer And Unicef Partner In Assessment And Evaluation
International Developments
In 2020, ACER signed two significant Long-Term Agreements (LTA) with UNICEF. One involves design, implementation and reporting on large-scale national and regional learning assessments in the Asia-Pacific region and the other covers technical assistance in the evaluation of education programs and interventions in countries under UNICEF’s Eastern and Southern Africa Regional Office (ESARO) and Regional Office for South Asia (ROSA).
Uncovering Learning Inequities In Southeast Asia
Uncovering Learning Inequities In Southeast Asia
International Developments
Results released from the Southeast Asia Primary Learning Metrics (SEAPLM) 2019 show alarming inequities in learning outcomes for children. While some students are excelling, others are falling far behind and are unlikely to catch up. Without foundational skills in reading, mathematics and writing, these students are likely to be disadvantaged well into their adult lives.
Monitoring Progress Towards The Sdgs, Ursula Schwantner, Juliette F. Mendelovits, Maurice Walker
Monitoring Progress Towards The Sdgs, Ursula Schwantner, Juliette F. Mendelovits, Maurice Walker
International Developments
Measuring where students are at in their learning is critical for determining whether the world is on track to meet Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 4. ACER’s contribution to SDG 4 is spearheaded through the work of the GEM Centre, a long-term partnership with the Australian Government's Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT). At the core of the GEM Centre's contribution is the development of technically sound and internationally comparable learning metrics that enable education stakeholders to align assessment systems with global SDG monitoring and reporting.
An Analysis Of Students’ Speaking Ability On Specific Purpose Of Learning, Dilnoza Kholmurod Kizi Kholmurodova Teacher
An Analysis Of Students’ Speaking Ability On Specific Purpose Of Learning, Dilnoza Kholmurod Kizi Kholmurodova Teacher
Central Asian Journal of Education
This article discusses student’s ability to manipulate structure and to distinguish appropriate grammatical form is necessary to speak English accurately. The utility of grammar is also to learn the correct way to gain expertise in a language in oral and written form as well as there are some problems on teaching speaking during the teaching and learning process of English language.
Challenges In Teaching Speaking To Efl Learners, Dilnoza Kholmurod Kizi Kholmurodova Teacher
Challenges In Teaching Speaking To Efl Learners, Dilnoza Kholmurod Kizi Kholmurodova Teacher
Central Asian Journal of Education
This preliminary study aims to describe the challenges that the teachers face in teaching English speaking to the students. Speaking is perceived as the most fundamental skill to acquire since the onset of the communicative era is treated as the ultimate goal of language teaching, and its proper development has become the attention of both teachers and learners. However, it is also a commonly recognized fact that achieving proficiency in foreign language speaking is not an easy task. Thus, it is important for teachers to be aware of the challenges in teaching speaking so solutions to them can be seeked …
International Developments (No.10) 2021
International Developments (No.10) 2021
International Developments
This issue of International Developments summarises the research evidence gathered through the work of the Australian Council for Educational Research (ACER) and the impact of specific projects around the globe.
Academic Advising As A Tool To Analyze The Experiences Of Students Of Color At A Diverse University, Julia Light
Academic Advising As A Tool To Analyze The Experiences Of Students Of Color At A Diverse University, Julia Light
Master's Theses
The purpose of this study was to analyze the experiences that undergraduate students of color had at a diverse, private university in Northern California. This study used a qualitative methodology of phenomenological research to learn of the experiences of undergraduate Students of Color. Three participants were interviewed and asked about the resources they relied upon throughout their undergraduate experience and in the academic advising system on this campus as it related to their academic success. Critical Race Theory was used as a lens to frame the results and the findings showed the effects that family and class background had on …
Factors Influencing Intelligibility And Comprehensibility: A Critical Review Of Research On Second Language English Speakers, Venus Chan
Journal of English Learner Education
The varieties of English have led to the paradigm of Global Englishes, which describes the ideologies of English as a lingua franca (ELF) and World Englishes (differential uses of English internationally) in diverse sociolinguistic contexts. Global Englishes literature complicates intelligibility and comprehensibility since it tends to problematize “native norms” as the only benchmarks for successful lingua franca use. Intelligibility and comprehensibility studies have recently been concerned with the interaction between non-native speakers using English as a second language for communication. Thus, this paper critically evaluates research on intelligibility and comprehensibility of second language (L2) English speakers. It is observed that …
