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Full-Text Articles in Educational Administration and Supervision

Determining Our Own Tempos: Exploring Slow Pedagogy, Curriculum, Assessment, And Professional Development, Peter A. Shaw, Jennifer L. Russell Jan 2013

Determining Our Own Tempos: Exploring Slow Pedagogy, Curriculum, Assessment, And Professional Development, Peter A. Shaw, Jennifer L. Russell

To Improve the Academy: A Journal of Educational Development

Key concepts and values in the Slow Living movement speak to many questions and tensions arising around calls for change in higher educa tion, porous work/life boundaries, rapid developments in technology, concerns about sustainability, and a desire to question assumptions and move beyond tips and tricks to more fundamental issues in curriculum and pedagogy. We propose a framework for Slow learning and teaching that incorporates various trends in curriculum, pedagogy, and assessment with implications for the role of technology and for professional development.


Pedagogical Gamification: Principles Of Video Games That Can Enhance Teaching, Kevin Yee Jan 2013

Pedagogical Gamification: Principles Of Video Games That Can Enhance Teaching, Kevin Yee

To Improve the Academy: A Journal of Educational Development

Edutainment products have long tried to harness the "fun" quotient of games and video games for education, but the principles of gamification have only recently begun to be better understood and operationalized for business and education. The concepts that underpin successful games can be put to use in online as well as face-to-face classes, resulting in edu cational experiences that have the best of both worlds: a game-based overlay without becoming too technical. This chapter explains the con cepts involved in successful games and provides ideas for translating those principles into practice in the classroom (or online) environment.


The Reacting To The Past Pedagogy And Engaging The First–Year Student, Paula Kay Lazrus, Gretchen Kreahling Mckay Jan 2013

The Reacting To The Past Pedagogy And Engaging The First–Year Student, Paula Kay Lazrus, Gretchen Kreahling Mckay

To Improve the Academy: A Journal of Educational Development

This chapter investigates the value of the Reacting to the Past pedagogy with regard to engaging first-year students. In recent years, calls to improve student engagement and active learning techniques have grown, and few have been as successful in producing the desired results as Reacting to the Past. This chapter investigates why Reacting is so suc cessful in meeting the goals of high-impact practices that increase student engagement and learning. We also examine how the Reacting pedagogy and first-year seminars encourage problem solving, critical thinking, and writing among students.


Formal And Informal Support For Pretenure Faculty: Recommendations For Administrators And Institutions, Gwendolyn Mettetal, Gail M. Mcguire Jan 2013

Formal And Informal Support For Pretenure Faculty: Recommendations For Administrators And Institutions, Gwendolyn Mettetal, Gail M. Mcguire

To Improve the Academy: A Journal of Educational Development

We analyze interviews from sixty-five faculty and administrators to understand the formal and informal types of support that pretenure faculty use to navigate their way to tenure. By understanding the different types of support that pretenure faculty need, institutions can better address the diverse issues that junior facuity confront when preparing for tenure and can ensure that all candidates receive some type of support. We conclude that institutions need to be intentional about offering both formal and informal support to pretenure faculty at various points in their careers.


Assessing The Long–Term Impact Of A Professional Development Program, Marcia M. Tennill, Margaret W. Cohen Jan 2013

Assessing The Long–Term Impact Of A Professional Development Program, Marcia M. Tennill, Margaret W. Cohen

To Improve the Academy: A Journal of Educational Development

This study was designed to explore the long-term impact of a year-long facuity development program on participants. Three guiding questions focused the study: In what ways did the program influence the profes sional lives of participants five years after completion? How did the participants integrate those experiences into their professional lives? and What recommendations for best practices in the field of facuity devel opment can be drawn? Donald Kirkpatrick’s four-level evaluation model was the template for this qualitative research. Results indicated that participants retained program learning over time.


