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Full-Text Articles in Education

Understanding How On-Campus Involvement And Socioeconomic Status Impacts Academic Success: A Causal-Comparative Study, Eric Ryan Rivenbark May 2025

Understanding How On-Campus Involvement And Socioeconomic Status Impacts Academic Success: A Causal-Comparative Study, Eric Ryan Rivenbark

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this quantitative, causal-comparative study was to determine the differences between a college student’s academic success based on campus involvement (low, medium, or high) and a student's socioeconomic status (low, medium, or high). This study employed quantitative causal-comparative methods to explore the impact of student characteristics on college transition and academic success. A successful high school-to-college transition was pivotal for overall achievement and degree pursuit. Focusing on 253 college students, the study examined links between socioeconomic background, on-campus involvement, and academic achievement. Participants completed the Academic Success Inventory for College Students and a survey to determine on-campus involvement. …


Heroines Of Their Own Stories: Lower Socio-Economic Black And Hispanic Giftedness, Dace Ashcraft May 2025

Heroines Of Their Own Stories: Lower Socio-Economic Black And Hispanic Giftedness, Dace Ashcraft

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this hermeneutic phenomenological study was to describe the lived experiences of racially, ethnically, and economically diverse (REED) learners in developing gifted traits and behaviors for female students who have taken part in an extracurricular online course from the northeastern United States. Gifted traits and behaviors, or giftedness, was generally defined as what might be perceived as advanced ability or the potential for advanced ability in one or more specific areas. The theories guiding this study are Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory, which aids in understanding the influence of a student’s culture on higher-order mental functions originating in the social …


The Influence Of Health Literacy Education On Black Women With Chronic Illness: A Hermeneutic Phenomenological Study, Nicole Bonds May 2025

The Influence Of Health Literacy Education On Black Women With Chronic Illness: A Hermeneutic Phenomenological Study, Nicole Bonds

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this phenomenological study was to understand the perceptions of the role health literacy education has on Black women (BW) with chronic illness managing their health at the Undiagnosed and Diagnosed Rare and Chronic Illness Support Group (URCIS) in the United States. The theory that guided this study is the health belief model (HBM), as it suggests that before a person adopts a healthy behavior, they go through six stages first to determine if the behavior change would benefit their health. This study showed the research participants followed the HBM framework as they perceive the threat of illness …


Remote Teacher Retention: A Phenomenological Study Applying The Jobs Demands-Resource, Jasser Jacob Khalifeh May 2025

Remote Teacher Retention: A Phenomenological Study Applying The Jobs Demands-Resource, Jasser Jacob Khalifeh

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this phenomenological study was to describe the lived experiences of current and former United States (U.S.) K-12 remote instructors. The problem is that educator retention is at a crisis point in the U.S. To help combat the severe and persistent teacher shortages plaguing America, leaders must capture the genuine perceptions of the virtual teaching experience. The guiding theory for this investigation is the Jobs-Demand Resource (JD-R) Model and the influence of job characteristics on teacher well-being, motivation, and retention. The central research question driving this study is, “What are the lived experiences of remote instructors?” A qualitative …


Educators' Perceptions Of The Redesign Of The Virginia Alternative Assessment Program For Students With Significant Cognitive Disabilities: A Qualitative Case Study, Nicola Leonie Larmond May 2025

Educators' Perceptions Of The Redesign Of The Virginia Alternative Assessment Program For Students With Significant Cognitive Disabilities: A Qualitative Case Study, Nicola Leonie Larmond

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this collective case study was to explore educators’ perceptions of the redesign of the Virginia Alternative Assessment Program (VAAP) for students with significant cognitive disabilities (SWSCD) at three schools in Virginia. A purposeful sampling criterion was employed to recruit ten special education teachers and support staff who either implemented or had relevant experience with the portfolio-based and multiple-choice online formats of the VAAP. The study was conducted across three schools in a local school district in Virginia. The setting and participants were kept confidential by replacing names with pseudonyms. The theory guiding this study was Vygotsky’s zone …


From Laity To Leadership: A Training Program For Christians New To Leadership, Arlene J. Hopkins May 2025

From Laity To Leadership: A Training Program For Christians New To Leadership, Arlene J. Hopkins

