Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Institution
-
- Morehead State University (649)
- University of Arkansas, Fayetteville (312)
- Selected Works (293)
- Southwestern Oklahoma State University (271)
- University of Nevada, Las Vegas (235)
-
- Western Kentucky University (205)
- Walden University (184)
- University of Massachusetts Boston (163)
- Georgia State University (131)
- University of Southern Maine (128)
- Old Dominion University (122)
- University of Nebraska - Lincoln (108)
- The University of Maine (100)
- SIT Graduate Institute/SIT Study Abroad (74)
- City University of New York (CUNY) (63)
- Bank Street College of Education (58)
- Portland State University (52)
- Australian Council for Educational Research (ACER) (51)
- SelectedWorks (51)
- University of Kentucky (50)
- Utah State University (45)
- Virginia Commonwealth University (41)
- Nova Southeastern University (39)
- University of South Florida (38)
- University of Wisconsin Milwaukee (37)
- Technological University Dublin (36)
- Cleveland State University (35)
- University at Albany, State University of New York (35)
- William & Mary (35)
- Loyola Marymount University and Loyola Law School (34)
- Keyword
-
- Education (317)
- Higher education (171)
- Western Kentucky University (154)
- Maine (99)
- Civil Rights (91)
-
- CRTP (88)
- Civil Rights Team Project (88)
- Policy (88)
- Education policy (80)
- Higher Education (69)
- African Americans (61)
- Blacks (56)
- Maine women (55)
- Maine women's history (55)
- Maine women's serial pubs (55)
- Leadership (51)
- Athletics (WKU) (49)
- Diversity (45)
- Arkansas (40)
- Educational policy (39)
- Massachusetts (39)
- Equity (38)
- Las Vegas (38)
- COVID-19 (37)
- Curriculum (37)
- Veterans (37)
- Nevada (35)
- Students (34)
- Schools (33)
- Class of 1993 (WKU) (32)
- Publication Year
- Publication
-
- Morehead State Press Release Archive, 1961 to the Present (540)
- Administrative Issues Journal (271)
- Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies (177)
- Policy Briefs (126)
- WKU Archives Records (126)
-
- Paulo Ferreira da Cunha (107)
- Torch: The Civil Rights Team Project Newsletter (96)
- Communications and Marketing Publications Archive (92)
- Graduate Theses and Dissertations (85)
- Educational Policy Studies Dissertations (80)
- Arkansas Education Reports (71)
- New England Journal of Public Policy (68)
- Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection (60)
- Maine Women's Publications - All (55)
- Dissertations (51)
- Educational Policy Studies Faculty Publications (50)
- Occasional Paper Series (47)
- Developmental Disabilities Network Journal (42)
- UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones (42)
- Electronic Theses and Dissertations (40)
- Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects (36)
- Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects (35)
- Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024) (35)
- MPA/MPP/MPFM Capstone Projects (35)
- Theses and Dissertations (35)
- Cultural Encounters, Conflicts, and Resolutions (34)
- ETI Publications (33)
- Educational Foundations & Leadership Theses & Dissertations (31)
- Higher Education (30)
- Ronald G. Ehrenberg (30)
- Publication Type
Articles 991 - 1020 of 4887
Full-Text Articles in Education
Panel Discussion: The Right To Education: With Liberty, Justice, And Education For All?
Panel Discussion: The Right To Education: With Liberty, Justice, And Education For All?
Northwestern Journal of Law & Social Policy
No abstract provided.
