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Full-Text Articles in Education

Effects Of Exergaming On Health And Fitness Outcomes For Students With Disabilities: A Meta-Analysis, Jordan Mauch Jan 2024

Effects Of Exergaming On Health And Fitness Outcomes For Students With Disabilities: A Meta-Analysis, Jordan Mauch

Cal Poly Humboldt theses and projects

While research on VR gaming and Exergaming is in its infancy, both are interventions that have demonstrated positive results such as promoting physical activity participation and positive attitudes towards physical activity in children and adolescents. Exergaming has also been shown to be effective in increasing physical activity in children, and children with disabilities may find exergaming to be an enjoyable alternative to traditional physical activity due to increased accessibility and the focus on both gross and fine motor skills. In studies of VR and/or exergaming with participants with cerebral palsy and autism spectrum disorder, researchers reported increases in motor function …


Effectiveness Of An Inclusive, Small-Group Adapted Aquatics Program On Increasing Vo2max In Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder, Peggy Manuelita Scarborough Jan 2024

Effectiveness Of An Inclusive, Small-Group Adapted Aquatics Program On Increasing Vo2max In Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder, Peggy Manuelita Scarborough

Cal Poly Humboldt theses and projects

There is a need to examine the effectiveness of interventions, such as swimming, that are aimed at increasing physical health and developing psychomotor skills in an inclusive setting for children with ASD. The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of an inclusive, small-group adapted aquatics program on increasing VO2max in children with ASD. Participants included two 11-year-old children diagnosed with ASD. The study took place over eight weeks and included a six-week Small-Group Adapted Aquatics (SGAA) program. Participants were assessed for VO2max using the 20m PACER test during week one and week eight …


Beyond The Classroom: A Land-Based Approach To Outdoor Education, Jacquelyn R. Matthews Jan 2024

Beyond The Classroom: A Land-Based Approach To Outdoor Education, Jacquelyn R. Matthews

Cal Poly Humboldt theses and projects

This pilot project seeks to nurture space for Indigenous perspectives while equipping early childhood educators with tools for integrating diverse epistemology into outdoor learning practices to foster collaborative educational approaches. To align with this effort of shared knowledge, the project intends to offer a culturally sustaining educational tool that can help disrupt dominant approaches by evaluating alternative teaching strategies that center partnerships with local Indigenous communities to move toward equity-centered education. This can be achieved by modeling a resource guide after the theoretical underpinnings of Etuaptmumk Two-Eyed Seeing, and land-based pedagogy. A major component of this resource guide will include …


The Impact Of Course Format On Performance In Intermediate Algebra: Exploring Potential Moderating Effects Of Student Background Characteristics, Andrew Pitcher Jan 2024

The Impact Of Course Format On Performance In Intermediate Algebra: Exploring Potential Moderating Effects Of Student Background Characteristics, Andrew Pitcher

University of the Pacific Theses and Dissertations

Students have often struggled in developmental math courses. Educators and policymakers have engaged in efforts to improve student learning and pass rates in these courses. One instructional model that has shown promise in improving student outcomes is the Emporium Model. The traditional lecture model of teaching is still the predominant model in practice. Research has found that student background characteristics are important factors in predicting success in developmental math. Some studies have been done investigating the comparative effectiveness of the Traditional and Emporium models, but little research has been performed in whether the effect of course format on student outcomes …


High School Students' Perceptions Of Banned Books, Carissa Hennen Jan 2024

High School Students' Perceptions Of Banned Books, Carissa Hennen

Williams Honors College, Honors Research Projects

This research study consisted of interviews with twelve students ages 14-18 at a Northeastern Ohio high school to determine their opinions regarding banned books and content restrictions in schools. With book bans increasing and becoming a divisive topic, many adult figures such as parents, politicians, educators, and school administrators have made their opinions known, but student perspectives are often disregarded. This study seeks to further the research on opinions of book bans by extending these questions to students to fill this gap in research and gain deeper insight into the perception of high school students in regard to school curriculum. …


Transforming Land And Home Ownership: Emergent Strategy And Community Cultural Wealth In Developing Community Land Trusts, Ahmed Naguib Jan 2024

Transforming Land And Home Ownership: Emergent Strategy And Community Cultural Wealth In Developing Community Land Trusts, Ahmed Naguib

