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2020

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My Journey On Becoming A Critical Social Justice Educator As A Woman Of Color, America Lopez Jan 2020

My Journey On Becoming A Critical Social Justice Educator As A Woman Of Color, America Lopez

CGU Theses & Dissertations

This writing is a narrative that retells different stages throughout my life, including the different experiences I have endured being a graduate student and a first-year teacher at the same time. Its purpose is to share my journey from the beginning to the end of my first year as a teacher. I share my reflections as I continuously look back on how I began to slowly-but surely-develop my criticality lens. While being a graduate student [of color] in a space that was historically and intentionally not created for me, this roller coaster ride has been anything but easy. However, I …


Elementary School Teacher Characteristics Associated With Self-Efficacy For Using Technology To Implement Constructivist Content Instruction: An Explanatory Correlational Study, Patricia Barton Jan 2020

Elementary School Teacher Characteristics Associated With Self-Efficacy For Using Technology To Implement Constructivist Content Instruction: An Explanatory Correlational Study, Patricia Barton

Graduate Research Theses & Dissertations

Technology mediated constructivist practices may be effective, but there are challenges for implementing them, and one challenge is the teachers themselves and their self-efficacy. Teachers of different backgrounds may differ on self-efficacy in technology mediated constructivist practices, and those possible differences can warrant different training approaches. For this study, 212 K-5 teachers from small to medium sized rural and suburban school districts in the Midwestern US, as well as teachers from a variety of other geographic areas, completed an online survey. The dependent variable self-efficacy in Technological Pedagogical and Content Knowledge (SE-C-TPACK) was regressed on the independent variables. The independent …


Examining Reflective Practice Through Lesson Study, Amanda L. Wojcik Jan 2020

Examining Reflective Practice Through Lesson Study, Amanda L. Wojcik

Graduate Research Theses & Dissertations

The purpose of this qualitative study was to examine a team of elementary teachers’ reflective practice through lesson study. The study focused on how three first-grade teachers described their reflective practice during and after lesson study and how they reflected-in, -on, and -for-action during three lesson studies. The teachers each participated in four individual interviews, three stimulated recall interviews, and observations during the lesson studies when they taught research lessons and engaged in post-lesson discussions.

Data from the interviews and lesson study observations were analyzed using qualitative methods and through the lens of Schön’s theory of reflection. Ten sub-themes were …


Construct Validity Of The Behavior Assessment System For Children-Third Edition Teacher Rating Scales (Basc-3 Trs): Comparisons With The Adjustment Scales For Children And Adolescents (Asca), Shannon Burback Jan 2020

Construct Validity Of The Behavior Assessment System For Children-Third Edition Teacher Rating Scales (Basc-3 Trs): Comparisons With The Adjustment Scales For Children And Adolescents (Asca), Shannon Burback

Masters Theses

The Behavior Assessment Scale for Children-Third Edition Teacher Rating Scale Child Form (BASC-3 TRS-C) and the Adjustment Scales for Children and Adolescents (ASCA) are both teacher rating scales which may be used by school psychologist to assess youth behavior problems. The BASC, BASC-2, and BASC-3 have limited replicated research of the studies reported in their respective manuals. Therefore, it was important to empirically compare the BASC-3 TRS-C with the ASCA to examine construct validity (convergent, discriminant, and divergent) as there were, at present, no published studies replicating BASC-3 Manual research. The present study analyzed BASC-3 TRS-C and ACSA ratings which …


Understanding Multiculturalism In Saudi Education: A Case Study Of Two Schools In Mecca, Mohammed Alharbi Jan 2020

Understanding Multiculturalism In Saudi Education: A Case Study Of Two Schools In Mecca, Mohammed Alharbi

Dissertations

Problem

This research investigated the understanding and perceptions of Saudi educators toward multiculturalism and multicultural education in Saudi Arabia. The research had three broad questions. The first question was, "What are Saudi educators’ conceptions of culture and multicultural education?" The second research question was, "What practices do educators employ concerning multicultural education?” The third research question was, "How do educators implement multicultural education for their students at schools with different levels of cultural diversity?"

