Education Commons^™

Helping Beginning Supervisors Reduce Barriers To Licensure: Ethical Roadblocks In Supervision, Sarah M. Blalock, Kathy Ybanez-Llorente, Molly K. Morman

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

Ethical and competent supervision are critical to successful entry into the profession for counselors in training and newly licensed counselors. New supervisors should be mindful of the mistakes even well-intentioned supervisors can make that jeopardize the licensure process, or worse, the well-being of clients. Lack of attention to substantial supervision paperwork requirements can cost supervisees long delays in licensure, and call into question a supervisor’s reputation as a competent and ethical professional. The purpose of this article is to help inform beginning supervisors on how to use ethical guidelines to avoid some of the most common supervision pitfalls, including multiple …

A Qualitative Exploration Of Using Experiential Groups To Train Future Group Counselors, Brittany L. Pollard-Kosidowski, Joel F. Diambra, Julia R. Bettge, Chris K. Burd

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

As counselors routinely provide both individual and group-based services, it is important to prepare trainees to effectively utilize both approaches. One popular method for engaging students in group work training requires them to participate in experiential small groups. Although this requirement meets CACREP’s (2015) standard that students engage in 10 hours of group membership, less specific focus is placed on engaging students in active group facilitation training. This study analyzes qualitative interviews with seven counseling graduates who participated in experiential small groups during their training. Five emergent themes provide insight for counselor educators and accreditors into students’ group training …

Introduction To The Interpersonal Discrimination Model Applied To Clinical Supervision: A Relational Approach For Novice Counselors, Rachel J. Brejcha

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

This manuscript explores the theory development of a new clinical supervision model called the Interpersonal Discrimination Model (IPDM). The IPDM combines the structure of the Discrimination Model of supervision (Bernard, 1979) with Interpersonal Theory tenets developed by Harry Sullivan (1968) to create a holistic, integrated approach to clinical supervision. The IPDM’s foundation is based on the supervisory working alliance, which has been continuously found to contribute to supervisee satisfaction, an increase in counselor self-efficacy and a positive therapeutic working alliance (Park et al., 2019). The IPDM has three main applications-interpersonal process recall, the parallel process, countertransference-that are applied in clinical …

Pedagogy In Counselor Education: Insights From John Dewey, Rachel Vannatta, Seth C. Vannatta

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

The literature addressing pedagogy in counselor education is sparse. In this paper, we propose using John Dewey’s philosophy of education to inform pedagogy in counseling programs. More specifically, we describe the pattern of inquiry, issues of mind-body continuity, the role of the teacher and student, the difference between educative and miseducative experiential activities, and problem based learning in the context of counselor education. These concepts are exemplified using a case illustration comparing a professor using a traditional model of teaching and a professor using a model of teaching informed by Dewey.

Preparing Cacrep-Accredited Doctoral Students To Teach, Meredith Lt Montgomery, Mei Tang

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

Counselor education literature addresses training of future counselors although little is known about the preparation of doctoral students as teachers. This qualitative thematic analysis utilizes a Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) theoretical framework and a Contextualism philosophical framework to answer the question: How are doctoral students in CACREP-accredited doctoral programs prepared to teach? Faculty (n=6) and students (n=10) from ten CACREP-accredited Counselor Education and Supervision (CES) programs across the United States participated. A narrative description of the process of preparing doctoral students to teach is based on three identified themes: relationship, pedagogy, and effort. Implications include a need for stewardship of …

Is This What Counselors Are? Conflict Stories In Multicultural Coursework, Lauren Melamed

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

Classroom-based conversations about multicultural issues can be difficult, ranging with various degrees of tension that span between affective stress to full on turbulent emotional exchanges. The purpose of this narrative inquiry was to better understand the student perspective of conflict in the classroom. Understanding conflict stories are imperative for the training of professional counselors bound to both cultural competency and professional growth. Findings reveal both content and structure of students’ conflict stories in multicultural counseling classes as they navigate the tasks of professional identity development. Themes of gatekeeping and collective accountability emerged, in addition to transformation and meaning-making.

Enhancing Social Justice And Multicultural Counseling Competence Through Cultural Immersion: A Guide For Faculty, Sonya Lorelle, Katherine Atkins, Rebecca Michel

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

Cultural immersion experiences can have a lifelong impact on counseling students’ development and identity. The authors describe the connection between cultural immersion experiences and multicultural competence. The authors also offer their professional experiences with international cultural immersion, provide a framework for counselor educators to create these experiences for counseling students, and include practical examples of how to intentionally structure each component of the trip to enhance student growth and development.