University of the Pacific Theses and Dissertations

This dissertation investigates the transformative potential of Community Land Trusts (CLTs) in reimagining land and homeownership within the context of capitalist real estate markets. Utilizing a qualitative research framework that combines narrative inquiry with Emergent Strategy and Community Cultural Wealth theories, this study explores the intricacies of developing CLTs as a counter-narrative to traditional models of property ownership. Through extensive narrative analysis of four distinct CLTs in California, this research highlights the complex challenges and innovative strategies employed to scale CLTs in competitive urban markets. The findings reveal how CLTs leverage emergent strategy and community cultural wealth to navigate and …


"I'M That Girl": Exploring Black Women College Students’ Identity Expression And Hip-Hop, Fallan S. Frank Jan 2024

"I'M That Girl": Exploring Black Women College Students’ Identity Expression And Hip-Hop, Fallan S. Frank

Educational Leadership & Policy Studies Dissertations

Despite the expansion of the literature on Black women in college student identity development, there is little understanding of how Black college women express their identity and what influences the expression of their multiple identities. This study focuses on understanding to what extent the significant cultural influence of Hip-Hop influences Black women college students’ expression of their multiple identities within the various college environments. As Hip-Hop culture increasingly becomes significant within contemporary college student life, it is more critical than ever to understand its impact on Black college women’s identity expression and lived experiences as they navigate college. Thus, in …


Calculus Students’ Problem-Solving Strategies On Related Rates Of Change Problems Appearing In Online Versus Paper-And-Pencil Format, Tyson Bailey Jan 2024

Calculus Students’ Problem-Solving Strategies On Related Rates Of Change Problems Appearing In Online Versus Paper-And-Pencil Format, Tyson Bailey

Mathematics Dissertations

This study explores first-semester calculus students’ use of mathematical problem-solving strategies while working related rates of change problems in both an online homework format and a traditional pencil-paper format. We address two research questions: (1) How do students’ mathematical problem-solving strategies when working online homework on related rates of change problems compare with their problem-solving strategies when working paper-and-pencil homework related rates of change problems? (2) What influence does the ‘view an example’ feature in online homework have on a student’s problem-solving strategies when working an online RRC homework problem? Using scores on free-response midterm exam problems on related rates …


The Establishment And Sustainment Of Trauma-Informed Culture Perspectives Of Trauma-Sensitive Principals In Elementary Public Schools, Elizabeth R. Foreman Jan 2024

The Establishment And Sustainment Of Trauma-Informed Culture Perspectives Of Trauma-Sensitive Principals In Elementary Public Schools, Elizabeth R. Foreman

Educational Leadership & Policy Studies Dissertations

The COVID-19 pandemic brought much awareness to the public education system and the role it plays in alleviating the adverse effects of childhood trauma. However, extant literature has focused mainly on classroom-level interventions rather than school-wide interventions implemented by school leadership. This study examines the perspectives of trauma-sensitive principals in public elementary schools on implementing TIPs. The research questions that guided this study are as follows: What are elementary principals' perceptions regarding implementing school-wide TIPs? What are the leadership approaches of principals in trauma-informed schools? Two findings were identified: (1) principals proactively establish a trauma-informed culture, and (2) principals sustain …


Examining The Perspectives Of Rural Secondary Students Who Are And Are Not Considering Music Education As A Collegiate Major, Eugene Talmadge Butler Ii Jan 2024

Examining The Perspectives Of Rural Secondary Students Who Are And Are Not Considering Music Education As A Collegiate Major, Eugene Talmadge Butler Ii

Theses and Dissertations

A problem exists in recruiting new music educators to the teaching profession. This problem is impacting the quality of instruction students are receiving from teachers in music education. The shortage of music teachers in music education is continuing to grow. This teacher shortage includes both core classes and specialized classes including music education. Many possible factors contribute to this problem, including teacher recruitment at the secondary level. This mixed methods research study attempts to provide in-depth answers to the problem through examining the perspectives of secondary students who are and are not considering music education as a major in college. …


Teacher Perceptions Of Social-Emotional Learning Program Implementation In Rural Georgia Middle Schools, John Kraig Howell Jan 2024

Teacher Perceptions Of Social-Emotional Learning Program Implementation In Rural Georgia Middle Schools, John Kraig Howell