Method

In this study, I used the qualitative multiple case study research design to explore the understanding and the attitudes of Saudi educators regarding multiculturalism and …


Language-Supportive Strategies And Their Associations With Child Language Outcomes During Instructional Time, Erin S. Wallace Jan 2020

Language-Supportive Strategies And Their Associations With Child Language Outcomes During Instructional Time, Erin S. Wallace

Theses and Dissertations

In this dissertation, I conducted a correlational study that examined the frequency of educator-delivered language-supportive strategies during instructional time in public Kindergarten classrooms. Additionally, I explored the association between educators’ use of language-supportive strategies and child language outcomes. To index child language, I assessed a sample of 96 children from 10 different classrooms on standardized measures of expressive and receptive language. I recruited 10 educators to participate in the present study and assessed their use of language-supportive strategies during instructional time in the classroom through transcription and coding of audio recordings. The educators completed demographic forms for themselves as well …


Perfecting The Craft Of Teaching, Stephanie Nunez Jan 2020

Perfecting The Craft Of Teaching, Stephanie Nunez

CGU Theses & Dissertations

This ethnographic narrative follows my journey as a fifth grade teacher in the greater Los Angeles area. The purpose of this ethnography is to follow the development of my journey as a first-year teacher. In this ethnography, I explore my positionality and the levels of community, school, and classroom as ways to inform and improve my teaching practices as a social-justice educator. I begin this four part narrative by discussing my positionality and how it relates to my desires of becoming a teacher. Through this narrative, I was then able to conduct three case studies of students with different identities …


Ethnographic Narrative, Craig Bond Jan 2020

Ethnographic Narrative, Craig Bond

CGU Theses & Dissertations

Abstract

In this narrative you will see my journey in becoming a Critical Social Justice Educator. In addition to this, you will see how I made my decision to become a teacher along with the continued development in learning the craft. As this narrative continues, you will be introduced to my three focus students in a detailed manner as well as learn about the community in which I served during the 2019 - 2020 school year. The purpose of this narrative is to track both my and my students’ documented growth throughout the year, make connections to different elements that …


ผลของการจัดการเรียนรู้แบบสืบสอบในรายวิชาเพิ่มเติมภูมิปัญญาไทย ที่มีต่อผลสัมฤทธิ์การเรียนรู้และความตระหนักรู้คุณค่างานฝีมือไทยในราชสำนักของนักเรียนชั้นประถมศึกษา, อัญญารัตน์ นิติศักดิ์ Jan 2020

ผลของการจัดการเรียนรู้แบบสืบสอบในรายวิชาเพิ่มเติมภูมิปัญญาไทย ที่มีต่อผลสัมฤทธิ์การเรียนรู้และความตระหนักรู้คุณค่างานฝีมือไทยในราชสำนักของนักเรียนชั้นประถมศึกษา, อัญญารัตน์ นิติศักดิ์

