Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®

Curriculum and Instruction Commons™

Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®

Educational Assessment, Evaluation, and Research

Institution
Keyword
Publication Year
Publication
Publication Type
File Type

Articles 1081 - 1110 of 4503

Full-Text Articles in Curriculum and Instruction

Comparison Of The Contents Of Class Iv Mathematics Textbooks In Indonesia And Singapore In Terms Of Mathematical Literacy, Umi Salma Fauziyah, Siti Fatonah Sep 2022

Comparison Of The Contents Of Class Iv Mathematics Textbooks In Indonesia And Singapore In Terms Of Mathematical Literacy, Umi Salma Fauziyah, Siti Fatonah

Jurnal Pendidikan: Teori, Penelitian, dan Pengembangan

This research is a literature study research, the primary data source of this research is a mathematics textbook published by the Indonesian Ministry of Education and Culture and Marshall Cavendish, the collection techniques used are observation and documentation, the analysis in this study uses quantitative and qualitative descriptive techniques. The results showed that the presentation of material in the Indonesia Ministry of Education and Culture book facilitated the development of mathematical literacy by 31%, while the Marshall Cavendish book was 26%, in presenting the material for the Indonesia Ministry of Education and Culture book it was superior by a difference …


Pengaruh Kepemimpinan Guru, Motivasi Kerja, Dan Efikasi Diri Terhadap Kinerja Guru Di Era Pandemi Covid-19, Husna Sabila, Cepi Safruddin Abdul Jabar Sep 2022

Pengaruh Kepemimpinan Guru, Motivasi Kerja, Dan Efikasi Diri Terhadap Kinerja Guru Di Era Pandemi Covid-19, Husna Sabila, Cepi Safruddin Abdul Jabar

Jurnal Pendidikan: Teori, Penelitian, dan Pengembangan

The Aim of this research is to find out the effect of teacher leadership, work motivation, and teacher’s self efficacy either individually or simultaneously on teacher performance. Research was conducted in state junior high school in East Bekasi with total sample of 100 persons. Data were obtained using expost factor method and analyzed using multiple regression. There is significance effect of teacher leadership on teacher performance, and work motivation on teacher performance, teacher self efficacy has no significance effect on teacher performance, and there is significance effect of teacher leadership, work motivation, and teacher self efficacy simultanously on teacher performance


Hubungan Supervisi Akademik Kepala Sekolah, Motivasi Kerja, Dan Sarana Prasarana Terhadap Kinerja Guru, Fajar Agung Pangestu, Tony Wijaya Sep 2022

Hubungan Supervisi Akademik Kepala Sekolah, Motivasi Kerja, Dan Sarana Prasarana Terhadap Kinerja Guru, Fajar Agung Pangestu, Tony Wijaya

Jurnal Pendidikan: Teori, Penelitian, dan Pengembangan

The study aims to identify teacher’s performance is influenced by the principal's academic supervision, work motivation, facilities and infrastructure. The type of this study is quantitative research with correlational descriptive. The sample involved are 150 teachers from 3 different schools which tested by multiple regression. The result from analysis shows that the headmasters’ academic supervision, working motivation and the facilities with infrastructure had positive effect on the teachers’ performance, either partially or simultaneously.


The Effect Of Academic Hardiness And Grit On Students Academic Stress In The Online Learning Process During Pandemic Covid-19, Yulia Hairina, Rika Vira Zwagery, Imadduddin Imadduddin, Muhammad Arsyad Sep 2022

The Effect Of Academic Hardiness And Grit On Students Academic Stress In The Online Learning Process During Pandemic Covid-19, Yulia Hairina, Rika Vira Zwagery, Imadduddin Imadduddin, Muhammad Arsyad

Jurnal Pendidikan: Teori, Penelitian, dan Pengembangan

This study was conducted to find out the significance of academic hardiness and grit on students academic stress students who have experienced the online learning process during the Covid-19 pandemic. The research method used is quantitative research methods. The number of samples in this study was 200 respondents who were selected using nonprobability sampling. Instruments used in this study there are three scales, they are Short Grit Scale (Grit-S) to measure Grit, Academic Hardiness Scale RAHS to measure academic hardiness and Perceived Stress Inventory for Academic Stress (PSI) to measure academic stress. While the data analysis using multiple regression techniques. …