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Christian leadership development is vital to fulfill the mission of the church, to build up and equip the saints to live in abundant spiritual closeness to God and others. As congregants look to church leaders for guidance, instruction, and a godly leadership model, educating, training, and nurturing these leaders as they impact the congregation is imperative. This is especially true for individuals new to leadership roles within the church. Therefore, this project aims to provide foundational biblical, spiritual, and leadership training to new lay leaders at the New Life Worship Center Church. The new leadership training program, a mandatory and …


Seeing Resilience Through Experience: Teachers' Resilience Experiences Post Covid-19 Pandemic, Yashica Dudley May 2025

Seeing Resilience Through Experience: Teachers' Resilience Experiences Post Covid-19 Pandemic, Yashica Dudley

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this phenomenological was to describe the post-COVID-19 resilience experiences of 6th to 12th grade schoolteachers at Hope County Public School (HCPS). The theory that guided this study is the differing pathways to resiliency theory, as it was used to describe teachers’ resilience experiences regarding the outlook on work, self-efficacy, and coping responses. The central research question was, “What are the post-COVID-19 resilience experiences of 6th to 12th grade schoolteachers at the HCPS in the classroom?” Participants included 10-15 6th to 12th grade schoolteachers who taught before, during, and post the COVID-19 pandemic. The data was collected through …


Case Study On Florida Agricultural And Mechanical University Marching Band From 1998-2011, Michael E. Young May 2025

Case Study On Florida Agricultural And Mechanical University Marching Band From 1998-2011, Michael E. Young

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCU) marching bands have been at the forefront of entertaining crowds at football games for many years, from the innovative techniques in marching and maneuvering to orchestral arrangements of classical to popular music that capture the hearts of all music enthusiasts. The band that exemplifies this is the Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University (FAMU) marching band, better known as the incomparable ‘Marching100.’ This world-famous marching band has performed on numerous occasions, such as the Super Bowl, Rose Bowl, and the President's Inaugural parades. A qualitative research case study will examine the halftime pageantry in the …


Mental Health: A Phenomenological Study Of African American Christian’S Perception Of Mental Health And Utilization Of Mental Health Treatment, Justina Mcintosh May 2025

Mental Health: A Phenomenological Study Of African American Christian’S Perception Of Mental Health And Utilization Of Mental Health Treatment, Justina Mcintosh

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The goal of this phenomenological study is to describe African American Christian’s knowledge of mental health and mental health treatment. The goal is to explore more effective ways to increase African American Christians' awareness of mental illnesses and the use of mental health treatment. The research included 20 participants from the state of Texas. The theory leading this research is the self-labeling theory as it describes the connection between social networks and the utilization of mental health treatment. Participants were interviewed to analyze one’s knowledge, and views of mental illness and the utilization of services. The information from the interviews …


Transforming The Challenges Of Improvisation For Sacramento Elementary Music Teachers, Monta Monique Saïd May 2025

Transforming The Challenges Of Improvisation For Sacramento Elementary Music Teachers, Monta Monique Saïd

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Despite the widespread consensus among music teachers that improvisation is a crucial skill for children to learn, there have been multiple challenges integrating improvisation into daily teaching practice in general elementary music classrooms. This research, conducted across multiple public schools in the Greater Sacramento Area Unified School District, aimed to identify these challenges and provide actionable solutions based on teacher feedback to improve the situation. Using phenomenological research design as explained by Creswell, this study analyzed, synthesized, and identified patterns of experience among general elementary music teachers through observations, interviews, and collected artifacts. The study found that lack of time, …


Sustaining The Future Of The Local Church By Equipping Ministry Leaders Through A Development Program, James Wesley Harrison May 2025

Sustaining The Future Of The Local Church By Equipping Ministry Leaders Through A Development Program, James Wesley Harrison

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

This dissertation-in-praxis addressed the pressing need for intentional leadership development within local churches, focusing on preparing the head, heart, and hands of aspiring ministry leaders to fulfill the calling God has placed on them. The rationale for this praxis project stemmed from the observed shortage of trained ministry leaders in many local churches. The project emphasized that many churches fail to implement deliberate efforts to equip ministry leaders to fulfill the church's mission. The Legacy Leadership Ministry Training program served as a viable solution to this problem. The purpose of this project was to develop and implement a comprehensive training …