Developing Teacher Leaders Through Professional Development Offered In A District Teacher Forum, Suzanne T. Koty
Developing Teacher Leaders Through Professional Development Offered In A District Teacher Forum, Suzanne T. Koty
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Teacher attrition is an ongoing problem in education, and the lack of leadership opportunities contribute to that problem. Teachers who serve in leadership roles are more likely to remain in the profession and positively impact students and the profession as a whole. However, there is little qualitative research to address how teachers develop the needed leadership skills to take on additional leadership roles. The purpose of this qualitative study was to describe the experiences of participants in a District Teacher Forum. The District Teacher Forum is a cohort of teachers identified as Campus Teachers of the Year led by the …
Learning To Serve: A Comparison Of Appointed And Elected School Boards, School District Deconsolidation, And Their Effects On School, Yanneli Llamas
Learning To Serve: A Comparison Of Appointed And Elected School Boards, School District Deconsolidation, And Their Effects On School, Yanneli Llamas
Student Research
The way in which school districts are governed has long been a topic of interest and controversy. While there are broadly differing opinions about which governing structures to implement and how, the most important thing to note might be the widespread discontent. Just as student achievement is a result of many factors, both at home and in the classroom, activists and politicians have sought to change any number of educational policies—including school district governance—in an attempt to bolster student outcomes. This drive has sparked the debate surrounding school boards, the governing authority in charge of policy decisions at the local …
Effectiveness Of Online Credit Recovery Programs, Diana Barbara Schill
Effectiveness Of Online Credit Recovery Programs, Diana Barbara Schill
Graduate Research Theses & Dissertations
This case study evaluating three high schools’ blended online credit recovery programs spanned the course of three years. The first part of the study examined the student demographics and outlined the basic structure of the programs. The demographics showed a disproportionate number of students of color and students receiving Free/Reduced Lunch in the online credit recovery programs at each school when compared to the school population. Each program shared the blended structure – online instruction with teacher facilitation. While there were over 24 online courses offered in the program, this study focused on the core courses that all ninth graders …
The Experience Of The Local Control Accountability Plan, Angela Carter Pascual
The Experience Of The Local Control Accountability Plan, Angela Carter Pascual
University of the Pacific Theses and Dissertations
In 2013 the California Legislation passed a new K-12 School accountability mandate.
The Local Control Accountability Plan was sought to increase the educational equity for targeted student groups in addition to allowing school districts to mine a diverse set of local school data to develop goals in the 8 priority areas that speak to the needs of their local students. A requirement of the LCAP was that school districts include a diverse set of stakeholders to work in a collaborative manner to develop, critique, and refine local goals. Stakeholder groups are required to consist of district-level administrators, teachers, staff, students, …
Developing Teacher Leaders Through Professional Development Offered In A District Teacher Forum, Suzanne T. Koty
Developing Teacher Leaders Through Professional Development Offered In A District Teacher Forum, Suzanne T. Koty
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Teacher attrition is an ongoing problem in education, and the lack of leadership opportunities contribute to that problem. Teachers who serve in leadership roles are more likely to remain in the profession and positively impact students and the profession as a whole. However, there is little qualitative research to address how teachers develop the needed leadership skills to take on additional leadership roles. The purpose of this qualitative study was to describe the experiences of participants in a District Teacher Forum. The District Teacher Forum is a cohort of teachers identified as Campus Teachers of the Year led by the …
Instructors’ And Administrators’ Perspectives On Culturally Responsive Teaching In Rwandan Higher Education, Ephrard Rulinda
Instructors’ And Administrators’ Perspectives On Culturally Responsive Teaching In Rwandan Higher Education, Ephrard Rulinda
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
In Rwanda, the number of culturally minority students in higher education institutions has been increasing in recent years, yet the role of instructors and school administrators in utilizing culturally responsive teaching (CRT) methods for those students remains unclear. The purpose of this qualitative case study was to describe instructors’ and school administrators’ views of their roles in utilizing CRT methods. The conceptual framework for this study included CRT best teaching practices and approaches; institutional, personal, and instructional dimensions of CRT; and components of the preparation for and practice of CRT. The study was conducted at a university with three campuses …
Curricular Policy Changes And College Readiness, Carol Ann Alexander