The Students’ Perception On Youtube As Online Learning Media For Indonesian Language General Course During Covid 19 Pandemic, Siti Mutmainah, Ora Gorez Uke, Dian Triana, Erisy Syawiril Ammah Sep 2022

The Students’ Perception On Youtube As Online Learning Media For Indonesian Language General Course During Covid 19 Pandemic, Siti Mutmainah, Ora Gorez Uke, Dian Triana, Erisy Syawiril Ammah

Jurnal Pendidikan: Teori, Penelitian, dan Pengembangan

Covid 19 pandemic has had huge effect in both health industry and education industry. This phenomenon requires teachers or lecturers to use online learning media as an alternative to fulfill students’ cognitive, affective, and social skill. YouTube is one of many online learning alternatives available. The purpose of this research is to describe the utilization of YouTube as an online learning media during COVID-19. This research was conducted particularly to Indonesian language general course in Jember University. Based on the result, the students perceive prefer and do not prefer on YouTube as learning media. This research method uses cross-section design, …


Miskonsepsi Yang Disebabkan Misanalogi Pada Siswafield Independent Dalam Menyelesaikan Masalah Matematika, Ika Ujiana S Sugianto, Abdur Rahman As’Ari, Sukoriyanto Sukoriyanto Sep 2022

Miskonsepsi Yang Disebabkan Misanalogi Pada Siswafield Independent Dalam Menyelesaikan Masalah Matematika, Ika Ujiana S Sugianto, Abdur Rahman As’Ari, Sukoriyanto Sukoriyanto

Jurnal Pendidikan: Teori, Penelitian, dan Pengembangan

The purpose of this study is to identify the causes of misconceptions in creativity produced by students who have a field independent learning style in solving math problems related to digit and numbers. This research is a descriptive qualitative case study. The research subject consisted of one student who experienced a different phenomenon than other students. The subject gave the most creative answer compared to other students but the subject made a conceptual error. This is contrary to the results of previous studies regarding errors made by field independent students. The results showed that there were misconceptions in understanding numbers …


The Textual Gutter: How Gene Luen Yang Redefines The Gutter In Boxers & Saints To Tell A Transnational Tale, David Lucas Jr Sep 2022

The Textual Gutter: How Gene Luen Yang Redefines The Gutter In Boxers & Saints To Tell A Transnational Tale, David Lucas Jr

SANE journal: Sequential Art Narrative in Education

This paper attempts to provide a new understanding of the gutter and how it is used to significant effect in Gene Luen Yang's, Boxers & Saints. This research draws upon the work of Scott McCloud to establish a framework for the theoretical applications of the gutter. Most prior research focuses on the gutter within the page. This article demonstrates how Yang pushes the concept of the gutter further by creating a new type of gutter that moves beyond the pages and across texts. Then the research attempts to demonstrate how the idea of the textual gutter heightens the transnational elements …


Case-By-Collaboration: An Adaptable Soft Skills-Based Educational Model For Health Disciplines, Elizabeth Gockel Blessing, Tyler A. Wood, Nicholas E. Grahovec Sep 2022

Case-By-Collaboration: An Adaptable Soft Skills-Based Educational Model For Health Disciplines, Elizabeth Gockel Blessing, Tyler A. Wood, Nicholas E. Grahovec

Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice

Purpose: The purpose of this study was two-fold and consisted of the development of a skills-based model for Case-by-Collaboration (CBC) and the collection of qualitative data from students and teachers aimed at answering the research question: What skills do individuals (students) apply during the completion of a hypothetical medical laboratory management-based Case-by-Collaboration capstone project? Method: A consensual qualitative research design was selected for this study. Students and their instructors from three Medical Laboratory Science programs located in Texas, New York, and Missouri were recruited. Students were given a case that centers on the fictitious Cheapskate Health Maintenance Organization (HMO). The …


Table Of Contents Sep 2022

Table Of Contents

Journal of Educational Technology Development and Exchange (JETDE)

Table of Contents of Journal of Educational Technology Development and Exchange 15 (1)


Reviewers Of Volume 15, Issue 1, Jetde Sep 2022

Reviewers Of Volume 15, Issue 1, Jetde

Journal of Educational Technology Development and Exchange (JETDE)

List of reviewers for Volume 15, Issue 1 of JETDE


Teaching Euclidean Geometry Using Proof And Dynamic Geometry Software, Cheryl Stoddard Sep 2022

Teaching Euclidean Geometry Using Proof And Dynamic Geometry Software, Cheryl Stoddard

Mathematics Graduate Theses

This paper examines incorporating proofs and dynamic geometry software when teaching Euclidean geometry to produce deeper understanding of geometric relationships for middle and secondary level students. The utilization of technology through classroom investigations and activities has shown to have an impact on the achievement scores on posttests and in the development of mathematical proof.