Social Presence In Online Counselor Education, Courtney M. Holmes, Christine Reid, Carolyn Hawley, Christopher Wagner

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

Outcome research in online counselor education is lacking as is the focus on online teaching andragogy. To address this gap, the Community of Inquiry framework and social presence are discussed within the context of online learning in a counselor education program. Data were collected in a counselor education program in the mid-Atlantic comparing online and on-campus learning outcomes and perceptions of social presence in the classroom. On-campus learners had significantly higher perceptions of social presence when compared with online learners, although perceived level of social presence was not correlated with learning outcomes. Implications for counselor education are discussed.

The Need For Collaboration: Experiences And Perceptions Of Preservice Principals And School Counselors, Jennifer Tygret, Sylvia Mendez, Adric Arndt, Desiree Lovato, Margaret Scott

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

While professional collaboration between school counselors and principals has the potential to enhance the educational environment for students, preparation programs typically do not provide collaborative opportunities to preservice candidates. In response to concerns expressed by preservice school counselors and principals regarding this lack of opportunity, researchers designed and implemented a collaboration workshop. Following the workshop, a multiple-case study research design was utilized to explore the value of collaboration from the perspectives of both groups through participant interviews grounded by the Five Elements of a Professional Community. Findings indicate educators in these preparation programs have the opportunity to institutionalize a collaboration …

Aspects Contributing To Dissertation Chair Success: Consensus Among Counselor Educators, Maribeth F. Jorgensen, Kelly L. Wester

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

Students frequently attribute completion of their dissertation to having a successful dissertation chair. Yet, a successful dissertation chair has primarily been defined from the student viewpoint. Through the process of a Delphi study, a panel of dissertation chair experts in counselor education conceded on 37 items that contributed to their success. These items included a combination of instrumental and relational aspects of working with doctoral students on their dissertation. Implications for dissertation chairs to navigate self, others, and the structure are explored.

Social Media Policy For Counselor Education Programs, Jared S. Rose, Robin Dufresne, Allison Arnekrans, Leslie Neyland

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

In light of the American Counseling Association’s ACA Code of Ethics (2014) addressing the use of social media in the counseling profession, counselor education programs must prepare to properly monitor their professional social media use. Social media is defined, followed by a review of types and uses of social media. The authors discuss a process for developing a social media policy for counselor education program including reviewing the relevant literature and ethical considerations. A suggested policy is included for counseling programs to consider. Keywords: counselor education, social media, ACA Code of Ethics

Perceptions Of The One-Minute Essay In A Counseling Research Course, Edward Wahesh, Seth M. Fishman, Amanda Moreton

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

Content analysis was used to explore student perceptions of two uses of a one-minute essay (OME) in separate semesters of a counseling research course. Each week, participants (N = 48) answered OME questions addressing what they learned and what questions remained unanswered following the class. The utility of the OME was compared to a modified OME, which also included brief personalized feedback provided by the instructor. Findings indicate that both applications of the OME helped facilitate self-reflection on learning and enhanced recall and review of content covered in course readings and lectures. Participants who received personalized responses to their …

Teaching Strategies For Incorporating The Multicultural And Social Justice Counseling Competencies, Lauren Melamed, Javier F. Casado Pérez, Brandon Hunt

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

The development of the new Multicultural and Social Justice Counseling Competencies (MSJCC) (Ratts et al., 2016), also outlined a specific need for counselor educators to revisit teaching strategies that help both counseling programs meet these new competencies. Incorporating teaching strategies that align with these new competencies ensures that counselors-in-training are reaching highest potential for cultural competence. The authors offer teaching strategies and activities that are rooted in both counseling and interdisciplinary literature, as well as considerations for implementation. Each strategy was reviewed and selected based on both empirical evidence and professional experience, then mapped to each specific foundation of the …

The Relationship Between Trauma Symptoms, Developmental Work Personality, And Vocational Identity, Melissa Zeligman, Diandra J. Prescod, Latoya Haynes-Thoby

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

Developmental work personality and vocational identity can be greatly affected by traumatic events in an individual’s life. Although studies exist examining the relationship between trauma and career development, more research is needed to understand the relationship between the two. This study examined the relationship between trauma symptoms, developmental work personality, and vocational identity. Results indicate that participants who experienced high levels trauma had lower scores on developmental work personality and vocational identity.

Advocating At The State Capitol: Experiences Of Master’S Level Counseling Students, Jacqueline M. Swank, Alisa Houseknecht, Kathryn M. Williams

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

Counseling students need to develop competency in advocacy. In this article, the researchers explore students’ legislative advocacy experiences at a state capitol by analyzing transcripts from 8 interviews and 17 written reflections, using a phenomenological approach. The researchers discuss five themes, including (a) learning process, (b) being an advocate, (c) influence, (d) empowerment and future advocacy, and (e) improvements; and present implications for counselor preparation.