Curricular Policy Changes And College Readiness, Carol Ann Alexander
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
The problem addressed in this study was the uncertain influence of a local curricular policy change. Educators, policymakers, and communities need more data to determine the usefulness of changes in policy and practice because changes involve restructuring, resource allocation, and understanding the intended and unintended consequences of policy implementation. In the United States, fewer than 50% of high school graduates complete a college preparatory curriculum and are eligible to enter 4-year public state universities. The purpose of this ex post facto study was to investigate how a change in local curricular policy might have influenced high school graduates' college readiness …
Leaders And At-Risk Students' Perceptions Of Online Credit Recovery Opportunities And The Role Of Efficacy, Angelo Mitsuo Barcinas
Leaders And At-Risk Students' Perceptions Of Online Credit Recovery Opportunities And The Role Of Efficacy, Angelo Mitsuo Barcinas
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Although online credit recovery opportunities are available to high school students enrolled in a United States of America territory credit recovery school, the inability of students to access these courses outside of the school is difficult because students do not have online access. This study examines the role self-efficacy plays on students successfully completing high school through taking advantage of online credit recovery opportunities. The purpose of this general qualitative interview study was to examine at-risk students’ perceptions of online credit recovery opportunities and the role of efficacy for students enrolled in online credit recovery school. Using the social cognitive …
Charter School And Traditional Public-School Performance Scores In Washington, D.C., Nelita J. Tribble
Charter School And Traditional Public-School Performance Scores In Washington, D.C., Nelita J. Tribble
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Student performance data reporting between traditional public schools (TPS) and public charter schools (PCS) is not uniform and cannot easily be compared by enrolling parents. The purpose of this quantitative study was to determine if achievement scores of students in TPS and PCS can be used to uniformly compare student performance. The theoretical base for this study was contingency theory by Fiedler. The research question sought to answer if academic outcomes in TPS were statistically significantly different from PCS in English/ Language Arts for Elementary school students. This descriptive study used English/ Language Arts performance scores based on the Partnership …
Elevating Nebraska’S Early Childhood Workforce: Report And Recommendations Of The Nebraska Early Childhood Workforce Commission, Susan Sarver, Catherine Huddleston-Casas, Cama Charlet, Renee Wessels
Elevating Nebraska’S Early Childhood Workforce: Report And Recommendations Of The Nebraska Early Childhood Workforce Commission, Susan Sarver, Catherine Huddleston-Casas, Cama Charlet, Renee Wessels
Buffet Early Childhood Institute Reports and Publications
Executive Summary The science of early childhood development makes clear that the early years, from birth through age 8, are a time of unparalleled human growth and development— and that healthy development during these pivotal early years requires reliable, positive, and consistent interactions between the developing child and familiar, caring adults. Because of today’s economy, in which most parents of young children work outside the home, families often rely on early childhood professionals to provide positive interactions and experiences that young children need to thrive. Yet, despite what we know about the critical role of early childhood professionals in young …
The Relationship Between Professional Development, Instruction, And Student Achievement In Elementary Mathematics, Linsey Sims
The Relationship Between Professional Development, Instruction, And Student Achievement In Elementary Mathematics, Linsey Sims
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Many school districts acknowledge professional development (PD) as an approach that can change teaching practices and improve student achievement. Because elementary teachers often struggle to provide instruction for mathematical proficiency, the purpose of this quantitative study was to examine the strength of the relationships among teacher participation in math PD courses, Texas Teacher Evaluation and Support System (T-TESS) implementation scores, and student achievement. The theoretical framework for the study is based on Guskey’s model of teacher change. The research questions pertained to the strength of the relationship between the following pairs of variables: (a) teacher participation in math PD and …
Early-Career Child Care Teachers' Perceptions Of Their Training Experiences, Teri M. Peasley
Early-Career Child Care Teachers' Perceptions Of Their Training Experiences, Teri M. Peasley
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