Enhancing Vitality In Academic Medicine: Faculty Development And Productivity, Megan M. Palmer, Krista Longtin-Hoffmann, Tony Ribera, Mary E. Dankoski, Amy K. Ribera, Tom F. Nelson Laird Jan 2013

Enhancing Vitality In Academic Medicine: Faculty Development And Productivity, Megan M. Palmer, Krista Longtin-Hoffmann, Tony Ribera, Mary E. Dankoski, Amy K. Ribera, Tom F. Nelson Laird

To Improve the Academy: A Journal of Educational Development

The prevalence of low satisfaction and increased stress among faculty in academic medicine makes understanding facuity vitality in this field more important than ever before. To explore the contributors to and outcomes of faculty vitality, we conducted a multi-institutional study of faculty in academic medicine (N = 1,980, 42 percent response rate). Faculty were surveyed about climate and leadership, career and life management, satisfaction, engagement, productivity, and involvement in faculty development. Analysis reveals that controlling for other factors, academic medicine faculty who participate regularly in facuity development activ ities are significantly more satisfied, engaged, and productive.


Champion Or Chump: Using A Book-Length Case Study To Evaluate A Mythical Principal, Nicholas J. Pace, Timothy W. Gilson Jan 2013

Champion Or Chump: Using A Book-Length Case Study To Evaluate A Mythical Principal, Nicholas J. Pace, Timothy W. Gilson

Department of Educational Administration: Faculty Publications

This study examined how 130 participants enrolled in the University of Northern Iowa (UNI) principalship program completed a standards-based evaluation after reading a book-length case study of a mythical principal. Application of the Iowa Standards for School Leaders (ISSL), which mirror the Interstate School Leadership Licensure Consortium (ISLLC) and Educational Leadership Constituency Council (ELCC) standards reveal widespread agreement on the principal's performance related to vision, instruction, management, collaboration and politics. However, participants were distinctly split as to the mythical principal's ethics. The authors discuss potential responses to literature that identify many programs as weak and inadequate by providing more authentic …


Graduate Program Redesign To Prepare 21st Century Educational Leaders, Michelle Abrego, Chuey Abrego, Timothy W. Gilson, Nicholas J. Pace, Mary J. Goggins Selke, Peggy Smith Jan 2013

Graduate Program Redesign To Prepare 21st Century Educational Leaders, Michelle Abrego, Chuey Abrego, Timothy W. Gilson, Nicholas J. Pace, Mary J. Goggins Selke, Peggy Smith

Department of Educational Administration: Faculty Publications

The content of this article is focused on the theme of curriculum renewal and redesign in three university-based principal preparation programs from diverse sections of the country: Campbell University in North Carolina, the University of Northern Iowa, and the University of Texas at Brownsville.Questions originally posed to representatives of the three principal preparation programs were as follows:

• To what state or national standards are the programs aligned?
• How did program faculty engage in curriculum redesign and ongoing renewal?
• What delivery systems are offered: cohort, online, hybrid, etc.?
• How are field experiences and internships conducted?
• How …


Nefdc Exchange, Volume 26, Fall 2013, New England Faculty Development Consortium Jan 2013

Nefdc Exchange, Volume 26, Fall 2013, New England Faculty Development Consortium

New England Faculty Development Consortium Exchange

Contents

President's message - Deborah J. Clark,

Peer-Instruction in your Classroom: A Balancing Act - Dorothy A. Osterholt and Sophie Lampard Dennis, Landmark College

Call for Proposals for the Spring 2014 Conference

Spring conference: June 6, 2014, “Moving from STEM to STEAM: What Really Works”

Build Tomorrow’s Problem Solvers Today: Develop Positive Deviants! - Genevieve E. Chandler, University of Massachusetts-Amherst

Engaged Learning and the Art of Mindfulness in Higher Education - Yvonne Vissing, Salem State University and Michelle Solloway, Greater Los Angeles VA Health Care System

What Can Evolutionary Psychology Teach Us about Pedagogy? - Randy Laist, Goodwin College

Board …


University Of Nebraska- Lincoln: Fact Book 2012-2013 Jan 2013

University Of Nebraska- Lincoln: Fact Book 2012-2013

University of Nebraska-Lincoln Administration: Reports, Papers, Publications, and Presentations

Fact Book Table of Contents

Introduction ............................................................................ 1

Table of Contents .................................................................... 2

General Information

University of Nebraska-Lincoln Core Values (LEADERS)............................... 5

The Role of the University of Nebraska-Lincoln ................................................. 6

The Missions of the University of Nebraska-Lincoln ......................................... 6

Teaching..................................................................................................... 7

Research....................................................................................................... 8