Theses and Dissertations

Social emotional learning (SEL) refers to a set of skills and competencies that allow students to effectively establish, develop and maintain interpersonal relationships with others, as well as to manage their intrapersonal feelings, emotions and responses to social situations. Students who receive SEL instruction have shown higher academic achievement levels and improved behavioral and social competence. Though an increasing demand is being placed on schools and teachers to address the social emotional needs of students, little guidance exists regarding implementation. Research indicates that teacher perceptions of SEL have a direct impact on the implementation of and outcomes associated with SEL. …


School-Based Educators’ Perceptions Of Professional Development And Its Impact On Their Ability To Improve Literacy Instruction For Underperforming K-2 Students, Monica Mcdaniel Jan 2024

School-Based Educators’ Perceptions Of Professional Development And Its Impact On Their Ability To Improve Literacy Instruction For Underperforming K-2 Students, Monica Mcdaniel

Theses and Dissertations

The purpose of this qualitative exploratory case study was to examine school-based educators’ perceptions of professional learning and its impact on their ability to improve literacy instruction. The perceived role of the principal in the implementation, monitoring, and sustaining professional learning was also explored. A total of eight teachers, two media specialists, two instructional coaches, and five school leaders at two elementary schools in the Southeast United States participated in the study. Findings include the importance of quality, ongoing professional development, the leader’s role in planning, participation in, and supporting teachers through the professional development process, and everyone’s role in …


Constructos Teóricos Sobre La Enseñanza Aprendizaje De La Investigación En Comunicación Social Desde Los Semilleros: Un Estudio De Caso Colectivo, Paola Consuelo Ladino Marín Jan 2024

Constructos Teóricos Sobre La Enseñanza Aprendizaje De La Investigación En Comunicación Social Desde Los Semilleros: Un Estudio De Caso Colectivo, Paola Consuelo Ladino Marín

Doctorado en Educación y Sociedad

Esta tesis doctoral planteó constructos teóricos que fundamentaron las dinámicas subyacentes de las prácticas de enseñanza-aprendizaje de la investigación en Comunicación Social desde los semilleros universitarios. Esta propuesta se soportó desde el tipo de investigación estudio caso colectivo de Stake (1999) y Yin (1994), bajo un enfoque metodológico mixto que permitió desde la descripción profunda de un fenómeno dentro de su contexto real, se reconocieran patrones y abstrajeran conceptos que emergen de la recopilación y análisis de datos mixtos que se soportaron sobre conceptualizaciones previas. El proceso investigativo se desarrolló por etapas que contemplaron: identificar el marco educativo, explicar las …


Educación Técnica Industrial En Los Niveles De Educación Básica Secundaria Y Media En Colombia: Propuesta De Elementos Para Una Política Pública Desde La Perspectiva De Los Docentes Y Directivos Docentes, Adrián Andrés Villalobos Velásquez Jan 2024

Educación Técnica Industrial En Los Niveles De Educación Básica Secundaria Y Media En Colombia: Propuesta De Elementos Para Una Política Pública Desde La Perspectiva De Los Docentes Y Directivos Docentes, Adrián Andrés Villalobos Velásquez

Doctorado en Educación y Sociedad

En este trabajo de investigación se indagaron las características actuales de funcionamiento de la educación técnica industrial en colegios que presentan este tipo de enseñanza en los niveles de educación básica secundaria y media en Colombia, mediante experiencias de docentes y directivos-docentes, y la praxis educativa. y administrativa en dichas instituciones. Una vez identificadas las características de este tipo de formación técnica industrial, se proponen unas dimensiones y estrategias básicas que pueden ser desarrolladas en el diseño y construcción de una política pública que contempla y fortalece a estas instituciones educativas.


Teachers’ Conceptions Of Students’ Data Literacy In Life Science And Physical Science Classes, Bridget Nicole Smith Jan 2024

Teachers’ Conceptions Of Students’ Data Literacy In Life Science And Physical Science Classes, Bridget Nicole Smith

Theses and Dissertations

Data literacy in science is an evolving field of study as students need to be able to collect, analyze, interpret, and make inferences from different sources of data. Much research centers on teachers' use of data to improve instructional practices, but less focus on teachers' conceptions of student data literacy and strategies used to foster data literacy in life and physical science high school classes. Thus, there is a need to address this area as recent Georgia assessments reveal that over 50% of students are performing below proficiency level in science. Consequently, this research sought to understand teachers’ conceptions of …


