Sports Management Commons^™

Great Score! But What About Her Hair? – When Performance Isn’T Enough, Kelly Price-Rhea

ETSU Faculty Works

Dr. Kelly Price analyzes key research confirming that elite female athletes including pro tour golfers are still judged on their physical attractiveness and social behaviors.

Strategies To Attract And Retain Customers For U.S. Private Country Clubs, Lisa Marie Burnside

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The decline in the number of customers in the private country club (PCC) industry in the United States is causing a reduction of revenues, which inhibits the sustainability of the clubs. The purpose of this multiple case study was to explore marketing innovation strategies (MIS) that Arizona PCC managers used to attract and retain customers successfully. Relationship marketing theory was the conceptual framework; key constructs of the theory include customer loyalty, service quality, experience satisfaction, trust, and communication. The study explored successful MIS that PCC managers have used to attract and retain customers to prevent closure. Participants consisted of 1 …

The Economic Implications Of Nba Player Achievements On Athletic Apparel Companies, Paul Andrew Maddock Ii

CMC Senior Theses

This paper aims to measure the economic impact of different NBA player achievements on the athletic apparel companies, Nike, Adidas, and Under Armour. It looks at players affiliated with the brands who participated in three different events in the NBA from from 2007 to 2017: the All-Star game, the All-NBA awards, and starting lineups in the Finals. Monthly stock returns for each company were calculated for the months the events took place: January, February, May, and June. The return of each company was then regressed on total number of players each company had in the events. Four total regressions were …

Inducements Of Rochester Americans Fans, Alex D'Agostino

Sport Management Undergraduate

The purpose of this research was to examine the factors that motivate minor league sports fans. Specifically, this research was designed to analyze the factors that influence a fan’s motivation to attend Rochester Americans games. Over the past several decades minor league sports have experienced a drastic transformation, as more elaborate promotional activity have been introduced. Extensive research has been conducted to better comprehend the inducements of minor league sports fans. Past literature has concluded that the existence of special events and merchandise giveaways significantly impact overall attendance.

An Investigation Of Sport Sponsorship Antecedents And Outcomes Through Levels Of Sponsor Prominence, Benjamin Colin Cork

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Currently, global sport sponsorship is a multi-billion dollar industry that continues to show strong year-to-year growth (IEG, 2016). Additionally, the current body of sport sponsorship literature has reported the effects of salient attitudinal and behavioral constructs on sponsorship effectiveness. For example, previous studies have indicated that the perceived sincerity and attitude toward a sponsor do positively effect a consumer's behavioral intentions toward a sponsor (Speed & Thompson, 2000; Biscaia, Correia, Rosado, Ross, & Maroco, 2013). Therefore, the purpose of this study is to measure consumer attitudes and behavioral intent toward sponsor, through experimental design, when exposed to one of three …

An Examination Of Motivation And Identification Of Football Fans, Jennifer Y. Mak, Carina King, Jinmoo Heo

Marketing Faculty Research

This study examined the fans motivation to attend the National Football League (NFL) games and how it relates to fan identification. Data from 158 fans who attended regular season games in a Midwestern city in the United States were analyzed using regression to determine the degree to which fan identification could be explained by motivation factors. It was found that self-esteem, entertainment, escape, and eustress explained 40.1% of the variance in fan identification. Understanding that fans have different levels of identification and different types of motivations will enable sport marketers can better tailor strategies to more effectively reach target markets.

Household Life Cycle As A Segmentation Approach For Major Professional Sports Teams, Jacob S. Watkins

Undergraduate Distinction Papers

As entertainment and leisure market offerings increase, major professional sports teams need different approaches to segmenting consumers. Household life cycle represents an approach to segmenting. Using data from one major professional sports team, the household life cycle is found to have a relationship with purchase of different season ticket packages. Major professional sports team managers should offer different types of ticket packages to different segments of the household life cycle.

Can China Protect The Olympics, Or Should The Olympics Be Protected From China?, Jennifer L. Donatuti

Georgia Journal of Law & Technology

No abstract provided.

Understanding Insights For Building Marketing Strategies For Women's Volleyball, Merideth Jewell, Steve Chen, Kenneth Henderson

Celebration of Student Scholarship Poster Sessions Archive

No abstract provided.