Service.............................................................................................. 8

Institutional and Professional Accreditations................................................ 9

University of Nebraska-Lincoln Administrative Organization Chart ................... 12

Student Credit Hours (SCH)

Total SCH: Fall Semester Since 1979 ............................................................... 13

Total SCH: Spring Semester Since 1993 .................................................... 14

SCH by College and Course Level, Fall and Spring Semester - 5 Year Trend .... 15

SCH by College and Course …


Influence Of Academically-Based Living-Learning Communities On Men’S Awareness And Appreciation For Diversity, Christina W. Yao, Matthew R. Wawrzynski Jan 2013

Influence Of Academically-Based Living-Learning Communities On Men’S Awareness And Appreciation For Diversity, Christina W. Yao, Matthew R. Wawrzynski

Department of Educational Administration: Faculty Publications

THIS STUDY EXAMINED the influence of academically based living-learning programs on men's awareness of and appreciation for diversity. Findings include statistically significant and practical differences between student characteristics and their pre-college attitude towards diversity. Living on campus for one year revealed no significant differences for men. Discussion includes the importance of increasing the numbers of diverse students and creating environments that support diversity awareness and appreciation.


A Motivated Workforce: A Mixed Methods Study Of Worker Motivation At A Nebraska Manufacturing Company, Kevin Wesley Dec 2012

A Motivated Workforce: A Mixed Methods Study Of Worker Motivation At A Nebraska Manufacturing Company, Kevin Wesley

Department of Educational Administration: Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research

The study of worker motivation and human motivation in general, has been the focus of psychologists, sociologists, behavioral scientists, and leadership theorists for more than a century. An understanding of the factors that motivate workers is critical not only to corporate executives who concentrate on the bottom line, but more importantly to the security of our nation as it relates to competing in the global market. The purpose of this mixed-methods study is to examine worker motivation in a Nebraska manufacturing company. A pragmatist worldview informs the convergent parallel design of this study, which consists of a qualitative strand using …


Do Credit-Based Transfer Programs Have An Impact On Intellectual Development From Secondary Education To Post-Secondary Education?, James Uhlenkamp Dec 2012

Do Credit-Based Transfer Programs Have An Impact On Intellectual Development From Secondary Education To Post-Secondary Education?, James Uhlenkamp

Department of Educational Administration: Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research

This descriptive, retrospective quantitative study identified the influence that credit-based transfer programs have on the intellectual development positions of college matriculates at a private, residential, church-affiliated master’s degree granting university in the Midwest. This determination presents a better success measure for credit-based transfer programs than the measures used in previous studies: academic momentum, persistence rate, college grade point average, and degree attainment. People transitioning through intellectual development positions gain critical thinking skills and adopt more of the habits of mind and of working that characterize a well-educated person.

An evaluation database developed for the target university’s first-year experience program provided …


Transition To College: Nonacademic Factors That Influence Persistence For Underprepared Community College Students, Ann M. Paulson Dec 2012

Transition To College: Nonacademic Factors That Influence Persistence For Underprepared Community College Students, Ann M. Paulson

Department of Educational Administration: Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research

Community colleges provide access to higher education for a broad range of students. The majority require ‘remedial’ coursework in reading, writing and, especially, math. Most students who begin with this remedial coursework do not go on to earn a certificate or degree. Low levels of college graduation have high direct cost, adversely affect the U.S. economy and contribute to socioeconomic inequity.

The literature review shows that both academic and nonacademic factors influence both completion of remedial coursework and completion of first year in college. It introduces research on a variety of strategies for increasing completion and persistence for underprepared students. …


Exploring Technology Usage By School Counselors: A Mixed Methods Study, Nathan Grosshandler Dec 2012

Exploring Technology Usage By School Counselors: A Mixed Methods Study, Nathan Grosshandler

Department of Educational Administration: Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research

School counseling is progressing from the tradition of responsive services to a proactive system linked to school mission (Dahir, 2009, p 4.). This paradigm shift within the profession has drastically increased the responsibility required of school counselors.