Multilingual Learners Speak Out: The Perspectives Of High School Esol Students On Computer-Assisted Instruction And Digital Literacy Platforms, Mitchell Ray Sexton Jan 2024

Multilingual Learners Speak Out: The Perspectives Of High School Esol Students On Computer-Assisted Instruction And Digital Literacy Platforms, Mitchell Ray Sexton

Doctor of Arts in English Pedagogy Capstones

This capstone project explores the impact of computer-assisted instruction (CAI) and digital literacy platforms on the language learning experiences of high school English for Speakers of Other Languages (ESOL) students. Employing a mixed yet complementary research design that integrates phenomenological and action research, the study engaged 23 students through surveys and interviews to investigate their experiences with three instructional platforms: Achieve 3000, Duolingo, and Lexia PowerUp. The analysis revealed a strong preference for Duolingo, attributed to its user-friendly interface, comprehensive language practice features, and, notably, its mobile accessibility and relevance to real-world applications beyond academic contexts. The findings demonstrate the …


Experience Of Parents Attending A Perinatal Lullaby Program, Emily J. Skeers Jan 2024

Experience Of Parents Attending A Perinatal Lullaby Program, Emily J. Skeers

MSU Graduate Theses

Previous research performed with mother–infant dyads has demonstrated that infant–directed singing may make significant contributions to mother–infant attachment, may reduce infant stress, reduce maternal stress, assist mothers and babies with emotional regulation, improve mother–infant interactions, prevent colic, and improve infant sleep. Despite these benefit potentials, parents of today are much less likely to sing to their infants than parents of previous generations. Attendance of postnatal lullaby education programs has been associated with increased maternal singing at home and confidence in their parenting role. Perinatal lullaby programs are not represented in the literature. This qualitative study explored the lived experiences of …


Tracing Global Experiences To Employer Favorability, Sarah E. Mccord Jan 2024

Tracing Global Experiences To Employer Favorability, Sarah E. Mccord

MSU Graduate Theses

Globalization has elevated society's workforce contributions, forcing employees to have global competence for career success. Global competence is a term used to describe the proficiencies an individual can gain from experienced-based learning opportunities, like study away. This form of experiential learning has proven to have many benefits for students in secondary and higher education. Existing evidence suggests cross-cultural and international experiences provide travelers with professional, intellectual, and integral traits, increasing their working social capital and aiding in experiential learning. However, research is lacking if employers desire study abroad experience in their new hires and/or if global competence is a skill …


Factors That Influence The Use Of Culturally Relevant And Responsive Pedagogies For Elementary School Leaders, Stephanie Lindstrom Jan 2024

Factors That Influence The Use Of Culturally Relevant And Responsive Pedagogies For Elementary School Leaders, Stephanie Lindstrom

Theses and Dissertations

The presence of minority students in public schools has highlighted the need for teachers and school leaders to seek and implement exclusive instructional strategies that will foster cultural diversity. The climate, culture, and vision of a school are a direct reflection of the school’s leadership. The purpose of this study was to explore the cultural readiness of elementary school leaders, as measured by the cultural readiness leadership scale (CRLS), and their beliefs and perceptions of culturally relevant and responsive practices. The foundational philosophy used to support this research was the transformational leadership theory. The research methodology entailed a mixed-method approach …


The Lived Experiences Of School Counselors And Ell Teachers Who Support Ell Students Who Exhibit A Symptom Of Mental Illness, Trenise Duckens Jan 2024

The Lived Experiences Of School Counselors And Ell Teachers Who Support Ell Students Who Exhibit A Symptom Of Mental Illness, Trenise Duckens

Dissertations

The current literature regarding the lived experiences of ELL teachers and school counselors who support ELL students who may exhibit a symptom of mental illness in high school is very limited. Research is available discussing school counselors and their role when supporting students who may exhibit a symptom of mental illness or may have mental health concerns. This study sought to add to the literature by exploring the lived experiences of ELL teachers and school counselors who support ELL students who may exhibit a symptom of mental illness. By adding to the literature, the researcher hopes to provide a better …


3ddp Engineering Design Intervention Impacts On Student Perceptions, Attitudes, And Interest Towards Engineering, James Robert Kane Jan 2024