Analysis Of Elementary School English Teachers’ Perceptions Of And Design For Differentiated Reading Instruction, Chin-Wen Chien
Analysis Of Elementary School English Teachers’ Perceptions Of And Design For Differentiated Reading Instruction, Chin-Wen Chien
Journal of English Learner Education
This study explored the influence of a course in an endorsement program on 22 elementary school Taiwanese English teachers’ perceptions of and designs for differentiated reading instruction. Based on the data analysis of the questionnaire, peer- and self-evaluation, and final projects, this study has two major findings. First, participants gained competence in research-based instructional strategies and approaches for differentiated reading instruction through the endorsement program. Tiered assignments were the most popular activities designed by the participants for differentiated reading instruction. Secondly, their self-efficacy gained in terms of improving their learners’ reading performance and solving their reading problems. This study suggested …
Multilingual And Multicultural Education: The Intersectionality Of Culture Mindset And Instructional Practices, Brendon Thiry, James P. Concannon
Multilingual And Multicultural Education: The Intersectionality Of Culture Mindset And Instructional Practices, Brendon Thiry, James P. Concannon
Journal of English Learner Education
The new mainstream classroom is both multilingual and multicultural. How prepared are teachers to work with English language learners and students with interrupted or informal education? This study aimed to determine if teacher growth mindset and cultural competency significantly predicted teacher’s use of responsive teaching practices with English language learners. Utilizing a multiple regression model, growth mindset and cultural competency did not predict teacher’s use of responsive teaching practices. However, by conducting an itemized analysis of the cultural competency survey, certain items stood out as potential predictors of responsive teaching practices. Results from this study suggest that the cultural competency …
Language Assessment Literacy: Analyzing The Perspectives Of Mainstream Teachers Toward English Learners, Tunde Szecsi, Janka Szilagyi
Language Assessment Literacy: Analyzing The Perspectives Of Mainstream Teachers Toward English Learners, Tunde Szecsi, Janka Szilagyi
Journal of English Learner Education
This qualitative phenomenological study explores mainstream classroom teachers’ language assessment literacy as it relates to English learners. In Southwest Florida, Fifty-five teachers were interviewed about their knowledge and use of English language proficiency assessments in mainstream classrooms. We conducted content analysis of the individual interviews and field note data. The findings indicated that teacher’s knowledge of language proficiency assessments includes: (a) awareness of language proficiency assessments, (b) one size fits all: misuse of content assessment, (c) language proficiencies confined solely to reading skills, and (d) preference for formative assessment. Findings also indicated that teachers’ limited use of language assessment results …
Dual Language Effectiveness To Narrow Achievement Gaps: A Quantitative Correlational Study, Belinda Reyes Ed.D.
Dual Language Effectiveness To Narrow Achievement Gaps: A Quantitative Correlational Study, Belinda Reyes Ed.D.
Journal of English Learner Education
An increase in the English learner (EL) population is evident in public schools throughout the United States. Academic achievement gaps between ELs and non-EL peers persist from early childhood through the post-secondary level (Florida Department of Education, 2019c). The gap in the literature is the lack of studies analyzing the language acquisition of ELs enrolled in dual language programs to narrow the achievement gap of ELs. Transformative Learning Theory and the Dynamic Systems Theory are the foundation of the theoretical framework. Key research questions seek data on the relationship between standardized assessments measuring language acquisition and academic performance of third-grade …
Do Community Schools Make A Difference? Comparing Community Schools And Noncommunity Schools In Baltimore City, Tiffany Bonds Mason
Do Community Schools Make A Difference? Comparing Community Schools And Noncommunity Schools In Baltimore City, Tiffany Bonds Mason
Seton Hall University Dissertations and Theses (ETDs)
Schools are frequently seen as the hubs of the community, providing resources and a gathering place for members of the community. The process of surveying the community in order to identify unique needs within the community, and then intentionally forging partnerships capable of ameliorating the specific needs, are strategies used by community schools to support their students and the communities from which they are drawn. Baltimore City Public Schools has created a community school management system in of their elementary schools. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of community school management on the success of students …
Flipped Classroom Effects On Upper Elementary And Middle School Student Motivation Inside And Outside The Classroom, Katarina Kuhlmann
Flipped Classroom Effects On Upper Elementary And Middle School Student Motivation Inside And Outside The Classroom, Katarina Kuhlmann