In a Midwest state, child care teachers who enter the workforce with only a high school diploma or GED credential are not required to complete child development training before being placed in a classroom. Child care teachers need foundational knowledge to provide quality care and education to young children. The purpose of this qualitative phenomenological study was to explore how early-career child care teachers with no advanced education in child development experience training upon entering the workforce. Personal narratives are scarce in existing research, and understanding the perspectives of child care teachers provided an opportunity to consider appropriate training and …
Charter School Principals Perceived Self-Efficacy Implementing The Every Student Succeeds Act, Christina Renee Hamilton
Charter School Principals Perceived Self-Efficacy Implementing The Every Student Succeeds Act, Christina Renee Hamilton
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Charter school principals have existed in the U.S. public school system for more than 30 years, and the number has grown dramatically in Southern California over the past decade. Like other principals, charter school principals are responsible for implementing the provisions of the Every Student Succeeds Act of 2015 (ESSA). Yet, charter school principals perceptions of self-efficacy are not well enough understood to determine their effective implementation of ESSA. The purpose of this qualitative study was to identify and describe the self-efficacy of charter school principals who implemented the multiple accountability measures of ESSA in Southern California. The theoretical framework …
What Makes Collaborative Evaluation Approaches Collaborative? A Q Methodology Study On Program Evaluators’ Perceptions, Dax M. Weaver
What Makes Collaborative Evaluation Approaches Collaborative? A Q Methodology Study On Program Evaluators’ Perceptions, Dax M. Weaver
UNF Graduate Theses and Dissertations
The purpose of this study was to explore program evaluators’ perceptions about what they consider to be the essential practices, elements, or attributes of collaborative evaluation approaches (CEAs). This topic was investigated because of the increasing use of CEAs within the field and the ambiguity about what does and does not constitute a CEA. Several researchers have proposed frameworks that attempt to define the essential elements that distinguish CEAs from other evaluation approaches; however, the literature still lacks consensus on their exact nature. It was through an examination of evaluators’ viewpoints on the subject using Q Methodology that this study …
Rezistance: Diné Grassroots Organization And Modes Of Activism, Eric Robert Dougherty
Rezistance: Diné Grassroots Organization And Modes Of Activism, Eric Robert Dougherty
Senior Projects Spring 2020
This ethnography looks at themes of Indigeneity and activism as it exists in the everyday realities of young people living in or around the Navajo reservation in the southwest United States. Through work-related projects of hogan construction, land reclamation, watershed management, and language restoration Navajo youth are given opportunities to take control of their present circumstances and imagine a different future for themselves and their families. Besides work, youth and activism are constituted through other mediums and spaces that allow people to express who they are, what they care about, and why these things are important to them. The consistent …
A Class Action Lawsuit For The Right To A Minimum Education In Detroit, Carter G. Phillips
A Class Action Lawsuit For The Right To A Minimum Education In Detroit, Carter G. Phillips
Northwestern Journal of Law & Social Policy
No abstract provided.
Teachers' Use Of Technology In Lesson Planning And Presentation In Palau, Sinton Soalablai
Teachers' Use Of Technology In Lesson Planning And Presentation In Palau, Sinton Soalablai
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
School leaders must balance strong public demand for technology in schools, scarce and increasingly strained public financial resources, lack of research with clear relevance to the local context, and having to respond to real-time demands to make immediate and prudent decisions that affect long-term strategy. In recent years, the Palau Ministry of Education (PMOE) invested heavily in an expensive 1:1 tablet program but had not determined if the program produced the expected positive changes in elementary teachers' instructional delivery. Guided by experiential learning theory, the purpose of this quantitative, causal-comparative study was to determine if the 1:1 tablet program resulted …
Study Abroad And Liminality: Examining U.S. American Collegiate Undergraduate Student Engagement In Risky Behaviors Betwixt And Between Borders, Jill L. Creighton
Study Abroad And Liminality: Examining U.S. American Collegiate Undergraduate Student Engagement In Risky Behaviors Betwixt And Between Borders, Jill L. Creighton
West Chester University Doctoral Projects
One of the most niche sub-arenas of public administration, higher education administration, involves preparing future leaders and scholars for global perspectives. This original research examined whether collegiate, traditionally-aged, undergraduate student risky behavioral choices rose during the study abroad experience as compared to when in the home collegiate environment. After investigating the literature an opportunity to connect the phenomena of domestic risky behavior, collegiate study abroad, and tourism materialized. The anthropological concept of liminality served as the theoretical perspective that anchored the construction of this research. This study was conducted using a post-positivist epistemology, a non-experimental design, and an original survey …