The Relationship Between The Behaviors Of The Top 50 Most Endorsed Athletes In The World And The Monetary Value Of Their Endorsement Deals, Rogerio B. Ribeiro

Undergraduate Honors Theses

The top endorsed athletes in the world are most likely the ones who have the biggest impact on their sport. These athletes are usually among the best in their sport or they might have something special that creates a strong relationship between the athlete and his or her fans. It is possible to say that this relationship combined with their skills on and off of the fields, courts, or arenas is what makes these athletes special. Big companies all over the world feel attracted to these athletes and, as a result, they spend millions of dollars every year in order …

Women's Professional Sports: A Case Study On Practices That Could Increase Their Profitability, Danielle H. Mcardle

Honors Undergraduate Theses

Women’s professional sports leagues have often been considered a risky business endeavor. Critics cite low attendance, lack of sponsorships, lack of media rights deals, and numerous other reasons for why women’s professional sports leagues are not profitable. In analyzing the current landscape of women’s professional sport leagues, this paper uses a case study approach to develop a strategy that will highlight lessons learned from past women’s professional sports leagues, current professional sports leagues, sponsorship agreements, fans, social, digital, and mobile marketing strategies, and management practices to show how the business of women’s sports could be made into a more profitable …

Daily Fantasy Sites Engage In A Legal War For Survival, Danni R. Santana

Capstones

Over the past two years, the world has changed its perception of daily fantasy sports. FanDuel and DraftKings have taken the world by storm, making huge profits off even the casual fans desire to win money everyday, instead of just once at the end of a season. Lawmakers have noticed and are eager to regulate the business or ban it altogether, as seen in New York. What was once a weekend hobby is now a multi-billion dollar business. A business lawmakers say is just another form of gambling and doesn't require skill.

Perceived Value E-Ticketing As Sports Entertainment Options, Amber A. Smith-Ditizio

Atlantic Marketing Association Proceedings

Through the advantages of online and electronic ticketing services, the sporting entertainment industry has been able to increase the production and effectiveness of their customer relation management department. While simultaneously minimizing and perfecting the current concerns of electronic ticketing such as; costs, safety measures to both consumers and companies, delivery modes, comparisons to traditional ticket services, and technological sophistication. An empirical study of business professionals in the Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania metropolitan area revealed that age, amount of disposable income, and education were not predictive of the degree of customer satisfaction derived from the use of e-ticketing for sports events, possibly pointing …

Dynamic Pricing In Major League Baseball Tickets: Issues And Challenges, John T. Drea, Andrew Nahlik

Atlantic Marketing Association Proceedings

A rapidly growing trend in the business of professional sports is the use of dynamic pricing as a tool for maximizing revenue generation. Dynamic pricing (DP) is defined as a system in which prices respond to supply and demand pressures in a real time (or nearly real time) manner (Sahay 2007). American Airlines is credited with the first widespread use of DP as a pricing tool to handle the mismatches in supply and demand for certain flights (McAfee & te Velde 2006). DP has spread to numerous other industries, including entertainment, hotels, manufacturing to order, and lately, to Major League …

Branding Gender In Sport: A Visual-Rhetorical Analysis Of The Branding Of Roller Derby, Tylean Coleman, Jon Littlefield

Atlantic Marketing Association Proceedings

Branding a sport has a significant effect on its reception by the public, particularly for sports that are newer or for which consumer awareness is less. Hence, how a sport is positioned to potential spectators will likely play a key role in its success. Roller derby has been a part of American cultural landscape since the 1880’s and took its modern form during the Great depression. Historically, it involved women competing for points circling a flat track, and was primarily target to working class spectators. Over the last few decades, however, roller derby has experienced a resurgence in popularity due …

Required Donations: An Empirical Test Of Prospect Theory & Framing Of Per-Seat Contributions In Intercollegiate Athletics, Jason D. Reese, Brandon Brown, Gregg Bennett

Faculty Publications

The purpose of this study was to examine how per-seat contributions are framed, and attempt to understand the effects of different price frames on consumer perceptions and behavior. In doing so, we apply prospect theory to explain how framing an outcome can change preferences and ultimately purchase behavior. The current study used an experimental design to determine which price frame most influences repurchase intentions, when considering three price tiers (e.g. low, moderate, high) determined in a pretest. Our results indicate the best way to increase purchase intentions when implementing per-seat contributions campaigns is to use the Combination price frame (i.e. …

A Process Model Of Sport Fan Detachment, L. Martin, Michael M. Goldman

Sport Management

Within the field of sport marketing, scholarship to date has predominantly focused on the drivers of fan loyalty and allegiance, and the motivational aspects of fan behavior, at the expense of understanding the deterioration of the relationship between the sport consumer and sport team. Previous customer-brand relationship literature was integrated to propose and test a model of sport fan detachment. A qualitative study of lapsed season ticket holders was conducted to gain a deep understanding of the fan’s individual lived experience. The findings contribute a four-part sequential process of a breakdown trigger, iterative decline, disengagement incident, and exit phase, to …

An Integrated Marketing Communications Campaign For The Lincoln Saltdogs, Silver Lining Advertising Agency, Nicole Bormann, Annie Pigaga, Michaela Ostronic, Shelby Hinze, Miranda Milovich, Kayla Van Wie

College of Journalism and Mass Communications: Student Advertising Projects

Campaign Challenge To develop a campaign focused on increasing attendance at Saltdogs games while promoting an affordable and engaging form of entertainment for the Lincoln community.