This study explored data drawn from a population of school counselors at Recognized American School Counselor Association (ASCA) Model Programs (RAMP). A multi-phase, sequential explanatory mixed methods design was used for this study. The study focused on nine specific technologies: website, e-mail, Internet, Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excel, Microsoft PowerPoint, student database system, social networking platforms, and EZ Analyze. Mean scores, frequency distribution tables, …


Improving Student Learning: Examining The Teacher Knowing–Doing Gap, Gary S. Nunnally Nov 2012

Improving Student Learning: Examining The Teacher Knowing–Doing Gap, Gary S. Nunnally

Department of Educational Administration: Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research

Research literature is full of research-based instructional strategies that highly effective teachers utilize on a consistent and systematic basis. And, it is well known that in multiple fields there exists a gap between what people know and what they actually do, commonly referred to as the knowing-doing gap. This study sought to examine whether this same gap exists in the field of education. In other words, this study sought to describe what high school mathematics, science, English, and social studies teachers know about effective instructional strategies and what they actually do in their classrooms.

The researcher reviewed studies, books, journal …


General Education In Health Science-Focused Institutions: An Explanatory Mixed Methods Study, Peggy K. Rosario Nov 2012

General Education In Health Science-Focused Institutions: An Explanatory Mixed Methods Study, Peggy K. Rosario

Department of Educational Administration: Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research

The purpose of this study was to describe the structure of general education curricula at baccalaureate colleges of health science in relationship to Bergquist’s Career-Based Model of curriculum. Using an explanatory sequential mixed methods approach, the model was tested by examining whether the curricula were both prescriptive and specific. First, the researcher analyzed how prescriptive the general education curricula at 38 colleges of health science were by evaluating the institutions’ catalogs and websites. In the qualitative phase, the researcher interviewed general education leaders at six of the colleges to confirm the quantitative data and obtain information about how specific the …


Nebraska Public School Administrators’ Perceptions Of Preschool Education, Jacqueline M. Florendo Nov 2012

Nebraska Public School Administrators’ Perceptions Of Preschool Education, Jacqueline M. Florendo

Department of Educational Administration: Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research

The purpose of this research study was to examine Nebraska public school administrators’ perceptions about Pre-K and its impact on student achievement for at-risk children. The research study provided information on factors that influence school administrators’ decisions to provide Pre-K programs. Demographic data was gathered from each participant so common group data, such as rural and non-rural disaggregated data, could be used to better analyze results and identify restrictions to implementation of Pre-K programs in schools and school districts.

An explanatory, sequential, mixed methods study was conducted during the spring and summer of 2012. The study initially gathered data using …


Gaining Insight Into Hispanic Students’ Postsecondary Plans, Neel A. Brown Nov 2012

Gaining Insight Into Hispanic Students’ Postsecondary Plans, Neel A. Brown

Department of Educational Administration: Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research

While the growth of the Hispanic population in the United States is outpacing other ethnicities, college enrollment and graduation rates of Hispanic students continue to lag behind other groups. This longitudinal, qualitative case study explored when, how, and why a sample of Hispanic high school seniors at a large high school in North Central Texas made decisions regarding their postsecondary educational and career choices.

The foundation of this research relied on a series of 39 individual interviews with 13 Hispanic high school students over the course of their 2012 senior year. Analysis of the data uncovered themes regarding family influence, …


Students And Institutions Protecting Whiteness As Property: A Critical Race Theory Analysis Of Student Affairs Preparation, Stephanie Bondi Nov 2012

Students And Institutions Protecting Whiteness As Property: A Critical Race Theory Analysis Of Student Affairs Preparation, Stephanie Bondi

Department of Educational Administration: Faculty Publications

This study is based on interviews with White students graduating from a student affairs preparation program as well as a literature review of whiteness in education. Applying critical race theory, the author examined the ways that students and institutions protected whiteness. Institutions and those within them concerned with equity must have awareness of whiteness and rework curriculum, pedagogy, polices, and practices to fracture educational hegemony of whiteness.

