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Articles 1171 - 1200 of 1417
Full-Text Articles in Educational Administration and Supervision
Relationship Quality Associations Family Values For Online Graduate Students With Intimate Partners, Tracy J. Jones-Garcia
Relationship Quality Associations Family Values For Online Graduate Students With Intimate Partners, Tracy J. Jones-Garcia
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Previous research found that relationship quality (RQ) for intimate couples may be adversely effected in times of stress, potentially decreasing marital satisfaction up to 36% during a four-year period for high stress couples. Previous research indicated family values (FV) may mediate RQ in stressful times; however, no research has examined this relationship for online/blended program graduate students. Students in these programs experience unique stress, change, and at times, physical distance from an intimate partner. Coombs's theory on values consensus postulated that the more alike family values are in a relationship, the better the RQ will be. The purpose of this …
Tier 2 Interventions For Students In Grades 1-3 Identified As At-Risk In Reading, Jennifer S. Ray
Tier 2 Interventions For Students In Grades 1-3 Identified As At-Risk In Reading, Jennifer S. Ray
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
The majority of Grade 4 students in the United States do not read at the proficient level. In response to this problem, which has persisted for decades, the United States Congress in 2004 mandated response to intervention as a multitiered classroom support system designed to improve reading skills for students in K-12 public schools. However, little research has been conducted about how classroom teachers use diagnostic assessments, provide small group instruction, and monitor progress in reading interventions. The purpose of this qualitative study was to examine how teachers used assessments and instruction in reading interventions for students in Grades 1-3 …
Relationships Between Early Academic Indicators And Accelerated-Baccalaureate Student Nurse Success, Bonnie J. White
Relationships Between Early Academic Indicators And Accelerated-Baccalaureate Student Nurse Success, Bonnie J. White
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
In 2013, the National Council Licensure Examination for Registered Nurses' (NCLEX-RN) passing standard was increased, leading to a decrease in NCLEX-RN pass rates. The passing standard increase was prompted by an advisory panel's determination that a gap in safe, competent practice existed among new graduate nurses. New graduates' success on NCLEX-RN is critical to meet workplace demand for new nurses. The purpose of this study was to examine whether cumulative grade point average at completion of 200-level nursing courses and scores on the standardized final exam in the 200-level fundamentals course were related to on-time nursing program completion and a …
Effects Of A One-To-One Ipad Initiative Program On 11th Grade Standardized Test Scores, Brendan James Howard
Effects Of A One-To-One Ipad Initiative Program On 11th Grade Standardized Test Scores, Brendan James Howard
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
The iPad and other mobile devices have become so popular over the past few years that many school districts are purchasing these devices and implementing them in the classroom with little to no research. Because there has been no previous research at one rural school district in Michigan, the primary purpose of this quantitative causal-comparative study was to investigate the effects that a 1-to-1 iPad initiative program has had on only 11th grade student achievement and determine if 11th grade students' test scores on the Michigan Merit Exam in the areas of mathematics, science, and social studies for each school …
Effective Educational Practices Regarding General Education Teachers And Inclusion Of Students With Autism, Chanda Rhodes Coblentz
Effective Educational Practices Regarding General Education Teachers And Inclusion Of Students With Autism, Chanda Rhodes Coblentz
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Owing to the influx of students with autism to the general education classroom, the role of the educator has drastically changed. Limited training and negative perceptions among teachers of students with autism are concerning. A qualitative case study, based on Bandura's theory of self-efficacy as a conceptual framework, was used to gather information based on the preservice training and personal classroom experiences from 7 general education teachers who were purposefully selected based on their licensure in the state of Ohio and experience in teaching students with autism. Research questions for this study examined the types of training teachers received, perceptions …