Target Audiences The campaign's primary target markets are adults living in Lincoln with at least one child, possibly more, living at home.

Budget The campaign's budget is $50,000.

Objectives The objectives of the campaign are to increase attendance at home Saltdogs games and to promote the Saltdogs in the Lincoln community.

Creative Strategy The creative strategy for the campaign revolves around the theme, "Join the pack. Pack the park. Creative elements include print, outdoor, …

An Integrated Marketing Communications Plan For The Lincoln Saltdogs, Bullpen Team, Andrew Schori, Madi Maclean, Jeremy Shipe, Alex Wickenkamp, Aron Wehr

College of Journalism and Mass Communications: Student Advertising Projects

For the Spring of 2014 UNL CoJMC ADPR capstone course, Advertising and Public Relations Campaigns, the Lincoln Saltdogs approached our Campaigns class in developing a strategic campaign for Lincoln’s only professional baseball team. Brett Beer, the Director of Marketing for the Saltdogs, along with his associates, provided us with one objective in developing a full campaign strategy. Mr. Beer wanted us to “get butts in seats.” Our team, Bullpen, conducted both secondary and primary research, developed a core media mix and strategies, and incorporated strategic creative tactics that would get more “butts in seats” in portraying Saltdog baseball games as …

An Integrated Marketing Communications Plan For The Lincoln Saltdogs, Jayus Advertising And Public Relations, Jessica Robertson, Lindsey Lehms, Mel Mitchell, Becca Rose, Laura Dennis, Nate Gran

College of Journalism and Mass Communications: Student Advertising Projects

Research: Our research upheld that the Lincoln Salt dog's baseball game is a well-known and popular summer activity for adults and their young children. Saltdogs games are generally well attended, but certain aspects of the experience are disliked such as the cost of concessions.

Audience: This campaign targets adults 35+, primarily those with young families who are homeowners and live/work in the Lincoln area.

Objective: The primary goal of this campaign is to increase game attendance by 10% and to make the community more aware of new and existing promotions.

Budget: The budget constraints we operated under were $50,000 plus …

Business Startup And Cause Marketing In The Running Apparel Industry, Zachary Barker

Senior Honors Theses

Entrepreneurship has been the backbone of the American economy since the penning of the Declaration of Independence. Small businesses help the United States prosper and help create jobs for the American people. As today’s business world is increasingly changing in a technological and global way, entrepreneurs must consider many environmental conditions in their small business planning. Business start-up is a long process backed by research and market testing that will maximize the opportunity for success. One way many business start-ups have become successful is through cause-related marketing programs that many people support. Additionally, a particular industry that has proven to …

Game-Changer: A Case Study Of Social-Media Strategy In Big Ten Athletic Departments, Makayla Hipke, Frauke Hachtmann

College of Journalism and Mass Communications: Faculty Publications

This study used a case study approach to develop an understanding of how social media strategy is developed and deployed in Big Ten Conference athletic departments and to explore the issues associated with it. Based on in-depth interviews with department officials, the following six themes emerged: connecting with target audiences; varied approaches in coordination of postings; athletic communications as content gatekeepers; desire to incorporate sponsors and generate revenue; focusing on building fan loyalty through engagement; and challenges of negativity and metrics. The social media strategy in Big Ten Conference athletic departments appears to be driven by athletic communications/sports information departments …

An Examination Of Branding Strategies For Selected Major League Baseball Organizations, Kaitlyn Defanti

Recreation, Parks, and Tourism Administration

The implementation of successful branding strategies is crucial for all sport organizations to enhance revenue, sponsorships, and brand loyalty. To facilitate successful practices, it is important that organizations are aware of the most common branding strategies as well as the strategies of their competitors. The purpose of this study was to examine the best practices of branding strategies for the five Major League Baseball franchises in the state of California. Data were collected from five selected Major League Baseball teams. The instrument utilized in this study was a checklist covering branding strategies with an additional section for notes. The results …

Amateurism In An Age Of Professionalism: An Empirical Examination Of An Irish Sporting Culture: The Gaa, Ian Keller, Angela Wright