The goal of this study was to examine the ways that White students enrolled in a student affairs master’s program in a predominantly White institution engaged with race and racism and to locate …


The Philosopher's Stone: How Basic Skills Programs Fare In Troubled Financial Times, Thomas P. Ray Nov 2012

The Philosopher's Stone: How Basic Skills Programs Fare In Troubled Financial Times, Thomas P. Ray

Department of Educational Administration: Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research

This mixed methods study examined the relative position of basic skills programs with transfer and career technical programs in a large suburban community college in California during the three-year period of budget reductions from 2009-2010 through 2011-2012. The budget line dedicated to part-time or non-contract instruction was analyzed along with supporting documents such as planning committee minutes and program review data. Knowledge of the budget data and the reduction strategies employed helped to establish a picture of the state of basic skills and the institution’s disposition toward them. The budget data proved to be an inadequate tool to measure investment …


Investigating Post-Graduate Athletic Training Education Student Perceptions Following A Purposefully-Implemented Peer-Assisted Learning Pedagogy, Dana K. Bates Nov 2012

Investigating Post-Graduate Athletic Training Education Student Perceptions Following A Purposefully-Implemented Peer-Assisted Learning Pedagogy, Dana K. Bates

Department of Educational Administration: Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research

The purpose of this qualitative study was to investigate graduates’ perceptions of a purposefully-implemented Peer-Assisted Learning (PAL) pedagogy in their undergraduate athletic training education and the impact of that experience in their first job post-graduation. This was the first research in athletic training education that investigated how PAL impacted the students once they were practicing as athletic trainers. Previous research had investigated prevalence, benefits and athletic training student preference for PAL, however, no research had researched its impact on the graduate. Through one-on-one phone interviews with thirteen 2010 and 2011 graduates the researched aimed to investigate through the graduates perceptions …


Nebraska Transcript (University Of Nebraska College Of Law), Volume 45, Number 2, Fall 2012 Oct 2012

Nebraska Transcript (University Of Nebraska College Of Law), Volume 45, Number 2, Fall 2012

Nebraska Transcript

Dean’s Message 2

Faculty Updates

Profile: Rob Denicola 4

Potuto Gives Chancellor’s Distinguished Lecture 6

Faculty Notes 8

Berger Receives Tenure 15

Schutz Granted Tenure 21

Shoemaker Joins Faculty 28

Stohs Opens Entrepreneurship Clinic 29

Thimmesch Joins Faculty 30

Feature: Client Counseling Competition Champions 31

Around the College

Bresel Experiences on Capitol Hill 38

Externships 39

Department of Defense Externship 42

Hilgers Joins Career Services 44

Big Ten Law Deans Meet at College 45

Karlan Delivers Lane Lecture 46

Laurin Lectures on Roberts Court 48

Admissions Report 50

Baughman Joins Admissions Office 52

Student Accolades 53

Students Volunteer at Voices …


Journal Of The National Collegiate Honors Council, Volume 13, Number 2, Fall/Winter 2012 (Complete Isue) Oct 2012

Journal Of The National Collegiate Honors Council, Volume 13, Number 2, Fall/Winter 2012 (Complete Isue)

Journal of the National Collegiate Honors Council Online Archive

Honors Around the Globe: Countries and Contributors

Australia—Deirdre Barron and Margaret Zeegers

Brazil—Eunice M. L. Soriano de Alencar, Aderson Luiz Costa Jr., and Denise de Souza Fleith

Chile—Frederick J. Conway, Carlos Alberto Cioce Sampaio, and Juan Carlos Skewes

China—Ikuo Kitagaki and Donglin Li

Mexico—Mohammad Ayub Khan and Ruben Morales-Menendez

Netherlands—Vladimir Bartelds, Johannes Boonstra, Trijntje van Dijk, Lyndsay Drayer, Pierre Van Eijl, Stan van Ginkel, Bouke van Gorp, Nelleke de Jong, G. Johan Offringa, Anton Peeters, Albert Pilot, Karin Scager, Ron Weerheijm, Jeske Weerheijm, Fred Wiegant, Marca V. C. Wolfensberger, and John Zubizarreta

Qatar—Byrad …


Women In Nontraditional Occupations: A Case Study Of Worker Motivation, Katherine Wesley Oct 2012

Women In Nontraditional Occupations: A Case Study Of Worker Motivation, Katherine Wesley

Department of Educational Administration: Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research

The Women in Apprenticeship and Nontraditional Occupation Act (WANTO Act) of 1992 highlighted an urgent matter facing the American workforce that persists today. The urgent matter in 2012 involves the precarious effect of demographics on the American labor market, placing women at the crux of engaging opportunity or maintaining status quo.