3ddp Engineering Design Intervention Impacts On Student Perceptions, Attitudes, And Interest Towards Engineering, James Robert Kane

Theses and Dissertations

The study, “3DDP Engineering Design Intervention Impacts on Student Perceptions, Attitudes, and Interest Towards Engineering” explored the impact of a culturally responsive, semi-formal 3D printing (3DDP) intervention on middle school students' perceptions, attitudes, and interest in engineering. The intervention aimed to broaden access to engineering education by providing formative experiences outside traditional classroom settings within the regular school day. A multifaceted approach was employed, utilizing quantitative analysis of assessments and surveys, qualitative analysis of written responses, follow-up interviews, and student-produced artifacts. The intervention functioned as a student-driven engineering club, integrating culturally relevant themes and hands-on activities spanning diverse engineering domains. …


Caracterización De La Práctica Pedagógica En La Enseñanza De La Oralidad. Un Estudio En Un Colegio Público De Neiva, Andrea Del Carmen Duque López Jan 2024

Caracterización De La Práctica Pedagógica En La Enseñanza De La Oralidad. Un Estudio En Un Colegio Público De Neiva, Andrea Del Carmen Duque López

Maestría en Didáctica de las Lenguas

Uno de los propósitos principales del docente de español es guiar a los estudiantes en el desarrollo de las competencias comunicativas de la lengua. Sin embargo, cuando éste no se logra, el dominio limitado de los estudiantes sobre su uso en contextos comunicativos puede repercutir negativamente cuando pretende comunicar sus ideas con éxito tanto en contextos académicos como generales. La investigación se centró en explorar la práctica de enseñanza de la oralidad a estudiantes de educación media. La investigación se abordó desde el paradigma interpretativo con enfoque cualitativo. En la recolección de información se emplearon entrevistas semiestructuradas con docentes y …


Unmasking Challenges Of African American Women At Predominantly White Institutions (Pwis) Unveiling Phenomenological Realities And Prioritizing Well-Being, Alicia C. Perry Jan 2024

Unmasking Challenges Of African American Women At Predominantly White Institutions (Pwis) Unveiling Phenomenological Realities And Prioritizing Well-Being, Alicia C. Perry

University of the Pacific Theses and Dissertations

This dissertation addresses African American women's intricate challenges at predominantly white institutions (PWIs), exploring the outcomes of navigating a sense of belonging which eventually affects one's well-being within this professional context. The study employs a qualitative approach to delve into the experiences of those who work or have worked in the environment. By capturing the personal narratives of African American women in various roles at PWIs, the research aims to understand the intersectionality of race and gender dynamics impacting their professional lives. The literature review contextualizes the study by discussing the challenges identified in existing research, including the marginalization experiences …


An Exploration Of Teacher Perception And Practices Of Using Assessment Data To Improve Achievement Of Equity Student Groups, Laurie Mazelin Jan 2024

An Exploration Of Teacher Perception And Practices Of Using Assessment Data To Improve Achievement Of Equity Student Groups, Laurie Mazelin

Theses, Dissertations and Capstones

While utilizing assessment data has been a pervasive practice in educational reform for decades, and teachers are expected to use assessment data to improve instruction, little is known about how the practice of requiring teachers to review test data affects their perception of effectiveness in addressing the learning gaps of student groups. This qualitative phenomenological research study used open-ended, semi-structured interviews to help better understand how the expectations of teachers analyzing and integrating assessment data translates into teacher instructional practice and self-efficacy. This study aimed to explore the shared experience of teachers required to participate in collaborative planning centered on …


Exploring Cultural Competence As A Best Practice In K-12 Public Schools, Twyla J. Baylor Jan 2024

Exploring Cultural Competence As A Best Practice In K-12 Public Schools, Twyla J. Baylor

All Theses, Dissertations, and Capstone Projects

Teachers should embrace cultural competence as classrooms become culturally diverse to ensure that the learning environment promotes inclusion. Teachers must explore instructional practices that connect to a student’s background knowledge to engage and motivate learning. By building on the knowledge that a student has, teachers create an environment where students can experience academic achievement. “Teachers who create caring classroom cultures improve the overall learning experience (Tarbutton, 2018, p.5). The student’s learning experience can also be the teacher’s lived experience to determine the effectiveness of instructional practices utilized in the classroom. This study's findings revealed that K-12 public school teachers’ ethnic …