The Influence Of Homework On The Learning And Achievement Of Middle School Students In Southern Maryland: A Multiple-Case Study, Andrea J. Williams May 2025

The Influence Of Homework On The Learning And Achievement Of Middle School Students In Southern Maryland: A Multiple-Case Study, Andrea J. Williams

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this qualitative multiple-case study was to explore middle school teachers’ perceptions of how homework influenced academic achievement and student learning in Southern Maryland. The theory guiding this study was Bandura’s theory of social knowledge. Bandura suggests that observation, modeling, and role-play are significant in how individuals learn because these direct experiences shift one’s environment. In this study, 14 middle school teachers in Southern Maryland were interviewed, seven of whom were employed at a school with the standard practice of homework, and seven worked at a school with a “No Homework” policy. Data collection, interviews, and questionnaires were …


The Effects Of Modern Band Performance On Enhancing Confidence And Emotional Maturation In Fifth-Grade Students, Julia M. Wetherhold May 2025

The Effects Of Modern Band Performance On Enhancing Confidence And Emotional Maturation In Fifth-Grade Students, Julia M. Wetherhold

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Current research notes that participation in modern band general music instruction elicits improvements in students’ sense of inclusion in school; however, it is yet to be determined if additional benefits of modern band implementation occur. This applied study aims to investigate the potential for a causal comparison between fifth-grade students’ confidence levels and emotional maturity after exposure to modern band instructional techniques and performance compared to fifth-grade students engaged in music education with an emphasis on vocal instruction. Both qualitative and quantitative approaches were implemented. Data were collected and analyzed by surveying thirty-seven fifth-grade students reporting their confidence levels and …


A Hermeneutic Phenomenological Study Of The Lived Experiences Of Elementary Educators’ Implementation Of Grade Level Expectations To Students With Disabilities, Clinetta Monique Pierre May 2025

A Hermeneutic Phenomenological Study Of The Lived Experiences Of Elementary Educators’ Implementation Of Grade Level Expectations To Students With Disabilities, Clinetta Monique Pierre

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

This hermeneutic phenomenological study describes elementary educators' experiences and self-efficacy in implementing grade-level expectations for students with disabilities significantly below grade level in Georgia public schools' inclusive classroom environment. Albert Bandura's self-efficacy theory guides this study which is grounded in the social cognitive theory. According to the self-efficacy theory, people are the masters of their own objectives, choices, and fate. The participants included 10 elementary public school general education or content area teachers who are one half of a co-teaching partnership. Individual interviews, focus groups, and blogs were used to collect data in order to investigate the nature of general …


Teacher Perspective And De-Escalation Of Aggressive And Disruptive Behaviors In Early Elementary Students Who Come To School At Risk Of Academic Failure: A Phenomenological Study, Rebecca L. Thurman May 2025

Teacher Perspective And De-Escalation Of Aggressive And Disruptive Behaviors In Early Elementary Students Who Come To School At Risk Of Academic Failure: A Phenomenological Study, Rebecca L. Thurman

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this qualitative, hermeneutic phenomenological research study was to understand the experiences of early elementary educators with the rising negative behaviors, such as aggression and classroom disruptions, in their current classrooms within a progressive and growing school district in northwest Georgia. The theory that guided this study was Bandura’s social learning theory. This study addressed the question: How do educators perceive, understand possible causes, and utilize research-based programs and strategies to de-escalate and improve students’ aggressive and disruptive behaviors in the elementary classroom? This study focused on individual and focus group interviews, as well as a teacher behavior …


Book Review: A Modern Take On Mere Christianity, Shawn M. Bielicki May 2025

Book Review: A Modern Take On Mere Christianity, Shawn M. Bielicki

Journal for the Scholarship of Teaching & Learning

No abstract provided.