Dept. of Organisation & Professional Development Publications

The Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) has been synonymous with the sporting tradition of Ireland since 1884, and the links it has developed with the parishes and communities of Ireland have been based on the organization’s ethos of volunteerism and amateurism in Gaelic games. Modern Ireland has brought with it many challenges for the GAA, especially in relation to internal and external issues. The dynamic of sport in Ireland has changed with the introduction of professionalism in soccer and rugby, and this has caused the validity of the amateur status of the Gaelic Athletic Association to be questioned. The development of …

Emotion And Memory In Nostalgia Sport Tourism: Examining The Attraction To Postmodern Ballparks Through An Interdisciplinary Lens, Kiernan O. Gordon

Kinesiology

Nostalgia sport tourism, one of Gibson’s (1998) three forms of sport tourism, appears to have received little scholarly attention in contrast to active sport tourism and event sport tourism (Fairley, 2003; Gibson, 2002, 2003; Ritchie & Adair, 2004). Despite this apparent lack of research relative to the other two domains, insightful and thought-provoking scholarship has emerged within nostalgia sport tourism. Sociology, which is one of sport tourism’s parent disciplines, has influenced much of this scholarship (Gibson, 2004; Harris, 2006). Among other things, this epistemological orientation has yielded the importance of emotion and memory to nostalgically oriented experiences. This paper considers …

A Social Media Plan For The Ultimate Fighting Championship, Matthew Radmanovich

UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones

Social media has revolutionized marketing and communication and has changed the way many organizations do business. In sports, it has facilitated fans getting closer to the action while allowing management to be strategic and more efficient with finite amount of resources. It has allowed sports to get in the business of “relationship marketing” (Gronroos, 2004). That is, when a game ends or a season comes to a close, social media allows for the fostering of long term relationships and continues to build a sense of community. The marriage of social media and relationship marketing cannot be overlooked. Whereas 30 years …

Differentiation Of Social Marketing And Cause-Related Marketing In Us Professional Sport, Jennifer Renee Pharr, Nancy L. Lough

School of Public Health Faculty Research

Several studies have focused on cause-related sport marketing (CRM), yet few have examined social marketing in sport. The purpose of this study was to show how both are unique strategies employed in sport to achieve corporate social responsibility. A qualitative content analysis was utilized to analyze the outreach programs of the NBA, NFL, NHL, and MLB as described on each website. A directed content analysis was used to categorize outreach programs as CRM, social marketing, or other community outreach based on five variables that differentiate each strategy. Forty three programs were evaluated. Twenty two (51.2%) were categorized as social marketing, …

Differentiation Of Social And Cause-Related Marketing In Professional Sport, Jennifer Renee Pharr, Nancy L. Lough

Environmental & Global Health Faculty Research

Several studies have focused on cause-related sport marketing (CRM), yet few have examined social marketing in sport. The purpose of this study was to show how both are unique strategies employed in sport to achieve corporate social responsibility. A qualitative content analysis was utilized to analyze the outreach programs of the NBA, NFL, NHL and MLB as described on each website. A directed content analysis was used to categorize outreach programs as CRM, social marketing or other community outreach based on five variables that differentiate each strategy. Forty three programs were evaluated. Twenty two (51.2%) were categorized as social marketing, …

Celebrity Athlete Endorser Effectiveness: Construction And Validation Of A Scale, Theodore Byrne Peetz

UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones

The use of celebrity athletes as endorsers has become a popular marketing strategy. Celebrity athletes are often used to endorse products because it is believed they positively impact brand attitudes (Friedman & Friedman, 1979; Kamins, et. al., 1989; Till, Stanley, Priluck, 2008) and fostering brand loyalty (Bush, et. al., 2004). In addition, celebrity athletes are used to help a company differentiate their products and build instant name recognition (Henriks, 1996). This dissertation explored factors associated with celebrity endorser effectiveness. The conceptual framework for this study was grounded by the Source Credibility Model (Hovland, Janis, & Kelley, 1953; Hovland & Weiss, …

Understanding Loyalty And Motivation Of Professional Sports Fans, Victoria Wilkins

UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to examine the factors which create continuous and permanent commitment to a specific professional sports team.

Statement of Objectives: There is no denying that the current economic standing of the United States does not promote spending large sums of money on entertainment and leisure. Since taking a family to a professional sports game gets rather expensive, families are lead to pursue other alternatives while deciding how to spend free time. The costs of game attendance, including tickets, parking, food, beverages and souvenirs, can easily surpass one hundred dollars, which is undoable for many …