Investigating The Impact Of Leaderboards, Badges, And Ebucks On High School English Language Learners’ Cognitive Engagement, Self-Efficacy And Intrinsic Motivation Toward Reading In English, Omar J. Almamoori Jan 2024

Investigating The Impact Of Leaderboards, Badges, And Ebucks On High School English Language Learners’ Cognitive Engagement, Self-Efficacy And Intrinsic Motivation Toward Reading In English, Omar J. Almamoori

Theses and Dissertations--Curriculum and Instruction

This study examines the impact of gamification elements, in particular leaderboards, badges, and eBucks, on the cognitive engagement (CE), intrinsic motivation (IM), and self-efficacy (SE) of English Language Learners (ELLs) at a high school in the Southeastern United States. The investigation, conducted during optional weekly readings, utilizes a mixed methods design to investigate the effects of gamification on ELLs' learning experiences. Through pre-post surveys and semi-structured interviews, data was collected to assess the gamified intervention's impact. Utilizing a one-way covariate analysis (ANCOVA) in IBM SPSS Statistics (version 29), the study evaluates the effect of gamification while controlling for grade, gender, …


Leading In Lipstick: How Gender Bias And Lookism Impact The Careers Of Female Superintendents, Jillian Kelly Jan 2024

Leading In Lipstick: How Gender Bias And Lookism Impact The Careers Of Female Superintendents, Jillian Kelly

Selected Full Text Dissertations, 2011-

This study investigates the impact of gender bias and lookism on female superintendents' careers on Long Island. Despite comprising the majority of teachers, women hold a significantly lower proportion of leadership positions. The research employed a mixed-method approach with quantitative and qualitative phases to explore this disparity. The findings reveal that gender bias and lookism significantly influence the career trajectories of female superintendents. Participants reported experiences of sexism, lookism, and ageism. They also highlighted the prevalence of "code-switching," adapting communication styles to navigate professional settings. Mentorship emerged as a valuable resource for career advancement, while acknowledging the additional challenges faced …


Examining Differences In Self-Concept And Language Between Monolingual And Bilingual Undergraduate Students, Marilyn Vega-Wagner Jan 2024

Examining Differences In Self-Concept And Language Between Monolingual And Bilingual Undergraduate Students, Marilyn Vega-Wagner

University of the Pacific Theses and Dissertations

The literature is lacking in studies that examine self-concept and language status among individuals older than adolescence. The purpose of this study is to conduct a quantitative nonexperimental comparative design to examine differences in self-concept and language status (monolingual or bilingual) between male and female undergraduate students in California. A total of 97 participants were examined in the study. The researcher conducted descriptive statistics on the demographics as well as a MANOVA and an ANOVA to answer the proposed research question. Based on the findings presented, the researcher failed to reject the null hypothesis of research question 1: There is …


Engagement Between African American Male Students And The Community College, Parrish Geary Jan 2024

Engagement Between African American Male Students And The Community College, Parrish Geary

University of the Pacific Theses and Dissertations

Using data from the Community College Survey of Men designed by the Community College Equity Assessment Lab—Minority Male Community College Collaborative at San Diego State University, this study examined factors influencing in- and out-of-classroom engagement of African American male students at community colleges in California. The results suggested positive relationships between multiple predictors and independent variables on ethos factors for African American men. Additionally, the outcomes showed that 4 of the 5 independent variables were significant for African American men (i.e., personal relationships, faculty acknowledgment, belonging, and feeling welcomed). A review of the standardized beta coefficients revealed that the strongest …


The Impact Of Dual Credit Participation On Graduation & Excess Hours, Erin Mulligan-Nguyen Jan 2024

The Impact Of Dual Credit Participation On Graduation & Excess Hours, Erin Mulligan-Nguyen

Theses and Dissertations--Educational Policy Studies and Evaluation

The interest and participation in dual credit programs and courses has grown over the past several decades, especially within Texas; however, there is a lack of research that shows how the participation in dual credit programs and courses has impacted leading and lagging student success metrics once they enroll at a post-secondary institution.

The purpose of this study was to examine the impact dual credit participation had on six-year graduation rates and exceeding excess hours at a public four-year regional university in South Texas. The researcher used a non-experimental quantitative study with ex-post facto student data. The study examined leading …