Women must be empowered and encouraged to seek employment opportunities they have never considered, e.g. male-dominated, nontraditional occupations, for the U.S. to keep pace with labor market needs. The need amplifies the myriad of issues for women in male-dominated, nontraditional occupations.

Among the barriers confronting women is the persistence …


Nefdc Exchange, Volume 25, Fall 2012, New England Faculty Development Consortium Oct 2012

Nefdc Exchange, Volume 25, Fall 2012, New England Faculty Development Consortium

New England Faculty Development Consortium Exchange

Contents

President's message - Tom Thibodeau,

Colleges of Worcester Consortium Offers Certificate in College Teaching - Susan C. Wyckoff, University of Massachusetts, Amherst

Why are you making me do this? Buying into the 20/40 paradigm one step at a time - Kristine Larsen, Central Connecticut State University

Teaching and Learning Collaborative of the Colleges of the Fenway Invites Participation in Programs to Enhance College Teaching and Learning

Defining academic challenge: the first step in keeping students on track - Karen St. Clair and Paul Hackett, Emerson College

Using online virtual worlds to enhance students' engagement and learning in online classes …


The Perceptions Of Elementary Principals About Their Role In The Establishment Of Collaborative Workplaces In Their School Buildings, Bradley Sullivan Oct 2012

The Perceptions Of Elementary Principals About Their Role In The Establishment Of Collaborative Workplaces In Their School Buildings, Bradley Sullivan

Department of Educational Administration: Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research

The purpose of this case study was to develop an understanding of the elementary principal’s perceived role in creating and sustaining a collaborative workplace environment within their school. Collaboration among education professionals, when used effectively, is one strategy that has demonstrated improvement of instruction and student learning. As such, in this context the role of the principal becomes more complex and challenging. This study examined the perception of the elementary principal’s role regarding the establishment and perpetuation of a collaborative workplace environment for teachers that is focused on improving student learning within their buildings.

In-depth interviews were conducted with 12 …


Instructional Designers In Higher Education, Tami Marie Moskal Oct 2012

Instructional Designers In Higher Education, Tami Marie Moskal

Department of Educational Administration: Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research

Research about the preparation and competencies of instructional designers in higher education has not been addressed. The purpose of this multiple case study was to explore individuals in this context by focusing on their employment and academic backgrounds, as well as their responsibilities, qualifications, and expectations as reported by their supervisors. This study sought to understand who the instructional designers in higher education are, and how they came to their roles in their institutions. An understanding of these instructional designers in higher education could lead to improved teaching and learning experiences for students in higher education.

Five themes emerged from …


Technology-Enhanced Multimedia Instruction In Foreign Language Classrooms: A Mixed Methods Study, Olha Ketsman Sep 2012

Technology-Enhanced Multimedia Instruction In Foreign Language Classrooms: A Mixed Methods Study, Olha Ketsman

Department of Educational Administration: Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research

Technology-enhanced multimedia instruction in grades 6 through 12 foreign language classrooms was the focus of this study. The study’s findings fill a gap in the literature through the report of how technology-enhanced multimedia instruction was successfully implemented in foreign language classrooms.

Convergent parallel mixed methods study was used to produce well-substantiated conclusions about the topic. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected concurrently but separately and were equally weighted.

Foreign language teachers identified as those who extensively used technology-enhanced multimedia instruction participated in the study. Participation in the study involved completion of an online survey and a qualitative interview. Both the …


Financial Indicators In Strategic Decision Making: Recommended Practices For Financial Officers At Small Private Colleges And Universities In The Midwestern United States, Beth Reissenweber Sep 2012

Financial Indicators In Strategic Decision Making: Recommended Practices For Financial Officers At Small Private Colleges And Universities In The Midwestern United States, Beth Reissenweber

Department of Educational Administration: Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research

This study explored whether financial leaders and institutional governing boards use financial indicators as a tool to inform decision making, solely as a compliance measurement tool, or not at all. The purpose of this qualitative study was two-fold to: (a) identify the use of financial indicators in strategic decision making, and (b) investigate how institutions use financial indicators to support governing boards in making strategic decisions. The data were obtained from a survey of 214 financial officers to identify the use of financial indicators, and in-depth interviews with leaders from six institutions who indicated strategic use of financial indicators to …