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

การวิจัยครั้งนี้มีวัตถุประสงค์ เพื่อเปรียบเทียบผลสัมฤทธิ์ทางการเรียนรู้ก่อนเรียนและหลังเรียนของนักเรียนชั้นประถมศึกษาปีที่ 5 ที่ได้รับการจัดการเรียนรู้แบบสืบสอบในรายวิชาเพิ่มเติมภูมิปัญญาไทย และเพื่อเปรียบเทียบความตระหนักรู้คุณค่างานฝีมือไทยในราชสำนักก่อนเรียนและหลังเรียนของนักเรียนชั้นประถมศึกษาปีที่ 5 ที่ได้รับการจัดการเรียนรู้แบบสืบสอบในรายวิชาเพิ่มเติมภูมิปัญญาไทย ตัวอย่างที่ใช้ในการวิจัย คือ นักเรียนชั้นประถมศึกษาปีที่ 5/3 ภาคเรียนที่ 2 ปีการศึกษา 2563 โรงเรียนพระตำหนักสวนกุหลาบ เขตพระนคร จังหวัดกรุงเทพมหานคร จำนวน 27 คน ได้มาโดยวิธีการสุ่มแบบกลุ่ม โดยการจับสลากห้องเรียน เครื่องมือที่ใช้ในการวิจัยได้แก่ แผนการจัดการเรียนรู้รายวิชาเพิ่มเติม ภูมิปัญญาไทย โดยใช้การจัดการเรียนรู้แบบสืบสอบ จำนวน 7 แผนการเรียนรู้ 20 ชั่วโมง แบบทดสอบวัดผลสัมฤทธิ์ทางการเรียนรู้ก่อนเรียนและหลังเรียนรายวิชาเพิ่มเติมภูมิปัญญาไทยของนักเรียนชั้นประถมศึกษาปีที่ 5 และแบบวัดความตระหนักรู้คุณค่างานฝีมือไทยในราชสำนักของนักเรียนชั้นประถมศึกษาปีที่ 5 ก่อนเรียนและหลังเรียน สถิติที่ใช้ในวิเคราะห์ข้อมูล ได้แก่ ร้อยละ ค่าเฉลี่ย ส่วนเบี่ยงเบนมาตรฐานและการทดสอบค่าที ผลการวิจัยพบว่า 1) ผลสัมฤทธิ์ทางการเรียนรู้หลังเรียนของนักเรียนชั้นประถมศึกษาปีที่ 5 ที่ได้รับการจัดการเรียนรู้แบบสืบสอบในรายวิชาเพิ่มเติมภูมิปัญญาไทย สูงกว่าก่อนเรียนอย่างมีนัยสำคัญทางสถิติที่ระดับ .05 และ 2) ความตระหนักรู้คุณค่างานฝีมือไทยในราชสำนักหลังเรียนของนักเรียนชั้นประถมศึกษาปีที่ 5 ที่ได้รับการจัดการเรียนรู้แบบสืบสอบในรายวิชาเพิ่มเติมภูมิปัญญาไทย ค่าเฉลี่ยคะแนนสูงกว่าก่อนเรียน อยู่ในระดับมากที่สุด


The Impact Of The Balanced Literacy Approach In Reading Instruction On Student Reading Motivation And Reading Competence, Jami Beth Clements Jan 2020

The Impact Of The Balanced Literacy Approach In Reading Instruction On Student Reading Motivation And Reading Competence, Jami Beth Clements

Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects

The purpose of this quantitative study was to investigate the impact Balanced Literacy Reading Instruction had on student motivation to read and student reading competence in the elementary school of one public school district. This study analyzed extant student summative reading assessment data and extant teacher observation data. The study also administered the Self-Regulation Questionnaire-Reading Motivation to measure the reading motivation of students who had received Balanced Literacy Reading Instruction in the district from first grade through fifth grade. The study sought to determine the amount of reading time administered during reading instruction during the implementation, the current level of …


The Effect Of Teacher-Child Interaction Training (Tcit) On Kindergarten Student's Classroom Behavior And Student-Teacher Relationships, Madison G. Walker Jan 2020

The Effect Of Teacher-Child Interaction Training (Tcit) On Kindergarten Student's Classroom Behavior And Student-Teacher Relationships, Madison G. Walker

Scripps Senior Theses

Teachers and researchers alike have long debated the most effective strategy for managing children’s classroom behavior. While many methods exist, the most common, and yet most debated, approach in the U.S. remains to be exclusionary discipline, such as suspension and expulsion. However, research has consistently shown this method to be ineffective and even harmful for both students and teachers, as well as incredibly inequitable (Emmer et al., 2015; American Psychological Association, 2008; Tobin et al., 1996 as cited in Emmer et al., 2015). These clear detriments highlight the need for different, more effective classroom management strategies. The current proposed study …


A Case Study Of A Stem Specialist Co-Teaching Model, Kristen Lynn Witt Jan 2020

A Case Study Of A Stem Specialist Co-Teaching Model, Kristen Lynn Witt

Theses and Dissertations--Education Sciences

This research is focused on elementary science teaching and learning with support of a science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) specialist because science tends to be nearly absent from self-contained classrooms in the primary grades. Research has established STEM education needs to increase, however, a key question for researchers remains who should teach science and how we can improve teacher efficacy for science education. The purpose of this study is to discover the impacts of a STEM specialist’s role on an elementary school’s daily science instruction. “Impact” refers to teachers, administrators, and student’s value in science education, teacher’s confidence in …


Making Connections To The Filipino American Community Using Culturally Responsive Music Pedagogy, Jared Thomas Coyle Jan 2020

Making Connections To The Filipino American Community Using Culturally Responsive Music Pedagogy, Jared Thomas Coyle

Cal Poly Humboldt theses and projects

Positive connections between school and home have been shown to increase student achievement. Currently there are few resources available in the United States that allow teachers to incorporate aspects of Filipino American culture into their instruction practices. Through the use of traditional children’s songs and singing games, the K-6 classroom music curriculum can serve as an effective vehicle to establish these connections.