Promoting Queer Competency Through An Experiential Framework, Thomas Killian, Reka Farago, Harvey C. Peters

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

Many counselors report feeling under prepared to effectively work with queer persons. Arguably, this can be mitigated through early intervention within training programs. However, many counseling programs do not adequately prepare their students to work with queer persons. To eliminate this gap in training, this article combines endorsed counseling competencies and experiential learning as an approach to enhance counselor queer training and preparation. This approach primarily framed through the Multicultural and Social Justice Counseling Competencies, and further supported through the Competencies for Counseling with LGBQQIA Individuals, and the ALGBTIC Competencies for Counseling with Transgender Clients can create an encompassing curricula …

Parallel Process Of Professional Identity Development During Clinical Supervision, Nancy E. Thacker, Joel F. Diambra

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

Counselors-in-training (CITs) and counselor educators-in-training (CEITs) have a similar need to develop professional identities that are genuine to self and congruent with the counseling and counselor education professions. As CITs and CEITs enter their respective professional roles, they experience a parallel process of professional identity development (PID). This parallel process can be used as a tool to promote PID during clinical supervision. The authors will explore the PID processes of CITs and CEITs, consider their mutual influence on each other’s growth in clinical supervision, and provide a case study application with suggestions for supervision practice that fosters mutual PID.

Cacrep Accreditation Simulation: Transformative Learning In Counselor Education, Molly M. Strear, Jennifer L. Murdock Bishop, Heather M. Helm

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

A CACREP accreditation simulation activity is provided as a framework for counselor educators to facilitate experiential learning for doctoral students in counselor education. This article includes instructional strategies for self-directed learning and reflective journaling to introduce program development and accreditation processes throughout a semester length assignment. Participating students embody the roles of fictional faculty members embarking on accreditation to promote student collaboration and increased knowledge of CACREP standards through transformative learning.

Counselor Educators' Teaching Practices In Contemporary Society, Don P. Trahan Jr, Jeanmarie Keim

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

Counselor education programs aim to provide students with curricula that enables them to effectively engage culturally diverse populations. However, there are no universal standards for infusing multiculturalism into curricula. This qualitative study provides an in-depth understanding of how various counselor educators infused multiculturalism/diversity into their counseling curricula. Implications for practice and future research are offered.

Exploring Pre-Practicum Site-Based Experiential Learning In School Counselor Preparation, Stacey A. Havlik, Kaitlyn Schneider, Jessica D. Mckechnie

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

In this study, participation in a pre-practicum site-based experiential learning assignment was examined. First semester pre-service school counselors who were enrolled in an introductory school counseling course, engaged in observation, counseling, and academic support with students and clients at community and school sites. Qualitative data was collected across three cohort groups and examined through phenomenological inquiry. Participants shared common themes, including that they: (a) Recognized inequities while they expanded their worldview; (b) Preferred a structured experience; (c) Valued relationships; and (d) Drew connections to the classroom and the field.

Counselor Education Students' Fear In Online And Traditional Research Courses, Julia A. Davis

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

Two sections of research methods were offered to Master’s level Counselor Education students during the same semester; one section was a traditional classroom setting and the second section was a web/hybrid course. Students were surveyed about their fears surrounding the academic requirements of a research methods course and fears about the type of instruction for the course at the beginning and at the end of the class. Data showed that students in the web-hybrid course indicated higher levels of fear than the students in the traditional classroom setting. Implications for counselor educators include normalizing the fear associated with the academic …

Women Counselor Educators’ Experiences Of Microaggressions, Janeé R. Avent Harris, Heather Trepal, Ashley Prado, Jarryn Robinson

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

This phenomological study explored seven women counselor educators’ experiences with committing and receiving microaggressions within the context of their professional roles and academic responsibilities. The following themes emerged: continuum of awareness, responding to microaggressions, power in academia, impact of microaggressions, and intersection of identity. Implications and recommendations for counselor educators and administrators are provided.

Promoting Awareness Of Self: Cultural Immersion And Service-Learning Experiences Of Counselors-In-Training, Rose Helen Merrell-James, Marcy J. Douglass, Matthew R. Shupp

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

Promoting Awareness-of-Self: Cultural Immersion and Service-Learning experiences

Abstract

Counselor education is committed to exploring innovative pedagogy to provide opportunities for counselor trainees to increase multicultural competence. International cultural immersion and service –learning create an environment for counselors-in-training to explore their cultural competence through cultural interactions, relationships, and heightened self-awareness. This exploratory, qualitative, phenomenological study using focus group data collection investigated the lived experience of counselors-in-training through international cultural immersion and service-learning. Awareness-of-self emerged as the overarching theme which included themes of personal and national privilege, cultural encapsulation, sense of belonging, and racism. Subthemes include attitudes and beliefs, cultural norms, time, …