Practical Leadership In Implementing Online Education Programs, Felix O. Quayson, Christopher Zirkle Aug 2022

Practical Leadership In Implementing Online Education Programs, Felix O. Quayson, Christopher Zirkle

Journal of Research Initiatives

The growing presence of online education can become a challenge for academic leaders and institutions to lead, manage, and explore in higher education. Online education can be complex when considering the social presence (Keast, 2022; Quayson, 2022), course development (Martin et al., 2019; Orlando, 2019), and economic outcomes (Burnett & Conley, 2013; Rubin, 2013; Seaman et al., 2019). However, unraveling the fundamentals of practical leadership can help educational leaders to facilitate, maintain, and implement online education programs. The study found published research studies that helped us to extricate the fundamentals of practical leadership in implementing online education programs in the …


Trauma-Informed Practices For Test-Taking Anxiety At The Elementary Grade Level, Kate Campbell, Shalini Mathew Aug 2022

Trauma-Informed Practices For Test-Taking Anxiety At The Elementary Grade Level, Kate Campbell, Shalini Mathew

Journal of Research Initiatives

Test -Taking Anxiety (TTA) is a challenging experience for children of all ages. Childhood exposure to trauma and adverse experience has been increasing. Fortunately, trauma-informed practices, such as mindfulness activities have become more widespread in schools throughout the last few years. Existing school counseling literature offers limited perspectives on how school counselors can support elementary students for TTA. This conceptual article explores the effects of trauma-informed practices on elementary-age students' test anxiety and overall academic success in schools and offers implications for practice.


Improving Language Teaching And Learning Process With Dual Coding Theory Approaches, Citra Kurniawan, Shirly Rizki Kusumaningrum, Kee-Fui Turner Lam, Ence Surahman Aug 2022

Improving Language Teaching And Learning Process With Dual Coding Theory Approaches, Citra Kurniawan, Shirly Rizki Kusumaningrum, Kee-Fui Turner Lam, Ence Surahman

Jurnal Pendidikan: Teori, Penelitian, dan Pengembangan

Dual coding theory (DCT) allows students to process information based on stimuli in the form of visual-verbal signals. This study aims to measure the relationship between the implementation of DCT on the process of Teaching & Learning. An experimental approach involving 101 students was used. The results showed that the DCT theoretical approach can be used to improve the language learning process. The research findings also showed that the learning strategies correlation coefficient is positive 0.826** which means that DCT has a very strong relationship with learning outcomes. In addition, the variables of gender and learning strategies demonstrated a positive …


‘Freedom To Learn-Independent Campus’And Pre-Service Teachers Proffesional Identity Development, Lemmuela Alvita Kurniawati, Vinanda Kristianti Aug 2022

‘Freedom To Learn-Independent Campus’And Pre-Service Teachers Proffesional Identity Development, Lemmuela Alvita Kurniawati, Vinanda Kristianti

Jurnal Pendidikan: Teori, Penelitian, dan Pengembangan

In response to the implementation of Merdeka Belajar (Freedom to Learn)- Kampus Merdeka (Independent Campus), this study aimed to investigate the perceived impacts of Freedom to Learn-Independent Campus (henceforth FLIC), on pre-service Teacher Professional Identity (henceforth, TPI) development. A qualitative research method by using a thematic analysis was used to analyze the data. Homogeneous online focus group discussions with three different groups of participants joining FLIC program were conducted to collect the data. There were twelve pre-service teachers who joined FLIC program involved in this study. The findings were elaborated under three themes. The themes were becoming and being didactical …


Physical Education: Study Of Different Perceptions Of Students On The Concept Of Physical Education In First Middle School And Vocational Middle School, Mu’Arifin Mu’Arifin, Mashud Mashud, Zsolt Nemeth Aug 2022