In interviews with members of the California Filipino American community, we discussed the musical culture of the Philippines. Informants shared how musical traditions are transmitted and shared in the Philippines and United States. Participants also discussed possible ways …


What Student Information Do Teachers Find Valuable Enough To Change Their Practices?, Heather Becksted Jan 2020

What Student Information Do Teachers Find Valuable Enough To Change Their Practices?, Heather Becksted

Cal Poly Humboldt theses and projects

This Teacher Survey study follows-up my school district’s Parent Interview conducted by teachers on children’s interests, parents’ hopes and fears for their children, how the school can communicate with parents, and areas the school can improve. The intent of the district’s Parent Interview was to improve teacher awareness of student and family needs, influence the teachers to scaffold their curriculum to support student needs and become more motivated to be involved with long-term initiatives that could improve student and family support within the district. However, the Parent Interview did not ask teachers about their views of what, if any, Parent …


Using Children's Literature To Support Social And Emotional Learning In Third Through Sixth Grade Classrooms, Hayley L. Paljug Jan 2020

Using Children's Literature To Support Social And Emotional Learning In Third Through Sixth Grade Classrooms, Hayley L. Paljug

Honors Undergraduate Theses

This research examined the use of award-winning children’s literature for social and emotional learning, focusing on its use for children in third through sixth grades. The world is ever-changing, and, as a result, the need for children to learn necessary social and emotional skills continues to increase. These skills include, but are not limited to, perseverance, friendship, grit, caring, and the like. It has been found that teaching social and emotional skills through bibliotherapy is an engaging and successful method that can be used by schools and teachers. Teachers or other educational stakeholders can use this document to begin to …


A Review Of Trauma In Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder, Orsolina O'Neill Jan 2020

A Review Of Trauma In Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder, Orsolina O'Neill

Honors Theses

No abstract provided.


Executive Functions: The Key To Growth In Elementary School Students, Kelly Martin Jan 2020

Executive Functions: The Key To Growth In Elementary School Students, Kelly Martin

Honors Theses

No abstract provided.


Levels Of Feedback In Preparation For A Student-Led Conferencing Event: A Case Study Of Elementary Students' Experiences, Cherise Williams Jan 2020

Levels Of Feedback In Preparation For A Student-Led Conferencing Event: A Case Study Of Elementary Students' Experiences, Cherise Williams

Theses and Dissertations--Curriculum and Instruction

According to the literature on student achievement, the classroom teacher and effective feedback are two of the most influential factors that affect students’ performance (Hattie and Timperley, 2007). Teacher feedback is an effective and efficient instructional strategy that can bridge the gap between a student’s actual level of understanding and the level required to become independently successful. There are multiple types and levels of feedback that teachers may employ to support students’ work. It is important that a teacher utilizes various levels of feedback, particularly levels that pertain to the task (FT), the process (FP), and student regulation (FR) skills …


Teacher Conceptualization And Implementation Of Differentiated Instruction In The Elementary Reading Classroom, Felicia Kristina Joseph Jan 2020

Teacher Conceptualization And Implementation Of Differentiated Instruction In The Elementary Reading Classroom, Felicia Kristina Joseph

Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects

Differentiated instruction (DI) is an approach to teaching that considers the individual needs of students based on readiness levels, interest, learning styles, and learning profiles. This pragmatic, exploratory, sequential mixed-methods study investigated the conceptualizations of teachers at high-performing elementary schools within Miami-Dade County Public Schools (M-DCPS) regarding DI, the degree of successful implementation, and the extent to which the degree of implementation correlates with student achievement in reading. Data were collected from 29 semi-structured teacher participant interviews, two 90-minute observations of each participant's reading instruction, and a comparison of i-Ready reading achievement data over two diagnostic assessments. The participants conceptualized …


Factors Predictive Of Self-Efficacy In First Year Teachers, Jessica Leigh Hamelin Jan 2020

Factors Predictive Of Self-Efficacy In First Year Teachers, Jessica Leigh Hamelin