Determining Mentoring Needs In Counselor Education Programs, Marcella D. Stark, Jennifer N. Boswell, Angie D. Cartwright, Anthony J. Onwuegbuzie

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

This article describes the development and initial score validation of the Mentoring Needs in Counselor Education Scale (MNCES), designed to evaluate the mentoring needs of counselor education students and pre-tenured faculty. Exploratory factor analysis (n = 278) yielded a 32-item, five-component solution with strong score reliability as indicated by Cronbach’s alpha values above .70: Career and Professional Development (.82), Research and Scholarship (.86), Growth and Support (.83), Multicultural and Environmental Issues (.84), and Practitioner Role (72). The MNCES provides a tool for facilitating conversations regarding mentorship expectations between mentees and mentors in the field of counseling.

A Guide To Integrating Behavioral/Process Addictions Into Counselor Education Programs, Leigh Falls Holman, Kristy L. Carlisle, Marisa Rapp, Regina Moro, Christine Baker, Angie D. Cartwright, Latasha Hicks-Becton

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

Changes in CACREP standards and DSM-5diagnoses reflect the need to train counselors in the screening and treatment of behavioral/process additions (BPAs). This guide presents foundational issues counselor educators and supervisors may consider when developing an addictions course inclusive of BPAs. It also highlights components of a sample syllabus for a BPA course, including student learning outcomes (SLOs), course topics, materials, and activities/assignments. Developing curricula inclusive of BPAs is a way for counselor educators to begin to advocate for comprehensive addictions curricula within existing counselor education programs, in order to improve the competency of the counselors they train.

Experiences Of International Students In Practicum And Internship Courses: A Consensus Qualitative Research, Sangmin Park, Jee Hyang Lee, Susannah M. Wood

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

This qualitative study explores the practicum and/or internship experiences of international students in counseling. Based on the foundation of phenomenological research, this study uses a consensual qualitative research method. Semi-structured interview questionnaires asked ten participants regarding their experiences of practica and/or internships (including their fears, challenges, and support from training programs). Results revealed that the fears and challenges that international students face during the practicum and/or internship training primarily stemmed from their language barrier and/or a lack of understanding of the American counseling system. Our findings indicated that providing practical information, such as sites, the American counseling system, insurance, and …

A Social Media Policy For Clinical Mental Health Counseling Programs, Rebecca A. Willow, David Tobin, Wei Y. Chong, Angela Jeffery, Danielle Strohmeyer, Nicole Morine

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

The American Counseling Association 2014 Ethical Code mandates that counselors who engage in social media communication develop knowledge and skills related to ethical and legal considerations (American Counseling Association, 2014). In response to these expectations, this article introduces a social media policy created by faculty in a Clinical Mental Health Counseling program. An example and review of an implemented social media policy is provided, along with guidelines for a student-led training program. Case examples are provided that illustrate potential dilemmas of student misuse of social media, along with examples of faculty interventions. This article is designed to contribute to the …

The Experiences Of Counselors-In-Training In A School-Based Counseling Practicum, Christopher T. Belser, Naomi J. Wheeler, Samuel L. Bierbrauer, Coralis S. Solomon, Shaywanna Harris, A Elizabeth Crunk, Glenn W. Lambie

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

Counselor education programs often must choose between providing in vivo faculty supervision or a community-based setting. Programs that combine both elements have shown positive preliminary findings related to counselor development; however, the in-depth experiences of students in such programs have not been explored. This phenomenological study examined the lived experiences of counselors-in-training who participated in a school-based counseling practicum with in vivo faculty supervision. Researchers identified six themes, including continuum of support within relationships, operational challenges and concerns, needs and challenges of the community, working with children, expectations and realities, and counselor identity development. Implications for counselor education and research …

School Counselors-In-Training Career Counseling Preparation Assignment, Carleton H. Brown

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

Career counseling is an important skill to attain in training to become a school counselor; however, research has shown that school counselors-in-training need more preparation in terms of career counseling. The author describes an optional career counseling assignment added to a 300-hour school-counseling practicum course provided to 14 students in a southern region university school counseling program. Ten students chose to participate in the assignment and provided pre and post feedback of their experience. Student feedback and practical implications are discussed.

Research Mentorship: Implications For The Preparation Of Doctoral Students, Alyse M. Anekstein, Linwood G. Vereen

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

Research mentorship is an important aspect of the preparation of doctoral students in counselor education. A review of the literature of research mentorship within counselor education and related disciplines, the ACES definition, and the experiences of doctoral students grounded in the literature are provided. Recommendations for implementing research mentoring relationships are identified as well as implications for future research.