Understanding Planned Change Among Remote Nonfaculty Employees In Higher Education, Erin Lubin
Understanding Planned Change Among Remote Nonfaculty Employees In Higher Education, Erin Lubin
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Implementing planned change in online university divisions with remote nonfaculty employees is a unique challenge. The problem that compelled this study was the need to understand the challenges of implementing planned change for a group of geographically remote nonfaculty employees who served as field team members (FTM) in an online university's support division. The purpose of this research was to explore change from the perspectives of remote FTM, their managers, and the division's Vice President to better understand and suggest research-derived strategies to make change initiatives more meaningful and inclusive. The qualitative ethnographic design was informed by systems theory, Tuckman …
Professional Development Experiences Of Southern California Elementary School Teachers, Kim E. Du Cloux
Professional Development Experiences Of Southern California Elementary School Teachers, Kim E. Du Cloux
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Many researchers have concluded that teachers' frustration with the lack of quality teacher professional development can be addressed by acknowledging teachers' voices and involving them in the planning and design of their professional development. The purpose of this basic qualitative study was to explore 3rd through 5th grade elementary teachers' experiences with professional development in their schools or in their district in Southern California. Hargreaves and Fullan's concept of professional capital and Shulman's construct of knowledge growth in teaching provided the conceptual framework for this study. The research questions that framed the interview protocol for this study focused on teachers' …
A Movement Against And Beyond Boundaries: Exploring The Impact Of Transgressive Teaching On The Student Affairs Practices Of White, Heterosexual Men, Conor Mclaughlin
A Movement Against And Beyond Boundaries: Exploring The Impact Of Transgressive Teaching On The Student Affairs Practices Of White, Heterosexual Men, Conor Mclaughlin
Dissertations
Transgressive teaching can have a substantive and transformative impact on the experiences of students in primary, secondary, and higher education classrooms. Transgressive teaching is exemplified by the engaged pedagogy outlined by bell hooks in the seminal work Teaching to Transgress, in which teachers seek to engage spaces of learning in deeper and more holistic ways. Scholars have theorized transgressive teaching, when implemented by student affairs professionals, can have similar effects on the experiences of students, especially those from identity groups which have historically been marginalized in higher education. However, there is a limited understanding of the experiences of student affairs …
The Impact Of After School Tutoring On Math Achievement: Perceptions Of African American Males And Those Who Teach Them, Eric L. Brown
The Impact Of After School Tutoring On Math Achievement: Perceptions Of African American Males And Those Who Teach Them, Eric L. Brown
Dissertations
Despite increases in overall academic achievement, African American males continue to struggle in the area of mathematics. Data from the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) indicates that eighth grade African American males had the lowest levels of mathematics success of all subgroups in 2013, with only 13% performing at or above the proficient performance level in math. An approach to increasing the academic achievement of African American males has been to provide extended learning time beyond the typical secondary education experience. After school programs are one such example. Many studies indicate that after school programs have had some positive …
America’S Original Sin: Racism, White Privilege, And The Bridge To A New America, Emily L. Callon
America’S Original Sin: Racism, White Privilege, And The Bridge To A New America, Emily L. Callon
Growth: The Journal of the Association for Christians in Student Development
No abstract provided.
Faculty Senate Librarian's Report 2017 Combined, Georgia Southern University
Faculty Senate Librarian's Report 2017 Combined, Georgia Southern University
Faculty Senate: Librarian's Reports
No abstract provided.
The Effects Of Sex And Professional Experience On Superintendent Selection Decisions By School Board Chairpersons, Patrick Jarrett