Students' Preparation For College Through Advancement Via Individual Determination (Avid) Programs And Dual Enrollment, Brian P. Jones
Students' Preparation For College Through Advancement Via Individual Determination (Avid) Programs And Dual Enrollment, Brian P. Jones
All Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Other Capstone Projects
The purpose of this study was to identify opportunities to expand access to higher education. The research specifically explored the combination of two interventions that support college readiness: the Advancement Via Individual Determination (AVID) program and dual enrollment. Evidence indicated that each of these programs individually improved students’ readiness for college, but there was no research that explored the success of students involved in both programs. This quantitative analysis used the chi-square statistic to compare the proportion of students from a suburban school district who were involved in both programs to students who were not. The analysis evaluated whether participation …
Configuración De La Identidad Política Como Aporte A La Cultura De Paz En La Educación Media, Cristian Uruburok De La Casa Ávila
Configuración De La Identidad Política Como Aporte A La Cultura De Paz En La Educación Media, Cristian Uruburok De La Casa Ávila
Maestría en Política y Relaciones Internacionales
La presente investigación elabora una reflexión crítica sobre el lugar de lo político en la educación y la posibilidad que tiene la Cátedra de paz para influir en la participación política de los estudiantes, a partir de la generación de espacios de diálogo, capaces de generar el reconocimiento. necesario para tenerlos como actores influyentes en sus entornos sociales. Estos análisis surgen a partir de los hallazgos encontrados con base en una investigación de carácter cualitativo en el Colegio Diana Turbay IED, durante el año lectivo 2019, en el que se indaga por la configuración de la identidad política y la …
Higher Education And Police Officers: The Effects On Citizen Complaints, Evan D. Brown
Higher Education And Police Officers: The Effects On Citizen Complaints, Evan D. Brown
All Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Other Capstone Projects
This study was conducted to examine the effects that different levels of education may have on the number of citizen complaints filed against police officers. There are many literature articles pertaining to the education of police officers but few studies have been conducted to measure the specific effects of higher education in law enforcement. The analysis in this paper will show relationships between higher education of police officers and if it has a relationship with the number of officer complaints.
Improving Classroom Management And Teacher Retention: A Needs Assessment, Jill Stefaniak, Jilian L. Reynolds, Tian Luo
Improving Classroom Management And Teacher Retention: A Needs Assessment, Jill Stefaniak, Jilian L. Reynolds, Tian Luo
STEMPS Faculty Publications
This case explores how a needs assessment was conducted at a middle school experiencing high rates of teacher turnover. Pamela Frost, an experienced instructional designer, was assigned to assess the situation and identify opportunities to improve professional development opportunities for the teachers. As a part of a needs assessment, Pamela gathered data to address needs pertaining to classroom management challenges, teacher attrition rates, and establishing relations with the local community. This case explores how Pamela gathered data and triangulated her findings to determine what interventions were needed.
Education's Death Row : The Standardization Network And A Persistently Lowest Achieving School In The Era Of Common Core, Valarie J. Karas
Education's Death Row : The Standardization Network And A Persistently Lowest Achieving School In The Era Of Common Core, Valarie J. Karas
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
In 2010, New York State both adopted the Common Core Learning Standards and identified the State’s first 67 “persistently lowest achieving” schools, the most severe failure designation available under the State’s accountability system as based upon standardized test performance and/or graduation rates (Common Core Standards Initiative, 2015; NYSED, 2010a). The Common Core Learning Standards were advertised as a pathway to a high-quality education for all American students (Common Core Standards Initiative, 2015; Supovitz & McGuinn, 2019). However, a public uproar occurred in the late summer of 2013 following the release of standardized “Common Core” test scores which showed an increase …
The Influence Of Student Discipline Practices On Students, School Climate And Culture, Matthew J. Clark
The Influence Of Student Discipline Practices On Students, School Climate And Culture, Matthew J. Clark
Graduate Research Theses & Dissertations
The enactment of Senate Bill 100/Public Act 099-0456 (SB100) in 2016 compelled school districts throughout Illinois to evaluate student discipline policies. This dissertation examines the impact SB100 had on middle and high schools throughout the state and within a large suburban K-12 school district. This dissertation is organized into three separate papers. Paper 1 provides a historical context for disciplinary practices used for students in public schools both in Illinois and throughout the country and explores new discipline practices that have emerged since the passing of SB100. Paper 2 examines the implementation of SB100 through an SDT framework to investigate …