Physical Education: Study Of Different Perceptions Of Students On The Concept Of Physical Education In First Middle School And Vocational Middle School, Mu’Arifin Mu’Arifin, Mashud Mashud, Zsolt Nemeth

Jurnal Pendidikan: Teori, Penelitian, dan Pengembangan

This research aims to measure the truth level of the perception of the students on the physical education concept, and to figure out the difference perception between male and female students at the junior high school and vocational high school levels. Method used is survey with the use of closed inventory questionnaire. This study is conducted on two populations, that are 3700 students of X class at Vocational High School in the Regency of Banyuwangi and 750 students of VIII class at Junior High School in the Regency of Pacitan. Study sample is taken by purposive so that it is …


Penguatan Karakter Bernalar Kritis Berbasis Integratif Moral Untuk Siswa Sekolah Dasar Dalam Program Kampus Mengajar Di Indonesia, Nursalam Nursalam, Suardi Suardi Aug 2022

Penguatan Karakter Bernalar Kritis Berbasis Integratif Moral Untuk Siswa Sekolah Dasar Dalam Program Kampus Mengajar Di Indonesia, Nursalam Nursalam, Suardi Suardi

Jurnal Pendidikan: Teori, Penelitian, dan Pengembangan

The research objective is to produce a model for strengthening character education based on critical reasoning moral integration for elementary school students in campus teaching activities in Makassar City. This research uses mixed research methods, using questionnaires, observations, interviews and documentation, then analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. The results showed that strengthening the character of critical reasoning based on moral integrative and social collaboration was in the very frequent category at all stages of moral knowing, feeling, sinverbal, action, habitus and culture from various campus teaching activities such as task assignment, giving direction, thinking together, and carry out tasks according to …


Integrating Electronic Portfolio Assessment Into Teaching Materials: An Exploratory Study On Speaking Course Syllabus Development, Moh. Taufik, Nur Mukminatien, Suharyadi Suharyadi, Sari Karmina, Bambang Yudi Cahyono, Tengku Intan Suzila Bt Tengku Sharif Aug 2022

Integrating Electronic Portfolio Assessment Into Teaching Materials: An Exploratory Study On Speaking Course Syllabus Development, Moh. Taufik, Nur Mukminatien, Suharyadi Suharyadi, Sari Karmina, Bambang Yudi Cahyono, Tengku Intan Suzila Bt Tengku Sharif

Jurnal Pendidikan: Teori, Penelitian, dan Pengembangan

The ICT advancement provokes the possibility of developing speaking skill through portfolio assessment which was commonly attributable mostly to writing skill. Hence, an exploratory study adopting ADDIE model was conducted to develop an electronic portfolio assessment integrated into teaching materials. A triangulated technique of data collection: questionnaire respondents, interviews and data from evaluation sheets was gathered. Statistical descriptive analysis, discourse and content analysis were conducted and positive possibilities were found to ffacilitate the development of speaking skills through electronic portfolio assessment.


Developing Intercultural Communicative Competence In Foreign Language Classrooms: A Study Of Efl Learners In China, Li Liu, Bo Jiang, Ziwei Guo Aug 2022

Developing Intercultural Communicative Competence In Foreign Language Classrooms: A Study Of Efl Learners In China, Li Liu, Bo Jiang, Ziwei Guo

Jurnal Pendidikan: Teori, Penelitian, dan Pengembangan

Intercultural communicative competence (ICC) has been accentuated with the wave of globalization. Universities in China have highlighted ICC in language classrooms. Following Byram’s (1997) ICC model (including knowledge, skills and attitudes), this study focuses on the efficacy of explicit instruction in developing ICC among EFL (English as a Foreign Language) learners in classrooms in China, and to discover how this development is related to the English proficiency. This research therefore has two purposes: (1) to use a mix of quantitative and qualitative methods to assess ICC including questionnaire through self and others after explicit instruction. And (2) to investigate the …


Identifying Basic Aircraft Structures Using Project-Based Learning In Esp Context: Is It Effective?, Dewanti Ratna Pertiwi, Ndaru Atmi Purnami Aug 2022

Identifying Basic Aircraft Structures Using Project-Based Learning In Esp Context: Is It Effective?, Dewanti Ratna Pertiwi, Ndaru Atmi Purnami