The Effects Of Sex And Professional Experience On Superintendent Selection Decisions By School Board Chairpersons, Patrick Jarrett
Theses and Dissertations
The purpose of this research was to examine the effects that a superintendent candidate’s sex and professional background and school board chairpersons’ sex have on resume screening decisions. School board chairpersons were selected randomly from across the United States to receive one of six types of hypothetical superintendent candidates’ resumes and respond to a survey which requires subjects to rate the likelihood they would recommend the candidate depicted in the resume for an interview. Variables examined were candidates’ sex (male vs. female), professional experience (business vs. education vs. military) and sex-similarity with school board chairperson. An ordinal regression was used …
Factors And Characteristics Of Alumni Role Identity: Implications For Practice In Higher Education Fundraising And Alumni Relations, Jay Le Roux Dillon
Factors And Characteristics Of Alumni Role Identity: Implications For Practice In Higher Education Fundraising And Alumni Relations, Jay Le Roux Dillon
Doctoral Dissertations
Now more than ever, colleges and universities are relying on funds raised from alumni to support their operations. At the same time, the percentage of alumni donors is in decline and new research suggests that higher education fundraising strategies are overly reliant on alumni behaviors and demographics as predictors of giving. A 2011 study by McDearmon addressed this issue by establishing a psychometric measure of a graduate’s self-identification with his or her role as an alumnus/a, dubbed “alumni role identity.” Based in role identity theory (Stryker 1968, 1980; Callero, 1985), McDearmon’s research demonstrated that alumni role identity was associated positively …
Ready To Lead? An Examination Of The Alignment Of California Preservice School Leaders’ Fieldwork Experiences With State Leadership Standards, Sandie Stringfellow
Ready To Lead? An Examination Of The Alignment Of California Preservice School Leaders’ Fieldwork Experiences With State Leadership Standards, Sandie Stringfellow
Doctoral Dissertations
This study explored how three preservice school leaders (PSLs) in California spent their time during their fieldwork for their school-leader-preparation programs and if they were gaining experience in all of the California Professional Standards for Education Leaders (CPSEL). Specifically, my dissertation examined the use of a daily log (Project Reflect), a custom-built web-based application that is designed to serve as an easy-to-use measure of preservice-school-leader practice. The application was accessed from Internet-connected devices and logged time spent in practical situations in each of the CPSEL. This exploratory case study was conducted with three preservice school leaders in the San Francisco …
Evaluación Del Impacto De La Desnutrición Por Exceso E Interacción Social En Escolares Del Segundo Ciclo Del Nivel Básico, Ysabel Noemí Tejeda Díaz
Evaluación Del Impacto De La Desnutrición Por Exceso E Interacción Social En Escolares Del Segundo Ciclo Del Nivel Básico, Ysabel Noemí Tejeda Díaz
Theses and Dissertations
Esta investigación consistió en la evaluación del impacto de la desnutrición por exceso e interacción social en los escolares del segundo ciclo del nivel básico en una escuela pública en Santo Domingo, Republica Dominicana. Se estudiaron (a) los tipos de interacciones que se producen entre los participantes y (b) las interrelaciones sociales desarrolladas en el entorno escolar. Así como el impacto en los niveles de popularidad e influencia de acuerdo a las teorías de Herrera (2008) y Rizo (2007) en el ámbito escolar.
Se realizó una investigación mixta, a partir del abordaje del problema desde los aspectos cualitativo y cuantitativo, …
Meeting The Needs Of Students With Disabilities, Charles J. Russo, Allan G. Osborne Jr.
Meeting The Needs Of Students With Disabilities, Charles J. Russo, Allan G. Osborne Jr.
Educational Leadership Faculty Publications
The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA, 2005) requires states, through local school boards, to provide students with disabilities with a free appropriate public education (FAPE) in the least restrictive environment consistent with the content of their Individualized Education Programs (IEPs). As important as it is to educate students with disabilities, the cost of serving these children is much higher than that of their peers in regular education.
Most recently, the Tenth Circuit upheld Rowley’s “some educational benefit” standard in Endrew F. v. Douglas County School District RE-1 (2015). In Endrew F., the panel affirmed that a school board in …