UNF Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Research demonstrates that there are increased teacher burnout rates within the first 5 years of entering the field (Darling-Hammond, 2003; Skaalvik & Skaalvik, 2010; Yost, 2006). Consistent with those findings is that teacher preparation matters when conversing about recruitment and retention (Brown, Lee, & Collins, 2014). As more research is conducted in the area of teacher preparation it has become clear that teacher effectiveness is directly related to preparation (Darling-Hammond, 2010). As teachers enter their first-year teaching, philosophical stances can change, inflated beliefs about the teaching profession can be altered, and self-efficacy is influenced. Drawing from Hoy and Spero’s (2005) …


Teacher Perceptions On How To Best Support Student Well-Being In Elementary Classrooms, Elanna Beth Derby Jan 2020

Teacher Perceptions On How To Best Support Student Well-Being In Elementary Classrooms, Elanna Beth Derby

UNF Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Abstract

Elementary schools should be adept at assisting students in meeting their mental health need, such as, providing a non-violence approach to conflict resolution; strengthening the students’ relationships with their family members and friends; taking responsibility for their education and future; creating a stronger positive image; handling tough times more effectively; and setting and achieving their goals in life. The purpose of this Q methodology was to explore what teacher perspectives are on how to best support student well-being in the elementary school classroom. Specifically, this study examined what factors emerged when faculty in a large urban school district …


Leading Effective Inclusive Schools: How Principals Make The Difference, Megan Robinson Mcmillan Jan 2020

Leading Effective Inclusive Schools: How Principals Make The Difference, Megan Robinson Mcmillan

UNF Graduate Theses and Dissertations

In effective inclusive schools, school principals are the difference-makers. Principals of these schools possess a commitment to leading schools adept at delivering high academic achievement outcomes and providing an inclusive education for students with disabilities. This leadership is predicated upon their inclusive consciousness, or a dogged determination to provide ethical and meaningful educational experiences to all students, but especially those with disabilities. The purpose of this study was to understand how four elementary-level public school principals acquired, developed, and demonstrated an inclusive consciousness that guided their leadership of effective inclusive schools. Data were collected using a basic qualitative methodology and …


An Investigation Of Elementary School Teachers’ Culturally Relevant Teaching Practices In Two Cultures: A Comparative Study In China And The United States, Alicia R. Thompson Jan 2020

An Investigation Of Elementary School Teachers’ Culturally Relevant Teaching Practices In Two Cultures: A Comparative Study In China And The United States, Alicia R. Thompson

Theses and Dissertations

Effective teaching is one of the most important factors in student achievement. Throughout the world, there are high expectations for teacher and student performance. Teachers and students need to navigate the demographic and cultural shifts occurring around the world. Teachers’ cultural awareness and knowledge base of culturally relevant teaching practices is critical to their effectiveness. Based on the need to better understand the cultural responsiveness of teachers, this comparative study investigated elementary school teachers’ culturally relevant teaching practices in China and the U.S. through the use of video-cued ethnography. The following findings were revealed from the study: (a) differences in …


Professional Growth: How Do Cooperating Teachers Grow Through The Experience Of Having A Student Teacher?, Ashton D. Coppley Jan 2020

Professional Growth: How Do Cooperating Teachers Grow Through The Experience Of Having A Student Teacher?, Ashton D. Coppley

Doctor of Education Dissertations

Cooperating teachers and student teachers share a unique internship that allows the development of skills for both individuals. The literature states that cooperating teachers can grow from student teachers; however, there are a few sources that state the areas in which this growth occurs. The purpose of this study was to determine if growth or impact happened in the areas of instructional practices, coaching skills, and self-efficacy during the student teaching process. This mixed methods study included a survey, focus group interview, and single interviews to determine whether any change was made. The survey created descriptive statistics, a Pearson correlation …


Responsive Classroom: A Mixed Methods Study Of The Impact On Academic Achievement And Social Skills, Amy Hildenbrand Jan 2020

Responsive Classroom: A Mixed Methods Study Of The Impact On Academic Achievement And Social Skills, Amy Hildenbrand