Dissertations, Theses, and Projects
This action research study focuses on the effects the Flipped Classroom Model has on student motivation in the classroom, as well as at home. Two research questions are utilized in this study and the two research questions are the following: How does the Flipped Classroom Model (FCM) enhance student motivation at home, as well as in the classroom? What obstacles can educators and students face pertaining towards motivation with the Flipped Classroom Model (FCM) and how can they overcome those challenges? The study on the Flipped Classroom and student motivation took place in a 5th grade classroom consisting of …
Feelings Forward: A Trauma Group For Adolescents, Lindsay Thronson
Feelings Forward: A Trauma Group For Adolescents, Lindsay Thronson
Dissertations, Theses, and Projects
Within the United States, research has shown that roughly 14% to 43% of children and teens go through at least one traumatic event and of those children 3% to 15% develop PTSD (VA.gov: Veterans Affairs, 2018). The current research has indicated that children who have endured a traumatic event can suffer from lifelong determinantal effects such as emotional, physical, and psychological issues. With these statistics in mind, this group manual has been created for adolescents who are presenting with PTSD symptomology. Among the literature regarding the detrimental impact that trauma has on adolescents development, there will be a focus …
Online Echocardiography Modules For Pediatric Cardiology Fellows, Sarah Studyvin, Doaa Aly, Tyler Johnson, Laura Kuzava, Alison Samrany, Nitin Madan, Sanket Shah
Online Echocardiography Modules For Pediatric Cardiology Fellows, Sarah Studyvin, Doaa Aly, Tyler Johnson, Laura Kuzava, Alison Samrany, Nitin Madan, Sanket Shah
Research Days
Background: Adequate echocardiographic (echo) education is integral to successful cardiology training. Online education is proven to be effective in other specialties, but pediatric echo training data are lacking.
Objectives/Goal: Our aim was to design and assess the role of a novel online module-based curriculum to enhance pediatric cardiology fellows’ echo education.
Methods/Design: Four interactive modules, focused on principles and interpretation of a normal echo, were delivered to fellows. Content included high quality 2D and 3D echo clips as well as interactive quizzes and could be accessed from a phone, tablet, or computer. All fellows completed pre- and post-tests, validated by …
Pathway Provider Programs: The International Student Experience, Aaron A. Mendez
Pathway Provider Programs: The International Student Experience, Aaron A. Mendez
Capstone Collection
As part of their commitment towards internationalization, many higher education institutions seek new recruitment practices to increase international student enrollment, to both enhance cultural diversity and increase the potential for revenue. Partnering with third-party pathway providers offers international students an opportunity to refine their English language skills, all while taking for-credit-bearing academic courses that ultimately prepare them for their second year upon matriculating into their degree-seeking programs. One difference between direct-entry international students and pathway program international students is the additional level of support for the latter.
This study explores the following research question: What are the experiences of international …
A Longitudinal Study Of Gifted Status And Academic Growth, Sarah Mckenzie, Josh B. Mcgee, Charlene A. Reid, Bich Tran
A Longitudinal Study Of Gifted Status And Academic Growth, Sarah Mckenzie, Josh B. Mcgee, Charlene A. Reid, Bich Tran
Policy Briefs
In this brief, we assess the relationship between being identified as gifted and academic growth among students who scored at or above the 95th percentile on state assessments in third grade. We follow five independent cohorts of these high-achieving students through eighth grade. Using regression analysis controlling for student and district characteristics, we find that students who received gifted services demonstrated statistically significantly greater academic growth on mathematics and literacy achievement across the time period examined than similarly high achieving peers that were not identified as gifted.
Gifted Education In Arkansas: A Longitudinal Study Of Gifted Status And Academic Growth, Bich Tran, Jonathan Wai, Sarah C. Mckenzie
Gifted Education In Arkansas: A Longitudinal Study Of Gifted Status And Academic Growth, Bich Tran, Jonathan Wai, Sarah C. Mckenzie
Arkansas Education Reports
This study assesses the effectiveness of gifted programs in Arkansas by leveraging student-level achievement and demographic data of students who scored at or above the 95th percentile on state assessments in third grade. We follow five independent cohorts of these high-achieving students through eighth grade and examine the difference between the longer-term academic performance of the students that were exposed to gifted and talented services compared to similarly high achieving peers that were not identified as gifted. Using regression analyses controlling for student and district characteristics, we find that students who received gifted services demonstrated statistically significantly greater academic growth …