Beyond Lecturing: Christian Higher Education Faculty Perceptions Of Professional Development Expectations And Its Impact On Job Satisfaction, Andrea Lynn Smith, Diane S. Garber, Vhuthuhawe T. Madzinge, Folashade O. Odedina, Joshua E. Wilson, Daniel P. Yerrington May 2025

Beyond Lecturing: Christian Higher Education Faculty Perceptions Of Professional Development Expectations And Its Impact On Job Satisfaction, Andrea Lynn Smith, Diane S. Garber, Vhuthuhawe T. Madzinge, Folashade O. Odedina, Joshua E. Wilson, Daniel P. Yerrington

Journal for the Scholarship of Teaching & Learning

This research study was conducted to ascertain possible connections between higher education faculty expectations of professional development and how these relate to their perceived job satisfaction. Several theories were used as the foundational framework, which included Bruner’s (1960) constructivist worldview theory, Herzberg’s (1966) two-factor theory, and Dockery’s (2012) faith learning integration. The research design for this qualitative study was a phenomenological hermeneutical study. The participants answered the two primary research questions: (a) What are the perceptions of Christian higher education faculty regarding professional development expectations? (b) How do Christian higher education faculty’s perceptions of professional development affect their job satisfaction? …


Beyond Lecturing: Revealing Faculty Perceptions Of Technology Expectations And Job Satisfaction In Christian Higher Education, Jerry L. Pitts, Charlene Geisler, Mark D. Granger, Jessica E. Kuehne, Roger W. Mackey, Erica D. Moore May 2025

Beyond Lecturing: Revealing Faculty Perceptions Of Technology Expectations And Job Satisfaction In Christian Higher Education, Jerry L. Pitts, Charlene Geisler, Mark D. Granger, Jessica E. Kuehne, Roger W. Mackey, Erica D. Moore

Journal for the Scholarship of Teaching & Learning

The purpose of this phenomenological study aimed to understand higher education faculty perceptions and job satisfaction related to technology integration expectations in a changing academic environment. This study asked two research questions: 1. What are the perceptions of Christian higher education faculty regarding technology expectations? 2. How do Christian higher education faculty’s perceptions of these technology expectations affect their job satisfaction? Six full-time residential faculty members participated in the study. The lived experiences of faculty were studied using individual interviews, focus groups, and journal entries. Data analysis revealed that faculty perceived that institutions have additional technological expectations that go beyond …


Beyond Lecturing: Christian Higher Education Faculty And Faculty Support Staff Perceptions Of Institutional And Committee Service Expectations And How These Affect Job Satisfaction, Andrew F. Milacci, Alisha Castaneda, Janet Brown, Alex Mason, Annik Miller, Christopher Sneeringer May 2025

Beyond Lecturing: Christian Higher Education Faculty And Faculty Support Staff Perceptions Of Institutional And Committee Service Expectations And How These Affect Job Satisfaction, Andrew F. Milacci, Alisha Castaneda, Janet Brown, Alex Mason, Annik Miller, Christopher Sneeringer

Journal for the Scholarship of Teaching & Learning

Job satisfaction among faculty members and faculty support staff in higher education is a complex phenomenon influenced by various factors, including institutional and committee service expectations. This qualitative study gauged feedback from Christian higher education faculty members and faculty support staff regarding the institutional and committee service expected of them, as well as how their engagement with these expectations affects their job satisfaction. Using a hermeneutic-phenomenological schema, the researchers conducted in-person interviews, administered discussion board focus groups, and gathered reflective journal entries from a sample size of six participants at a large, faith-based university. During the analysis of the resultant …


A Time-Strapped Reality: Christian Faculty Perceptions On Research Expectations And Job Satisfaction, Hailey A. Manicone, Bruce K. Bell, Roger B. Bingham, Jacob T. Byrd, Kimberly S. Cashman, Sherri Ann Walker May 2025

A Time-Strapped Reality: Christian Faculty Perceptions On Research Expectations And Job Satisfaction, Hailey A. Manicone, Bruce K. Bell, Roger B. Bingham, Jacob T. Byrd, Kimberly S. Cashman, Sherri Ann Walker

Journal for the Scholarship of Teaching & Learning

There are many factors related to faculty perceptions of expectations and demands to conduct research that can significantly impact their job satisfaction. While much research has been done on the relationship between a faculty member’s ability to perform research and their job satisfaction, limited research on this relationship exists in the context of Christian higher education. To address this problem, this study asks the following questions: 1. What are the perceptions of Christian higher education faculty regarding research? 2. How do Christian higher education faculty’s perceptions of these research expectations affect their job satisfaction? Data were collected from six faculty …