Doctor of Education Dissertations

In a single-year mixed methods explanatory study, the researcher sought to determine the impact the Responsive Classroom approach had on student achievement and social skills. The participating elementary school had 14 teachers and two administrators voluntarily participate in the 4-day Responsive Classroom training. The school used the train-the-trainer model, and the participating teachers and administrators brought the training to all other staff for the school-wide implementation of the Responsive Classroom approach. At the end of the year, the researcher analyzed student achievement data to look for any statistically significant changes as measured from the non-implementation year to the year with …


Teaching For Learning: Creative Methods For Math Curriculum Design Using Cognitive Science Principles, Alisha A. Joyce Jan 2020

Teaching For Learning: Creative Methods For Math Curriculum Design Using Cognitive Science Principles, Alisha A. Joyce

All Electronic Theses and Dissertations

It has long been the goal of educators to teach for lifelong learning. This project is an examination of best practices for teaching for lifelong learning in the context of an elementary math curriculum. In pursuit of this research, I identified two guiding questions: What are the best practices for teaching and assessing mathematics in elementary school? How can these ideas be organized into an adaptable format for use in planning instructional units? In the research, there is a general consensus that educators need to shift their instruction to a goal of teaching students a conceptual understanding of mathematics, making …


Exploring Arts Integration In Language Arts Instruction For Elementary Education, Mary A. Dehner Jan 2020

Exploring Arts Integration In Language Arts Instruction For Elementary Education, Mary A. Dehner

Honors Undergraduate Theses

The purpose of this thesis is to provide insight on how arts integration in English language arts education increases engagement and achievement in students and teachers alike. Throughout my analysis of literature, local field research in two Central Florida public elementary schools, and my creation of a five-day arts-integrated writing unit, I found that arts integration, especially when utilizing Leonard Bernstein’s Artful Learning Method was observed to show a positive impact on students. Arts integration allowed for a child’s natural curiosity and instinct to create to take over, which created authentic learning experiences for the students. The research also demonstrated …


Creating A Sentence Frame Toolkit Based On Third Grade Writing Standards To Support The Writing Instruction Of Spanish-Speaking English Learners, Tanisha J. Rosa Le Bron Jan 2020

Creating A Sentence Frame Toolkit Based On Third Grade Writing Standards To Support The Writing Instruction Of Spanish-Speaking English Learners, Tanisha J. Rosa Le Bron

Honors Undergraduate Theses

Third grade general education teachers, particularly in Florida, will teach English learners (ELs) in their classroom who must participate in their English Language Arts writing classes at roughly the same pace as native English speakers in order to perform grade-level, standards-based writing tasks. For this reason, general education teachers must be equipped with helpful, research-based resources to support the ELs to become equally successful in writing instruction as their native-speaking peers. This thesis explored the use of sentence frames for improving the English skills of ELs as they start to understand and use the syntax of Standard English. As a …


Teacher Conceptualization And Implementation Of Differentiated Instruction In The Elementary Reading Classroom, Kimberly Yulyn Davis Jan 2020

Teacher Conceptualization And Implementation Of Differentiated Instruction In The Elementary Reading Classroom, Kimberly Yulyn Davis

Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects

Differentiated instruction (DI) is an approach to teaching that considers the individual needs of students based on readiness levels, interest, learning styles, and learning profiles. This pragmatic, exploratory, sequential mixed-methods study investigated the conceptualizations of teachers at high-performing elementary schools within Miami-Dade County Public Schools (M-DCPS) regarding DI, the degree of successful implementation, and the extent to which the degree of implementation correlates with student achievement in reading. Data were collected from 29 semi-structured teacher participant interviews, two 90-minute observations of each participant's reading instruction, and a comparison of i-Ready reading achievement data over two diagnostic assessments. The participants conceptualized …


A Phenomenological Exploration Of Principals' Influence On Teacher Attrition, Kellie E. Gebhardt Jan 2020

A Phenomenological Exploration Of Principals' Influence On Teacher Attrition, Kellie E. Gebhardt

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

ABSTRACT

Classroom teachers' decisions to leave the profession negatively affect the educational experience of the students, burden the remaining teachers, and drain school districts of funds that should go to students but instead are spent on recruiting and training. This phenomenological study examined the experiences of former classroom teachers to determine the role their school principals may have played in their decisions to leave the profession. Ten former elementary school teachers from South Carolina participated in the study. The researcher collected data using interviews; a semi-structured interview protocol was created from current literature and designed to align with the research …