Jurnal Pendidikan: Teori, Penelitian, dan Pengembangan

English for specific purposes (ESP) is a branch of English instruction prepared to facilitate the students master English used in a particular field. In aerospace field, one of the objectives of ESP is mastering basic aircraft structures as the fundamental knowledge for further development such as aircraft maintenance and management. Mastering a number of technical terms in aerospace is challenging since they are not commonly used in daily life. Thus, a strategy is needed. Project-based learning (PBL) is proposed as an appropriate technique for engineering students due to its advantages; facilitating communication, creativity, collaboration, and critical thinking. Nevertheless, identifying whether …


The Dominant Soft Skills That Affect Readiness Of Vocational Graduate In Entering Construction Labor Market, Nathanael Sitanggang, Putri Lynna Adelinna Luthan, Felix Andika Dwiyanto, Satrio Dwi Sanjaya Aug 2022

The Dominant Soft Skills That Affect Readiness Of Vocational Graduate In Entering Construction Labor Market, Nathanael Sitanggang, Putri Lynna Adelinna Luthan, Felix Andika Dwiyanto, Satrio Dwi Sanjaya

Jurnal Pendidikan: Teori, Penelitian, dan Pengembangan

This study aims to recognize the dominant soft skills factors that influence the readiness of vocational education graduates to enter the job market in the field of construction. The method used is survey study including samples that consisted of 40 workers graduated from State University of Medan civil engineering diploma 3. The instruments used were the soft skills and the competence readiness questionnaire with reliability coefficients of 0.93 and 0.98. Furthermore, the multiple regression analysis techniques is used to test the hypothesis. The results shows that the soft skills readiness influencing 74% the vocational education skills readiness in entering the …


Teachers’ Assessment Literacy And Design Competence Framework, Sladana Krstic, Sarah Manlove, Sarah Richardson Aug 2022

Teachers’ Assessment Literacy And Design Competence Framework, Sladana Krstic, Sarah Manlove, Sarah Richardson

2021-2030 ACER Research Conferences

Teachers play a central role in facilitating learning and empowering learners (Pastore & Andrade, 2019). They must possess a high level of assessment literacy to properly fulfil their role of implementing teaching and facilitating students’ learning (Hattie, 2009). Without it, the quality of educational provision can be impacted (Looney et al., 2018). The expectations placed on teachers in relation to their assessment knowledge and skills tend to focus on their ability to design and implement assessment with students, and to use assessment data to inform teaching practices (Brookhart, 2011). Much of the emphasis in the literature is on the mechanical …


Assessing Reading: How Assessment Can Be Used To Target Teaching And Enhance Understanding Of Reading Comprehension, Sandra Knowles Aug 2022

Assessing Reading: How Assessment Can Be Used To Target Teaching And Enhance Understanding Of Reading Comprehension, Sandra Knowles

2021-2030 ACER Research Conferences

The skills demonstrated by a proficient reader are not easy to untangle. Current research acknowledges that reading comprehension is a highly complex area of ability, one that needs to be understood as the coordination of several integrated processes. Using example test questions and data, this presentation explores how assessment can help us make sense of reading comprehension in a way that curricula and commonly used teaching strategies cannot. Assessment is evidence that informs us about the skills involved in the reading process, how they relate to each other, and how they develop in complexity. When assessment is understood in this …


Assessment Moderation: Is It Fit For Purpose?, Lenore Adie Aug 2022

Assessment Moderation: Is It Fit For Purpose?, Lenore Adie

2021-2030 ACER Research Conferences

This presentation outlines the different practices and purposes of assessment moderation and analyses the benefits and issues of these. Two projects are presented; each seeks to improve teacher judgement. Both attempt to redefine what we mean by moderation and how moderation can be conducted to reach diverse and dispersed groups. The first draws on a current Australian Research Council project that is exploring the development of scaled exemplars, the use of commentaries of judgement decisions, and the use of digital platforms to support teachers grading student work. The second draws on the work of the Graduate Teacher Performance Assessment (GTPA) …


The Transformational Change Of Adaptive Assessment, Jarrod Hingston, Toby Newton Aug 2022