Weary Yet Willing: Unveiling Faculty Perceptions Of Christian And Community Service Expectations And Their Impact On Job Satisfaction, Thomas W. Doss, Alexander Lagos Choquecahua, Jason Donahoo, Kjell Fenn, Diana J. Schwerha, Deidra M. Simspon, Amber L. Wilson May 2025

Weary Yet Willing: Unveiling Faculty Perceptions Of Christian And Community Service Expectations And Their Impact On Job Satisfaction, Thomas W. Doss, Alexander Lagos Choquecahua, Jason Donahoo, Kjell Fenn, Diana J. Schwerha, Deidra M. Simspon, Amber L. Wilson

Journal for the Scholarship of Teaching & Learning

This research investigates Christian higher education faculty perceptions of Christian and community service expectations and the impacts on job satisfaction. Six participants completed interviews, discussion boards, and a journal entry with specific questions related to Christian and community service expectations and how those expectations affect job satisfaction. A phenomenological methodology using rich textual data generated six themes: benefits, service types, balance, motivations, expectations, and resources related to job satisfaction. Results indicate that faculty believe that involvement in Christian and community service can yield personal benefit, improving job satisfaction. However, the uncertainty related to the expectations of such service may create …


Faith Learning Integration In Christian Higher Education And Faculty Job Satisfaction: A Hermeneutical Phenomenological Study, Brad Burgess, Grace Michele Baker, Jamaica Conner, Jonathan Giles, Rachel Joseph, Kevin Layell May 2025

Faith Learning Integration In Christian Higher Education And Faculty Job Satisfaction: A Hermeneutical Phenomenological Study, Brad Burgess, Grace Michele Baker, Jamaica Conner, Jonathan Giles, Rachel Joseph, Kevin Layell

Journal for the Scholarship of Teaching & Learning

Faith learning integration (FLI) in Christian institutions of higher education contributes to job satisfaction (JS) for faculty. This study explores FLI and JS among interdisciplinary faculty in a Christian university in the Southeast US. Researchers used a hermeneutical phenomenological approach to collect data from six faculty from varying disciplines, using interviews, focus group discussions, and journaling. Manual coding was utilized to uncover three primary themes: (a) clear expectations for FLI; (b) challenges to implement FLI; and (c) faculty JS from FLI. Two subthemes emerged from the primary theme of clear expectations for FLI: standards set by the organization and classroom …


Editorial: Beyond Lecturing: Faculty Perceptions Of Expectations Outside The Classroom, Shawn M. Bielicki, Alexandra Barnett May 2025

Editorial: Beyond Lecturing: Faculty Perceptions Of Expectations Outside The Classroom, Shawn M. Bielicki, Alexandra Barnett

Journal for the Scholarship of Teaching & Learning

No abstract provided.


About This Journal, Shawn Bielicki May 2025

About This Journal, Shawn Bielicki

Journal for the Scholarship of Teaching & Learning

No abstract provided.


Dunning-Kruger And The Reforming Mind: A Causal-Comparative Study Determining The Role That Confidence When Learning Mathematics Plays In Sixth-Grade Students' Mathematics Performance, Rita Renata Davison-Yragui May 2025

Dunning-Kruger And The Reforming Mind: A Causal-Comparative Study Determining The Role That Confidence When Learning Mathematics Plays In Sixth-Grade Students' Mathematics Performance, Rita Renata Davison-Yragui

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this quantitative non-experimental causal-comparative study was to determine the relationship between sixth-grade students’ confidence level (high, middle, or low) when learning mathematics and their mathematical performance. This study adds to the current body of knowledge on student learning and contributes to a better understanding of the impact of confidence on student performance in mathematics. The sample comprised 132 sixth-grade public school math students in western Washington who completed the i-Ready diagnostic to determine their mathematical performance. The confidence when learning mathematics portion of the Attitudes to Technology in Mathematics Learning Questionnaire was used to measure student confidence …