นวัตกรรมระบบบริหารคุณภาพของสถาบันอุดมศึกษา ตามเกณฑ์คุณภาพระดับนานาชาติ, ศุภศิริ บุญประเวศ
นวัตกรรมระบบบริหารคุณภาพของสถาบันอุดมศึกษา ตามเกณฑ์คุณภาพระดับนานาชาติ, ศุภศิริ บุญประเวศ
Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)
การวิจัยนี้มีวัตถุประสงค์เพื่อศึกษา 1) กรอบแนวคิดระบบบริหารคุณภาพสถาบันอุดมศึกษา และ เกณฑ์คุณภาพสถาบันอุดมศึกษาระดับนานาชาติ 2) สภาพปัจจุบันและสภาพที่พึงประสงค์ในระบบบริหารคุณภาพของสถาบันอุดมศึกษา 3) การปฏิบัติที่ดีของระบบบริหารคุณภาพของสถาบันอุดมศึกษา 4) พัฒนานวัตกรรมระบบบริหารคุณภาพของสถาบันอุดมศึกษาตามเกณฑ์คุณภาพระดับนานาชาติ กลุ่มประชากรคือ สถาบันอุดมศึกษาสังกัดสำนักงานคณะกรรมการการอุดมศึกษา 124 แห่ง ใช้กลุ่มตัวอย่าง 92 แห่ง ผู้ให้ข้อมูลได้แก่ อธิการบดี รองอธิการบดี และหัวหน้าฝ่ายคุณภาพหรือฝ่ายประกันคุณภาพ รวม 276 คน และศึกษาแนวปฏิบัติที่ดีจากจุฬาลงกรณ์มหาวิทยาลัย และสถาบันเทคโนโลยีพระจอมเกล้าเจ้าคุณทหารลาดกระบัง เครื่องมือวิจัย คือ แบบสอบถาม และ แบบสัมภาษณ์ วิเคราะห์ข้อมูลโดยใช้ สถิติความถี่ ร้อยละ ค่าเฉลี่ย ส่วนเบี่ยงเบนมาตรฐาน ค่าดัชนีความต้องการจำเป็น และการวิเคราะห์เนื้อหา ผลการวิจัยพบว่า1) กรอบแนวคิดระบบบริหารคุณภาพสถาบันอุดมศึกษา ประกอบด้วย 4 องค์ประกอบ และกรอบแนวคิดเกณฑ์คุณภาพระดับนานาชาติ ประกอบด้วย ตัวชี้วัด 5 ด้าน ได้แก่ ด้านความมีชื่อเสียง ด้านบุคลากร ด้านนักศึกษา ด้านงานวิจัย และด้านรายได้ 2) สภาพปัจจุบัน ในภาพรวม อยู่ในระดับปานกลาง และสภาพที่พึงประสงค์ ในภาพรวมอยู่ในระดับมาก 3) แนวปฏิบัติที่ดีด้านการวางแผนเน้นความสอดคล้องกับบริบทที่เปลี่ยนแปลง ด้านการควบคุมคุณภาพและการปรับปรุงคุณภาพเน้นความต่อเนื่องและชัดเจน และด้านการประกันคุณภาพเน้นการคิดเกณฑ์การประเมินตนเอง 4) นวัตกรรมระบบบริหารคุณภาพของสถาบันอุดมศึกษาตามเกณฑ์คุณภาพระดับนานาชาติ ชื่อ ระบบบริหารคุณภาพสถาบันอุดมศึกษา แบบมุ่งเน้นการปรับปรุงคุณภาพระดับนานาชาติอย่างต่อเนื่อง (CIQI)
Relationship Between Teachers' Attitudes Toward Inclusion And Professional Development, Patricia Chatman Chatman
Relationship Between Teachers' Attitudes Toward Inclusion And Professional Development, Patricia Chatman Chatman
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Integration of general and special education students in the classroom has become common in many educational systems. Researchers have found that some general education teachers may have negative attitudes of inclusion when they are inadequately prepared to instruct in an inclusion setting. The purpose of this causal-comparative study was to investigate the relationship of teachers' professional development (PD) on their attitudes about teaching in an inclusive classroom at a northeast Georgia middle school. Using Vygotsky's sociocultural developmental theory, the research question examined the difference in teachers' attitudes toward inclusion as measured by the Scale of Teachers' Attitudes Toward Inclusive Classrooms …
Parents' And Teachers' Perceptions Of A Parental Involvement Component In Afterschool Tutoring, Ruth Lawton
Parents' And Teachers' Perceptions Of A Parental Involvement Component In Afterschool Tutoring, Ruth Lawton
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
This study examined an after-school tutoring and mentoring program that was implemented to help low-income students in the K-12 local district who were struggling with reading and mathematics. To date, the program has not been successful in improving student achievement. The purpose of this qualitative case study is to provide administrators and teachers with insights into parents' and teachers' perceptions of the program, with an emphasis on parental involvement (PI). Vygotsky's theory of social constructivism focused this study on the tenet that social interactions between parents, students, and teachers all impact the program students' construction of knowledge. The research questions …
Academic Freedom As The Freedom To Do Academic Work, David Moshman
Academic Freedom As The Freedom To Do Academic Work, David Moshman
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
Academic freedom is defined as the freedom to do academic work. It follows that academic freedom (1) includes freedoms of teaching, learning, and inquiry; (2) is a type of intellectual freedom; (3) is specific to academic roles and contexts; (4) is crucial at all levels of education and in all other academic contexts; (5) is individual, collective, and institutional; and (6) is central to the academic integrity of any academic endeavor or institution. This conception, which coordinates multiple traditions and literatures, enables us to explain the nature and limits of academic freedom and to justify it as a necessity for …
Applying Krumbolt's Theory Of Career Decision Making (Cdm) To The Longevity Of Principals In The North American Division Of Seventh-Day Adventists, Sadrail Saint-Ulysse
Applying Krumbolt's Theory Of Career Decision Making (Cdm) To The Longevity Of Principals In The North American Division Of Seventh-Day Adventists, Sadrail Saint-Ulysse
Dissertations
Problem
Ledesma (2011) reports that principals’ average tenure in Adventist schools in North America “ranges from 2.5-4.0 years. Elementary principals remain in leadership for 2.5 years, day academy principals stay for 3.6 years, and boarding academy principals leave after 4.0 years” (p, 8). Ledesma also noted that the length of tenure of a school principal in the Adventist school system mirrors that of other school systems. In an attempt to understand more about the possible factors related to this seemingly high voluntary turnover, this research sought to explore the association between the four factors of Krumboltz’s career decision making model …
The Influence Of Cognitive And Psychological Well-Being Factors On Freshmen Community College Student Gpa: A Prediction Model, Barbara Karwacinski
The Influence Of Cognitive And Psychological Well-Being Factors On Freshmen Community College Student Gpa: A Prediction Model, Barbara Karwacinski
Dissertations
Problem
One of the most significant issues for higher education in the early 21st century is student success. Research studies indicate that a large number of freshman community college students are unsuccessful in their academic endeavor. However, there is insufficient research conducted to determine the holistic causes of this problem. Current research focuses on two types of traditional predictors: cognitive (ability, academic factors) and non-cognitive (affective, non-academic factors). It seems, however, that traditional cognitive and non-cognitive predictors alone are inadequate measures for determining students’ full potential because they cannot account for the psychological processes that contribute to and influence a …
Elementary Teachers' Perceptions Of Practices And Professional Development For Differentiating Mathematics Instruction, Sandra Mujagic Varajic
Elementary Teachers' Perceptions Of Practices And Professional Development For Differentiating Mathematics Instruction, Sandra Mujagic Varajic
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Teachers and administrators in a Title I elementary school in a southeastern state are concerned that there has been a trend over the past 3 years of declining standardized assessment scores in mathematics for students in Grades 3, 4, and 5. The purpose of this qualitative case study was to explore teachers' perceptions of practices, and professional development (PD) for differentiating mathematics instruction. This study was grounded in the conceptual framework of Vygotsky's zone of proximal development and Tomlinson's differentiated instruction (DI). Purposeful sampling was used to select 8 teachers and 1 mathematics coach, who worked with students in Grades …
Responsibilities Of General And Special Education Teachers Serving Students With Learning Disabilities, Antonia Lynn Kittrell
Responsibilities Of General And Special Education Teachers Serving Students With Learning Disabilities, Antonia Lynn Kittrell
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Third-grade students in a small rural school district in North Carolina are not meeting reading benchmarks on End-of-Grade Tests. Parents and educators have concerns regarding the service delivery plan for students with disabilities who have deficits in reading. The purpose of this qualitative study was to examine the roles and responsibilities of special education and general education teachers in relation to Common Core Reading Standards instruction for students with disabilities. Vygotsky's theory of social constructivism and concept of the zone of proximal development formed the conceptual framework for the exploration of how students' academic needs are met with appropriate support …
The Relationship Between The Mississippi Adequate Education Program And Student Achievement In Mississippi Schools, Avence Pittman Jr
The Relationship Between The Mississippi Adequate Education Program And Student Achievement In Mississippi Schools, Avence Pittman Jr
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The dissertation research examined the effects of school funding upon student achievement in Mississippi public schools from 2011-2012, 2012-2013, and 2013-2014. The detailed description of the MAEP and its relationship to revenues derived from ad valorem taxes and how they explain the primary basis for revenues that support public education in Mississippi. Hence, a secondary problem in this study identified a prediction equation based upon selected school characteristics and derived funding levels (using MAEP data) to predict student achievement. Six hypotheses were examined in the study to determine the effects of school funding upon academic achievement.
The Development And Validation Of The Secondary Trauma In Resident Assistants Scale, R. Jason Lynch
The Development And Validation Of The Secondary Trauma In Resident Assistants Scale, R. Jason Lynch
Educational Leadership & Workforce Development Faculty Publications
SECONDARY TRAUMATIC STRESS has been described as "the stress resulting from helping or wanting to help a traumatized or suffering person" (Figley, 1999, p. 10). College resident assistants often serve as first-responders to students who have experienced traumatic life events such as severe mental illness, substance abuse, sexual violence, and hate crimes. To date, the literature has not thoroughly addressed the impact of providing this level of support on collegiate resident assistants. This study aimed to explore one possible outcome identified in individuals in other helping professions: secondary traumatic stress. The researcher set out to develop and validate an instrument …
Agent Of Social Capital: An Autoethnographic Study Of A First Time Superintendent, Juan I. Martinez
Agent Of Social Capital: An Autoethnographic Study Of A First Time Superintendent, Juan I. Martinez
Open Access Theses & Dissertations
This autoethnography analyzes how my experiences growing up on the Mexico-United States border influenced my superintendency. My particular focus was on my role as an agent of social capital for all students, including low-socioeconomic, at-risk and minority students. Collectively, over fifty percent of school-aged children in the United States are now from a minority ethnic group, of which Hispanic/Latino students constitute the vast majority. Research on academically successful minority students suggests that the social capital students receive from institutional agents at school expands opportunities for academic and lifelong success. Traditionally, however, institutional agents are teachers, counselors, and social workers, not …
A Value-Based Case Study To Increasing Community Mentoring In Stem For Hispanic Students, Gilberto Moreno
A Value-Based Case Study To Increasing Community Mentoring In Stem For Hispanic Students, Gilberto Moreno
Open Access Theses & Dissertations
This case study investigates the implementation of a unique community-driven mentoring pilot program (PASOS2) forging stronger community and K-12 partnerships. Focused on surfacing what matters most in engaging community mentors, this case study explores a civic organization'?s quest to impact, expand, and bring value via mentoring to Hispanic students' pursuit of post-secondary studies with emphasis in STEM careers. A major stumbling block faced by many underprivileged students is the lack of mentorship vital to expanding their social capital support system. This innovative mentoring approach provides students with critical access to STEM community empowerment agents supporting aspiring students' dreams.
Analytical methods …
Advanced Placement Versus Dual Credit: The Long-Term Effects Of Advanced Academics On Post-Secondary Success And Completion At A Public Four-Year Research University In A Border City, Elda Armendariz
Open Access Theses & Dissertations
Goldrick-Rab, Carter, and Wagner (2007) contend that there are disproportionately few evaluations of program effectiveness, and thus the question of what works is rarely adequately addressed in higher education. In other words, we have often failed to adequately connect theory to practice (p. 2472). Due to the differing nature of the curricula for the Advanced Placement and Dual Credit Programs and the processes by which students can earn college credit in high school, most of the existing research focuses on the impact of the individual programs, which presents the need for future research on the relative effectiveness of the different …
Transfer Student Success: Latinx Students Overcoming Challenges At Two- And Four-Year Institutions Towards Baccalaureate Degree Attainment, Ajani Mcarthur Byrd
Transfer Student Success: Latinx Students Overcoming Challenges At Two- And Four-Year Institutions Towards Baccalaureate Degree Attainment, Ajani Mcarthur Byrd
Dissertations
As the largest post-secondary educational system, community colleges enroll nearly 35% of all college students (American Association for Community Colleges, 2014). However, the vast majority of students attending two-year institutions aspiring to vertically transfer (from community college to four-year institution), fall short of their academic goals and do not obtain a baccalaureate degree (Student Success Score Card, 2013). To this end, the extant literature has illustrated students of color, especially Latinx and African American students, transfer and graduate at disproportionately lower rates than their white counterparts. Qualitative researchers have explored this phenomenon; yet, often fall short of highlighting the specific …