A Proposed Taxonomy For General Aviation Pilot Weather Education And Training, John M. Lanicci, Thomas A. Guinn, Jayde M. King, Beth Blickensderfer, Robert Thomas, Yolanda Ortiz
A Proposed Taxonomy For General Aviation Pilot Weather Education And Training, John M. Lanicci, Thomas A. Guinn, Jayde M. King, Beth Blickensderfer, Robert Thomas, Yolanda Ortiz
Journal of Aviation/Aerospace Education & Research
As General Aviation (GA) safety continues to remain a focus of the aviation community, GA pilot weather education and training continues to be an active area of interest within the research community. This study introduces a taxonomy for organizing GA pilot weather education and training materials that was originally conceived as part of the FAA’s Weather Technology In the Cockpit research program. The taxonomy is built upon three main knowledge categories, or tiers:1) Weather Phenomena (which includes hazards); 2) Weather Hazard Products; and 3) Weather Hazard Product Sources and their Application. The concept behind the categorization is to link knowledge …
In Their Own Voices: The First-Year College Experiences Of Upward Bound Alumni At Four-Year Postsecondary Institutions, Norma Romero
In Their Own Voices: The First-Year College Experiences Of Upward Bound Alumni At Four-Year Postsecondary Institutions, Norma Romero
LMU/LLS Theses and Dissertations
Upward Bound (UB) projects provide educational support services to high school students in order to address inequalities in college access for low-income (LI) and first-generation students (FGS). However, access alone does not eradicate systemic barriers to positive collegiate experiences and degree attainment. As a federally funded program, UB regularly collects mandated outcome data; however, little is known about the specific academic, social, and emotional supports these programs provide. Especially lacking are in-depth qualitative studies that follow students into college and focus on students’ own stories. To address this gap in research, this study used in-depth interviews to capture the stories …
Building Collaborative Partnerships To Increase Postsecondary Education Opportunities For Students With Intellectual And Developmental Disabilities, Annemarie L. Horn, Kimberly M. Bean, Selena J. Layden, Judith E. Terpstra, Karen C. Holloway
Building Collaborative Partnerships To Increase Postsecondary Education Opportunities For Students With Intellectual And Developmental Disabilities, Annemarie L. Horn, Kimberly M. Bean, Selena J. Layden, Judith E. Terpstra, Karen C. Holloway
Communication Disorders & Special Education Faculty Publications
Transitioning from high school to the next phase of life can be especially challenging for youth with intellectual and other developmental disabilities (IDD). Federal mandates are in place to provide individualized transition services to students with disabilities up to age 22; however, there is variability in the location of service delivery. A growing number of school districts have partnered with institutions of higher education (IHE) in an effort to enhance postsecondary education (PSE) opportunities for individuals with IDD who are between the ages of 18-21. While there are some differences in PSE programs, the core foundational component is constant across …
Googly Eyes And Yard Signs: Deconstructing One Professor’S Successful Rebuffing Of A Right-Wing Attack On An Academic Institution, Theresa Catalano, Ari Kohen
Googly Eyes And Yard Signs: Deconstructing One Professor’S Successful Rebuffing Of A Right-Wing Attack On An Academic Institution, Theresa Catalano, Ari Kohen
Department of Teaching, Learning, and Teacher Education: Faculty Publications
Right-wing populism is on the rise worldwide, and political attacks against universities have increased in the United States since the election of Donald Trump. In 2017, an incident occurred at the University of Nebraska–Lincoln which resulted in accusations of hostility toward conservative students. Just over a year later, political forces again attempted to denigrate the university’s reputation, but this time they did not succeed. This (multimodal) positive discourse analysis/ generative critique combines collaborative auto-ethnography to describe the way these events were represented in the media, deconstructing a professor’s methods of countering a right-wing attack on an academic institution. Findings demonstrate …
A Case Study: The Role Of Compassionate Cities, Healthy Cities, And Un Sustainable Development Goals In City Leadership And Planning, Lisa A. Berkley
A Case Study: The Role Of Compassionate Cities, Healthy Cities, And Un Sustainable Development Goals In City Leadership And Planning, Lisa A. Berkley
Antioch University Full-Text Dissertations & Theses
This research is a case study examining the relevance of three holistic city frameworks—Compassionate Cities, Healthy Cities, and UN Sustainable Development Goals—to the intentional or tacit thinking of city leaders, community leaders, and activists of Marina, California. Beginning with a discussion of the origin and development of the three frameworks, the study occurred in three phases: Phase I involved interviewing the five elected leaders, city manager, community development leaders, and two planners; Phase II consisted of a survey of appointed city leaders and community organizers and activists; and Phase III was an analysis of relevant public discourse, drawing from local …