Faculty Perceptions Of Artificial Intelligence As A Teaching And Learning Tool In Higher Education: A Causal-Comparative Study, Elizabeth A. Fitch May 2025

Faculty Perceptions Of Artificial Intelligence As A Teaching And Learning Tool In Higher Education: A Causal-Comparative Study, Elizabeth A. Fitch

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this quantitative causal-comparative study was to determine the differences in attitudes, benefits, and threats of using artificial intelligence tools in teaching and learning among community college faculty in Tennessee. The findings of this study are important because faculty acceptance or rejection of emerging technology determines educational innovation. The sample was composed of 211 full-time faculty employed at twelve community colleges in Tennessee. Data were collected using the Attitudes, Benefits, and Threats instrument which was administered by electronic survey. The results of the two-way MANOVA did not find a significant difference among attitudes, benefits, and threats associated with …


Educated And Unemployed: A Case Study To Understand The Challenges Formerly Incarcerated Individuals Face After Release, Joyce Blackmon May 2025

Educated And Unemployed: A Case Study To Understand The Challenges Formerly Incarcerated Individuals Face After Release, Joyce Blackmon

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this qualitative intrinsic case study was to understand the phenomenon of formerly incarcerated individuals who have received a postsecondary degree while incarcerated, yet were unable to obtain employment that was commensurate to the degree earned. Sixteen participants in the United States were recruited for this study. Formerly incarcerated individuals and prospective employers gave insight and examined why formerly incarcerated individuals have an enormous number of issues obtaining employment after reintegration. The Tadros theory of change provided a theoretical lens for this inquiry and gave understanding of the changes that the formerly incarcerated needed while incarcerated to accomplish …


Nursing Faculty Experiences Of Teaching Dementia Care: A Transcendental Phenomenological Study, Jeannie Simpson May 2025

Nursing Faculty Experiences Of Teaching Dementia Care: A Transcendental Phenomenological Study, Jeannie Simpson

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this phenomenological study was to explore the experiences of nursing faculty teaching dementia care to nursing students in Texas. The theory guiding this study was Kolb’s experiential learning theory as it offers a structured framework for examining how experiences lead to learning. This theory also introduced the concept of the Experiential Educator profile, specifically delineating the role of educators in facilitating knowledge acquisition (Kolb, 2014). This study bridged the gap in existing literature regarding the experiences of nursing faculty in teaching dementia care to nursing students and provided a comprehensive look at dementia education in nursing schools. …


Researching Research Leaders: A Qualitative, Phenomenological, Transcendental Study Of University Institutional Official Relations With Stakeholders Using The Competing Values Framework, Sara Grano May 2025

Researching Research Leaders: A Qualitative, Phenomenological, Transcendental Study Of University Institutional Official Relations With Stakeholders Using The Competing Values Framework, Sara Grano

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this qualitative, phenomenological, transcendental exploratory study was to understand institutional officials’ (IO) lived relational leadership experiences with internal and external stakeholders with competing values in U.S. research universities. The competing values framework guided the study to investigate IOs’ lived experiences when relating to diverse stakeholders in research universities. The central research question asked was what are the experiences of IOs in research universities when practicing relational leadership with diverse stakeholders with competing values? Ten participants were recruited for this qualitative study using the purposeful sampling and then snowball method of recruiting. The elite participants had experience serving …


Understanding The Lived Experiences Of Post-Graduates Of A Spiritual Direction Training Program Rooted In Ignatian Spirituality: A Phenomenological Study, Traci Arends May 2025

Understanding The Lived Experiences Of Post-Graduates Of A Spiritual Direction Training Program Rooted In Ignatian Spirituality: A Phenomenological Study, Traci Arends

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this hermeneutic phenomenological study was to understand and explain the lived experiences of the graduates of the Spiritual Direction Training Program at the Ignatian Ways Center for Spirituality (IWCS). The theory guiding this study was Mezirow’s theory on transformative learning as it informs the transformative journey for the graduates. With this in mind, the central research question was, “What are the transformative learning experiences of graduates of the Spiritual Direction Training Program at the IWCS?” This qualitative design was appropriate because it considered the nature of the problem. The study utilized purposeful sampling of the lived experience …