The Transformational Change Of Adaptive Assessment, Jarrod Hingston, Toby Newton

2021-2030 ACER Research Conferences

Organisational change theory often discusses the differences between adaptive change and transformational change; adaptive change being the process of incremental shifts that are intended to drive improvement, while transformational change requires major alterations in processes. In 2019, ACER embarked on a mission to develop a new adaptive testing and reporting system, with the goal of delivering an assessment that would improve the precision of results for every student. While the intention was to introduce an adaptive change in the assessments, the project truly transformed the way that ACER delivers assessments and reports results, a result recognised by the project being …


Sharing And Securing Learners' Performance Standards Across Schools, Richard Kimbell Aug 2022

Sharing And Securing Learners' Performance Standards Across Schools, Richard Kimbell

2021-2030 ACER Research Conferences

Assessing learners’ performance makes very different demands upon teachers depending on the purpose and the context of the assessment. But common to all assessment is some sense of what ‘quality’ looks like. Most often teachers engage in formative assessments in the classroom, and the familiar standards of the classroom are adequate for this purpose. However if teachers are to undertake external, nationally regulated assessment then some sense of a national standard of quality is required. But there are very limited mechanisms by which teachers can acquire this understanding, so they use their best judgement, and standards vary from school to …


An Innovative Method For Teachers To Formatively Assess Writing Online, Dr Sandy Heldsinger, Stephen Humphry Aug 2022

An Innovative Method For Teachers To Formatively Assess Writing Online, Dr Sandy Heldsinger, Stephen Humphry

2021-2030 ACER Research Conferences

Assessment is an integral component of effective teaching and a teacher’s professional judgement influences all routine aspects of their work. In the last 20 years, there has been considerable work internationally to support teachers in using assessment to improve student learning. However, there is a pressing issue that impedes teacher professional judgement being exploited to its full potential. The issue relates to teacher assessments in the context of extended performances such as essays and arises from the complexity of obtaining reliable or consistent teacher assessments of students’ work. Literature published in the United States, England and Australia details evidence of …


Using Pat Data To Inform Teaching And Learning, Marc Kralj, Rachel Felgate, Shani Sniedze, Caithlin Power, Grant Barclay, Darren Leech Aug 2022

Using Pat Data To Inform Teaching And Learning, Marc Kralj, Rachel Felgate, Shani Sniedze, Caithlin Power, Grant Barclay, Darren Leech

2021-2030 ACER Research Conferences

ACER works with thousands of Australian schools to set up Progressive Achievement Test (PAT) functionality, assign and administer tests, and to assist teachers to understand and interrogate the resulting test data and act upon findings. This session provides participants with an opportunity to hear about a school’s journey, and discuss this with the ACER team and our PAT school guest. ACER researchers have evaluated and documented assessment implementation and professional development opportunities, observing this school’s ability to track student and educator progress over time, which is a critical element in ACER’s Progressive Achievement approach. ACER’s educational consultants will demonstrate how …


Reimagining Classroom Assessment And Feedback To Meet Learner Needs, Fabienne Van Der Kleij Aug 2022

Reimagining Classroom Assessment And Feedback To Meet Learner Needs, Fabienne Van Der Kleij

2021-2030 ACER Research Conferences

The power of classroom assessment and feedback to improve student learning outcomes has long been recognised. Yet, decades of research have yielded disappointing and often conflicting outcomes. This presentation challenges traditional conceptions of classroom assessment and feedback as teacher-driven practices. To meet learner needs better, it proposes a student-centred perspective in which students are active and have agency. By drawing on an extensive study of feedback reviews, this presentation illustrates how conceptualisations of feedback have changed over recent decades. This paper provides key insights into how classroom assessment and feedback practices can be changed in ways that are sustainable, afford …


Acer Models Of Writing: Changing The Assessment Mindset, Juliette Mendelovits, Judy Nixon Aug 2022

Acer Models Of Writing: Changing The Assessment Mindset, Juliette Mendelovits, Judy Nixon

2021-2030 ACER Research Conferences

This presentation outlines different models of writing assessment that have a proven track record in various programs delivered by ACER. These models include holistic scoring, and partial analytical scoring on a number of criteria. The writing prompts for these models assume extended pieces of writing. The presentation will also introduce a new and alternative model of writing assessment that ACER has implemented in several large-scale assessments. This model is built on shorter pieces of writing from each student, designed to give more accurate and diverse insights into students’ proficiency in writing in a range of text types, within the constraints …