Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Discipline
-
- Social and Behavioral Sciences (33)
- Organizational Behavior and Theory (24)
- Psychology (16)
- Business Administration, Management, and Operations (14)
- Strategic Management Policy (11)
-
- Industrial and Organizational Psychology (10)
- Physical Sciences and Mathematics (8)
- Sociology (8)
- Computer Sciences (7)
- Databases and Information Systems (6)
- Education (6)
- Training and Development (5)
- Economics (4)
- Performance Management (4)
- Public Affairs, Public Policy and Public Administration (4)
- E-Commerce (3)
- Labor Economics (3)
- Management Information Systems (3)
- Software Engineering (3)
- Architecture (2)
- Construction Engineering (2)
- Environmental Studies (2)
- Finance and Financial Management (2)
- Higher Education (2)
- International Business (2)
- Labor Relations (2)
- Leadership Studies (2)
- Management Sciences and Quantitative Methods (2)
- Keyword
-
- Psychology (3)
- Attendance Management System (AMS) (2)
- Employees--Attitudes (2)
- Industrial (2)
- ASP (Active Server Pages) (1)
-
- Adaptive performance; Extent of change; Individual ambidexterity; Military logistics; Openness to experience; Social intelligence; Task performance; Workplace relationship (1)
- Allowance Claims Management System; Human Resource Information System; Claims Processing; Database Management System; Computerized Information System (1)
- Banking (1)
- Behaviour (1)
- Budget process--Citizen participation (1)
- Building (1)
- Calendar system (1)
- Career Advancement; Occupational Mobility; Income Mobility; Human Capital; School-to-Work Transition (1)
- Centralized management (1)
- Change Management; Organizational Change; Change Strategies; Leadership; Organizational Effectiveness (1)
- Children's Consumer Behaviour; Family Purchase Decision-Making; Consumer Influence Patterns; Pocket Money and Savings; Demographic Factors Analysis (1)
- Civil servants--Job satisfaction--Malaysia--Psychological aspects (1)
- Civil service--Malaysia--Officials and employees--Technological innovations (1)
- Civil service; Officials and employees; Malaysia; Attitudes (1)
- Client terminals work (1)
- Construction industry (1)
- Continuous Professional Development (CPD); Adult Learners; General Practitioners (GPs); Andragogy; Self-Determination Theory (SDT) (1)
- Corporate culture--Malaysia (1)
- Creative teaching--Malaysia (1)
- Database (1)
- Database management system (1)
- Diffusion of innovations--Malaysia--Case studies (1)
- Direct Participation; Participative Management; Employee Involvement; Job Satisfaction; Organizational Development (1)
- Discrimination in employment--Malaysia (1)
- E-Filing system; Adoption of electronic tax system; Corporate taxpayers; User satisfaction; ISSM (1)
- Publication Year
Articles 31 - 60 of 65
Full-Text Articles in Human Resources Management
An Empirical Analysis Of The Relationship Between Training And Organizational Commitment : A Study Of Organizations In Malaysia, Raida Abu Bakar
An Empirical Analysis Of The Relationship Between Training And Organizational Commitment : A Study Of Organizations In Malaysia, Raida Abu Bakar
Student Works (2000-2009)
No abstract provided.
Qualities And Competencies Needed For Successful Overseas Posting : The Views Of Malaysian Expatriates, Mohd Radzuan Rahid
Qualities And Competencies Needed For Successful Overseas Posting : The Views Of Malaysian Expatriates, Mohd Radzuan Rahid
Student Works (2000-2009)
In the era of globalization where of multinationals and transnational companies have their international operations spread all over the world, the area of international human resource management (IHRM) has becoming more and more important. Human factor is now considered as an important aspect in determining the success of international operations. Scholars, like Adler and Bartholomew (1992) agreed that in order to ensure the success implementation of global strategies, it would largely depend on getting the people with right skills, at the right time, which typically requires the movement of people across border. This study will focus on one of the …
A Study On Effectiveness Of Training And Maintenance Of Competency Towards Trade Efficiency And Quality In The Army, Abdullah Osman
A Study On Effectiveness Of Training And Maintenance Of Competency Towards Trade Efficiency And Quality In The Army, Abdullah Osman
Student Works (2000-2009)
Training is part of organization function which aim of ensuring the contribution of individual is maximized through the development of appropriate knowledge, skills and attitude. Training in Malaysia Army started since in his existence in 1933. The focus of training is to prepare the soldiers with relevant knowledge and skills to fight and win the war. The individual training in unit is a preparation for the collective training and it is a process to develop the military professional skills. Whereas, individual training in the training institution is to prepare them to acquire knowledge and skills to perform their job function …
Pengajian Sarjana Pengurusan Dan Sumbangan Terhadap Pengurusan Pasukan Dalam Angkatan Tentera Malaysia, Roslan Othman, