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2017

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Articles 1081 - 1110 of 1417

Full-Text Articles in Educational Administration and Supervision

Evaluating Centers For Teaching And Learning: A Field-Tested Model, Susan R. Hines Jan 2017

Evaluating Centers For Teaching And Learning: A Field-Tested Model, Susan R. Hines

To Improve the Academy: A Journal of Educational Development

This paper provides a program evaluation model, along with field-testing results, that was developed in response to the need for an evaluation model able to support systematic evaluation of teaching and learning centers (CTLs). The model builds upon the author’s previous studies investigating the evaluation practices and struggles experienced at 53 CTLs. Findings from these studies attribute evaluation struggles to contextual issues involving evaluation capacity, ill- structured curricula, and ill-conceived evaluation frameworks. This field-tested Four-Phase Program Evaluation Model addresses these issues by approaching evaluation in a comprehensive manner that includes an evaluation capacity analysis, curricular conceptualization, evaluation planning, and plan …


Stepping Stones: A Leadership Development Program To Inspire And Promote Reflection Among Women Faculty And Staff, Krista Hoffmann-Longtin, Zachary S. Morgan, Lauren (Chism) Schmidt, Emily C. Valvoord, Megan M. Palmer, Mary E. Dankoski Jan 2017

Stepping Stones: A Leadership Development Program To Inspire And Promote Reflection Among Women Faculty And Staff, Krista Hoffmann-Longtin, Zachary S. Morgan, Lauren (Chism) Schmidt, Emily C. Valvoord, Megan M. Palmer, Mary E. Dankoski

To Improve the Academy: A Journal of Educational Development

Women frequently benefit from focused faculty development opportunities not because they need to be “fixed,” but rather it is a means to demonstrate that success, even in chilly environments, is possible. The Stepping Stones program uses a unique design to provide participants with inspiration, time for reflection, and strategies for how to navigate one’s career, through hearing about the journeys of successful women. In this article, we describe the program and evaluation results. Post-event and longitudinal follow-up surveys indicate that the program and its unique narrative format help to debunk the superwoman myth and leave participants with a sense of …


Metacognition By Design: How A Course Design Experience Can Increase Metacognition In Faculty, Teresa A. Johnson, Sarah A. Holt, Margaret Sanders, Lindsay Bernhagen, Kathryn Plank, Stephanie V. Rohdieck, Alan Kalish Jan 2017

Metacognition By Design: How A Course Design Experience Can Increase Metacognition In Faculty, Teresa A. Johnson, Sarah A. Holt, Margaret Sanders, Lindsay Bernhagen, Kathryn Plank, Stephanie V. Rohdieck, Alan Kalish

To Improve the Academy: A Journal of Educational Development

Since 2009, our center for teaching and learning has offered an intensive Course Design Institute (CDI) several times each year, which has now been completed by more than 600 teaching faculty, staff, and Graduate Teaching Associates from The Ohio State University. To better understand the impact of participating in a CDI on participants’ teaching, this study utilizes qualitative data drawn from five years of participant feedback gathered on the last day of each CDI, as well as from focus groups conducted with CDI graduates in the years following their participation. The results show that participating in the CDI helps instructors …


The Aspirational Curriculum Map: A Diagnostic Model For Action-Oriented Program Review, Eric Metzler, George Rehrey, Lisa Kurz, Joan Middendorf Jan 2017

The Aspirational Curriculum Map: A Diagnostic Model For Action-Oriented Program Review, Eric Metzler, George Rehrey, Lisa Kurz, Joan Middendorf

To Improve the Academy: A Journal of Educational Development

When the process of curriculum mapping begins with the faculty’s articulations of the knowledge, skills, and attitudes students should master upon graduation, a curriculum map results that enables faculty to review the curriculum for effectiveness, see the workings of the whole curriculum at a glance, plan assessments, and recognize where adjustments or changes need to be made. This article explains these benefits and lays out a step by step process for building such a curriculum map that can be adapted to any institutional context. We also describe a variety of outcomes from and reactions to our process.


Assessing The Long-Term Impact Of The Preparing Future Faculty Seminar, Laura N. Schram, Tershia Pinder-Grover, Stefan Turcic Ii Jan 2017

Assessing The Long-Term Impact Of The Preparing Future Faculty Seminar, Laura N. Schram, Tershia Pinder-Grover, Stefan Turcic Ii

To Improve the Academy: A Journal of Educational Development

The Preparing Future Faculty (PFF) initiative for graduate students was launched in the United States in 1993 as a partnership between the Council of Graduate Schools and the Association of American Colleges and Universities to prepare graduate students for faculty careers at different institutional types and to provide them with teaching-related professional development. PFF programs have proliferated U.S. universities over the last two decades, but there has been limited research on the long-term impact of these programs. This study at the University of Michigan examines the career paths and attitudes of graduate students who participated in an annual, intensive, five-week …


The Lived Experience Of African American Teachers Utilizing Co-Cultural Adaptation At Predominantly White Rural Schools In Central Appalachia, Tony Eugene Sweatt Jan 2017

The Lived Experience Of African American Teachers Utilizing Co-Cultural Adaptation At Predominantly White Rural Schools In Central Appalachia, Tony Eugene Sweatt

Online Theses and Dissertations

Primary and secondary schools across the nation are becoming increasingly heterogeneous, yet the teacher population remains homogenous. In fairness, this is not a new issue: At the turn of the century, Whites represented a significant aggregate of the teacher population: 73% in the inner city; 81% in suburban schools; 91% in small towns; and 98% in rural areas. The magnitude of this issue is significant since approximately 33% of schools in the U.S. are located in rural areas, which already struggle with recruiting and retaining teachers, much less African-American ones. In fact, Bireda and Chait (2011) found that over 40% …


College Campus Emergency Preparedness: Is Avoidance A Reason For Concern?, Thomas G. Barnowski Jan 2017

College Campus Emergency Preparedness: Is Avoidance A Reason For Concern?, Thomas G. Barnowski

Online Theses and Dissertations

The purpose of this qualitative and quantitative research study was to explore the factors and outcomes associated with the lack of emergency preparedness activities related to college campuses. Within the context of pertinent literature was the confirmation of existing campus emergency action plans but the stated behavioral expectations contained in those plans raised questions related to effective functional performance. Additionally, the apparent refusal of college campus populations to actively participate in the preparedness process while offing a myriad of justifications for their avoidance has raised a number of concerns related to the achievement of desired positive outcomes. Discussion of attitudes …


Institutional Teaching, Learning And Assessment Strategy July 2015 - July 2020, Cct College Dublin Jan 2017

Institutional Teaching, Learning And Assessment Strategy July 2015 - July 2020, Cct College Dublin

Strategy Documents

CCT's Institutional Strategic Plan in respect of Teaching, Learning and Assessment effective from 2015 to 2020.


Faculty Tenure Report, Fall 2017, University Of Northern Iowa. Office Of Institutional Research And Effectiveness. Jan 2017

Faculty Tenure Report, Fall 2017, University Of Northern Iowa. Office Of Institutional Research And Effectiveness.

Institutional Effectiveness & Planning Documents

Statistical report showing the number of faculty that are tenured, on the tenure track, or not on the tenure track, broken down by college, department, gender, minority status, and if full or part time.


The Superintendent’S Feed: An Analysis Of Superintendents’ Engagement In Political Discourse On Twitter, Todd M. Hurst Jan 2017

The Superintendent’S Feed: An Analysis Of Superintendents’ Engagement In Political Discourse On Twitter, Todd M. Hurst

Theses and Dissertations--Education Sciences

The modern school superintendent fulfills a unique role in the American public education system. He or she is structurally empowered as the de facto head of the local educational system, thereby granted with a certain amount of trust and authority regarding educational issues. At the same time, the superintendent is, in most cases, an employee of a politically appointed school board. This construction creates a dynamic wherein the superintendent is both the leader of a highly structured, bureaucratic system, while at the same time an employee of a largely lay, often elected, group of citizens.

The position of the superintendent …


Institutional Costs - Fy 2017, University Of Northern Iowa Jan 2017

Institutional Costs - Fy 2017, University Of Northern Iowa

Institutional Effectiveness & Planning Documents

A report showing the costs associated with the running of the University of Northern Iowa.


Workplace Faculty Friendships And Work-Family Culture, Megumi Watanabe, Christina Falci Jan 2017

Workplace Faculty Friendships And Work-Family Culture, Megumi Watanabe, Christina Falci

Department of Sociology: Faculty Publications

Although various work-family policies are available to faculty members, many underuse these policies due to concerns about negative career consequences. Therefore, we believe it is important to develop an academic work culture that is more supportive of work-family needs. Using network data gathered from faculty members at a Midwestern university, this study investigated the relationship between friendship connections with colleagues and perceived work-family supportiveness in the department. It also explored the role of parental status in the relationship for men and women. Results show that faculty with larger friendship networks have more positive perceptions of work-family culture compared to faculty …


Academic Engagement, Motivation, Self-Regulation, And Achievement Of Georgia Southern University Sophomore Students, John O. Lemay Iv Jan 2017

Academic Engagement, Motivation, Self-Regulation, And Achievement Of Georgia Southern University Sophomore Students, John O. Lemay Iv

College of Graduate Studies: Theses & Dissertations

Research has shown that engagement, motivation, self-regulation, and their individual effects on student achievement are established factors that influence college students’ success. However, what is less clear are these variables’ relationships and their collective influence on achievement. Since students face unique trials as they persist through college, consideration of these relationships and their effect on the achievement of all students is necessary. There is a widening achievement gap between sexes; females have now passed males in enrollment, persistence, and graduation rates. Previous research in this area has been largely centered on undergraduate female students in their freshman year, but the …


การพัฒนาระบบบริหารโรงเรียนขนาดเล็กตามแนวคิดกิจการเพื่อสังคม, ฐาปณีย์ โลพันดุง Jan 2017

การพัฒนาระบบบริหารโรงเรียนขนาดเล็กตามแนวคิดกิจการเพื่อสังคม, ฐาปณีย์ โลพันดุง

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

การวิจัยครั้งนี้มีวัตถุประสงค์เพื่อ 1) ศึกษากรอบแนวคิดระบบบริหารโรงเรียนและกิจการเพื่อสังคม 2) ศึกษาสภาพปัจจุบันและสภาพที่พึงประสงค์ของการบริหารโรงเรียนขนาดเล็กตามแนวคิดกิจการเพื่อสังคม และ 3) พัฒนาระบบบริหารโรงเรียนขนาดเล็กตามแนวคิดกิจการเพื่อสังคม ใช้วิธีวิจัยแบบผสมผสาน โดยศึกษาเอกสารสังเคราะห์กรอบแนวคิด เก็บข้อมูลจากกลุ่มตัวอย่างวิเคราะห์ข้อมูลแล้วยกร่างระบบบริหารโรงเรียน ประชุมสนทนากลุ่ม กลุ่มตัวอย่างได้แก่ โรงเรียนขนาดเล็กสังกัดสำนักงานคณะกรรมการการศึกษาขั้นพื้นฐาน จำนวน 375 แห่ง ผู้ให้ข้อมูลคือ ผู้บริหารโรงเรียนและครู เครื่องมือที่ใช้ในการวิจัย ได้แก่ แบบประเมินกรอบแนวคิด แบบสอบถามสภาพปัจจุบันและสภาพพึงประสงค์ แบบประเมินความเหมาะสมและเป็นไปได้ของระบบ สถิติที่ใช้ในการวิเคราะห์ข้อมูล คือ ความถี่ ร้อยละ ค่าเฉลี่ย ส่วนเบี่ยงเบนมาตรฐานและค่าดัชนี PNIModified ผลการวิจัยพบว่า 1) กรอบแนวคิดระบบบริหารประกอบด้วยนโยบาย และกระบวนการและวิธีการ งานบริหารโรงเรียนเน้นงานวิชาการประกอบด้วยการพัฒนาหลักสูตรสถานศึกษา การจัดการเรียนการสอนและกิจกรรมเสริมหลักสูตรและการวัดและประเมินผล และกรอบแนวคิดกิจการเพื่อสังคมมีลักษณะสำคัญ 6 ประการ 2) สภาพปัจจุบันของการบริหารโรงเรียนขนาดเล็กตามแนวคิดกิจการเพื่อสังคม โดยภาพรวมมีค่าเฉลี่ยอยู่ในระดับปานกลาง ส่วนสภาพที่พึงประสงค์อยู่ในระดับมาก 3) ระบบบริหารโรงเรียนที่พัฒนาขึ้นคือ ระบบบริหารงานวิชาการที่เน้นการจัดการเรียนการสอนและกิจกรรมเสริมหลักสูตรตามแนวคิดกิจการเพื่อสังคม มีวัตถุประสงค์เพื่อจัดระบบบริหารโรงเรียนและเพิ่มศักยภาพการบริหารงานวิชาการที่เน้นการจัดการเรียนการสอนและกิจกรรมเสริมหลักสูตรตามแนวคิดกิจการเพื่อสังคมให้เกิดประสิทธิผลและมีประสิทธิภาพ มีองค์ประกอบคือ 1) นโยบายที่เสริมสร้างนักเรียนสู่การเป็นผู้ประกอบการเพื่อสังคม มีทักษะการประกอบอาชีพเชิงสร้างสรรค์และสร้างประโยชน์แก่สังคม ชุมชนและสิ่งแวดล้อม 2) เป้าประสงค์คือผู้เรียนสามารถผลิตสินค้าและ/หรือบริการที่เป็นมิตรกับสิ่งแวดล้อมสามารถจำหน่ายสร้างรายได้ นำกำไรลงทุนต่อยอดกิจการและนำไปสร้างประโยชน์แก่ชุมชน สังคมและสิ่งแวดล้อมได้ และสร้าง/พัฒนานวัตกรรมเพื่อแก้ปัญหาและพัฒนาสังคมได้ และ 3) กระบวนการและวิธีการดำเนินงานมี 7 ขั้นตอนคือ การสำรวจและวิเคราะห์สภาพปัจจุบัน การกำหนดค่าเป้าหมายและตัวชี้วัด การวางแผน การดำเนินการตามแผน การติดตามประเมินผล การจัดทำมาตรฐานการปฏิบัติงานและการปรับปรุงพัฒนาอย่างต่อเนื่อง


Occupationally Based Career And Technical Education (Cte) Teachers' Perceived Need For Student-To-Student Interaction In Distance Coursework To Gain Teaching Certification, Tina C. Barger Jan 2017

Occupationally Based Career And Technical Education (Cte) Teachers' Perceived Need For Student-To-Student Interaction In Distance Coursework To Gain Teaching Certification, Tina C. Barger

Murray State Theses and Dissertations

The purpose of the study was to contribute to the body of literature regarding occupationally based career and technical education (CTE) teachers’ perceived need for student-to-student interaction in distance education coursework. The study was based on a previous study by Moore, Warner, and Jones (2016). Student perceptions on the topic of student-to-student interaction were gathered. Participants in the study were CTE teachers who had entered the teaching profession from industry. Participants were pursuing or had previously pursued coursework in online/distance education formats. Findings of the study indicated that, overall, survey respondents did not have high expectations or particularly positive feelings …


Measuring Health And Wellness Of International Students, Jennifer Cosby, Jennifer R. Cosby Jan 2017

Measuring Health And Wellness Of International Students, Jennifer Cosby, Jennifer R. Cosby

Murray State Theses and Dissertations

Abstract

Jennifer Cosby

MEASURING HEALTH AND WELLNESS OF INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS

2016-2017

Ed.D. in P20 and Community Leadership

Years of research focused on the physical and mental well-being of college students to promote retention. In 2013, international students numbered 819,644 and contributed $27 billion to the United States economy (Le, LaCost, & Wismer, 2016). International students are a valuable resource to the United States because they enhance the cultural diversity of the nation, bring creativity and innovation to institutions, and contribute greatly to the economy (Leong, 2015). Many studies have shown that international students report lower quality of life than domestic …


Student Philanthropy: Learning And Community Transformation In A College Philanthropy Course, Daniel Blaeuer Jan 2017

Student Philanthropy: Learning And Community Transformation In A College Philanthropy Course, Daniel Blaeuer

Journal of the Association for Communication Administration

Over the past two years, I have been honored to develop a course on student philanthropy in a communication studies department. The course provides students the once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to be philanthropists for a semester by awarding a small grant to a community nonprofit. My experiences in philanthropy illustrate how philanthropy and student philanthropy in particular can be an exciting part of a communication studies curriculum and how philanthropy develops organically out of community dialogue efforts. I hope, in sharing the essay, other communities and communication studies departments can develop student philanthropy programs at their institutions to bring nonprofits, philanthropists and …


Legal, Ethical, And Appropriate Interaction, Mark Hickson Iii Jan 2017

Legal, Ethical, And Appropriate Interaction, Mark Hickson Iii

Journal of the Association for Communication Administration

No abstract provided.


Complete Issue, Volume 36, Issue 1 Jan 2017

Complete Issue, Volume 36, Issue 1

Journal of the Association for Communication Administration

This is the complete issue for Volume 36, Issue 1 of the Journal of the Association for Communication Administration.


Redesigning The Basic Communication Course: A Case Study, Lindsey B. Anderson, Thomas Mccloskey, Devin Scott, Rebecca Alt, Elizabeth E. Gardner Jan 2017

Redesigning The Basic Communication Course: A Case Study, Lindsey B. Anderson, Thomas Mccloskey, Devin Scott, Rebecca Alt, Elizabeth E. Gardner

Journal of the Association for Communication Administration

In the competitive environment of higher education, the basic communication course is under pressure to defend its place in the curriculum. One way to do this is to engage in a course redesign program. In this case study, we detail our experience taking part in such a program to (re)evaluate our course. Over the course of a year, we collected active participation data and conducted a series of three qualitative surveys that focused on student perceptions of our course. In doing so, we explored the ways in which the basic communication course can take advantage of course redesign efforts. Specifically, …


Evaluation Communication Of Master's Program On The Basis Of Google Citations, Mike Allen, John Bourhis, Nancy Burrell, Bailey Benedict, Tosin Comfort Adebayo, Maura Cherney, Derrick Langston, Brittney Peck, Samantha Quinn, Riley Richards Jan 2017

Evaluation Communication Of Master's Program On The Basis Of Google Citations, Mike Allen, John Bourhis, Nancy Burrell, Bailey Benedict, Tosin Comfort Adebayo, Maura Cherney, Derrick Langston, Brittney Peck, Samantha Quinn, Riley Richards

Journal of the Association for Communication Administration

This paper provides an assessment of Master’s degree programs and faculty research in Communication departments using citations available in Google Scholar. Identification of the Master’s degree programs relied on the National Communication Association website. Individual faculty were identified from the web page of the department for the institution. The combined number of citations to faculty publications identifies the top five departments (University of Alabama-Birmingham, California State University-Fullerton, University of Colorado-Colorado Springs, Cleveland State University, and California State University- Long Beach) and the top five most cited faculty members (Stella Ting-Toomey, Virginia Richmond, George Cheney, Kimberly Neuendorf, and Brian Spitzberg). The …


Complete Issue, Volume 36, Issue 2 Jan 2017

Complete Issue, Volume 36, Issue 2

Journal of the Association for Communication Administration

No abstract provided.


Speaking Out Despite White Noise: Examining The Leadership Of African American Female Technical College Presidents And Vice Presidents, Ashley Morris Jan 2017

Speaking Out Despite White Noise: Examining The Leadership Of African American Female Technical College Presidents And Vice Presidents, Ashley Morris

College of Graduate Studies: Theses & Dissertations

The purpose of this phenomenological, qualitative study was to explore the experiences of African American female leaders in higher education. More specifically, this study examined the experiences of these leaders who assume the role of presidents and vice presidents at Georgia technical colleges. The study contextualized the experiences of these leaders and illustrated how those experiences influence their leadership methods and the establishment of their leadership presence. The results of this study form a context for understanding the leadership methods of African American female leaders.


K–12 Online Learning And School Choice: Growth And Expansion In The Absence Of Evidence, Michael K. Barbour Jan 2017

K–12 Online Learning And School Choice: Growth And Expansion In The Absence Of Evidence, Michael K. Barbour

Education Faculty Publications

The use of online learning at the K-12 level has seen exponential growth for much of the past two decades. Based on the limited research to date some students can experience success in the supplemental K-12 online learning environment, but other types of K-12 online learning are largely failing adequately to serve students. While proponents will argue that all types of K-12 online learning are forms of school choice, it is primarily cyber charter schools and course choice policies that are reflective of the policies and regulations proponents of online learning promote—as cyber charter schools and course choice policies are …


First-Year Student Perceptions Of A Community College Success Course: A Phenomenological Approach, Aaron J. Walk Jan 2017

First-Year Student Perceptions Of A Community College Success Course: A Phenomenological Approach, Aaron J. Walk

Masters Theses

The use of college success courses by community colleges in recent years has had a significant impact on the academic success of their first-year students. Although studies have shown increases in grade point averages and retention rates for students enrolled in success courses, few have examined student perspectives of these courses. The intention of this study was to gain an understanding of the student perceptions of college success courses and how they shaped their college experiences. By using a phenomenological method of inquiry, the researcher interviewed six community college students enrolled in a college success course. The participants were students …


A Qualitative Exploration Of African American Students' Perceptions Of And Experiences With On-Campus Police, Rishawnda Lenett Archie Jan 2017

A Qualitative Exploration Of African American Students' Perceptions Of And Experiences With On-Campus Police, Rishawnda Lenett Archie

Masters Theses

This study examined African American students' perceptions of and experiences with police officers with particular emphasis on campus police in order to determine whether these perceptions and experiences could impact their college experience. Participants were seven African American students from urban areas who attended a midsize university in the rural Midwest during the fall 2017 semester, and who had some interaction with law enforcement. Data was collected from one-on-one semi-structured interviews. Questions were structured to elicit participants' direct or indirect prior experiences with police officers, their perceptions of police officers and campus police, and tacit impact that these experiences and …


The Impact Of Bystander Intervention Education On Greek Life Affiliated Students' Efficacy In Addressing Sexual Violence On Campus, Laura M. Trombley Jan 2017

The Impact Of Bystander Intervention Education On Greek Life Affiliated Students' Efficacy In Addressing Sexual Violence On Campus, Laura M. Trombley

Masters Theses

Sexual violence is one of the leading health and safety concerns on college campuses, and the social Greek Life community is just one organization that has seen high incidents of sexual violence perpetuated within the community. This study was designed to examine what the impact of education in bystander intervention would have on Greek Life students' ability to identify risk factors for sexual violence, and intervene in a situation should they encounter it. Using a qualitative approach, the researcher interviewed five students affiliated with a social sorority or social fraternity on campus. Participants were interviewed twice; once at the beginning …


Faculty Perceptions Regarding The Inclusion Of Military-Connected Children Into Educator Preparation Curriculum, Brianna Conway, Connie L. Schaffer Jan 2017

Faculty Perceptions Regarding The Inclusion Of Military-Connected Children Into Educator Preparation Curriculum, Brianna Conway, Connie L. Schaffer

Educational Leadership Faculty Publications

The current study researched university faculty members’ knowledge and perceptions regarding military-connected children in the public-school setting. Faculty members from seven departments at a local university participated in the study. Faculty members completed a short survey regarding general knowledge of military-connected children and their families, as well as their inclusion of information about this population of students into their curriculum. Results suggest faculty members at the university received little to no educational training regarding military-connected children in their pre-service education. Furthermore, many faculty members at the university did not include information on military-connected families in their coursework, but were open …


Why Are Soft Skills Missing In Today's Applicants, Robert Schooley Jan 2017

Why Are Soft Skills Missing In Today's Applicants, Robert Schooley

Murray State Theses and Dissertations

Abstract

The employers in our country are claiming students are graduating high school and college without the soft skills to succeed in this country’s workforce. This study examined what are soft skills and why are they missing from recent graduates. The study took an historical approach to trace how soft skills have been used and ignored in our nation’s educational history to the point where employers are claiming they are missing in today’s job applicants. The study then conducted focus groups with elementary, middle and high school teachers to assess they ideas on why soft skills are missing or if …


The Relationship Between Parents' Value For Play And Kindergarteners' Mastery Of The Alphabetic Principle, Tamala S. Findley Jan 2017

The Relationship Between Parents' Value For Play And Kindergarteners' Mastery Of The Alphabetic Principle, Tamala S. Findley

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Students who struggle with understanding the alphabetic principle often develop difficulties in reading. Play is known as a key element of early learning, but its perceived value among teachers and parents has declined over the years. This study investigated the relationship between parents' levels of agreement about the value of play and kindergarten students' levels of mastery of the alphabetic principle. The theoretical foundation included the views of Montessori and Piaget, who believed that a classroom with a play-based environment encourages independent thinking and learning. The study's research questions concerned the relationship between 53 parents' levels of agreement about the …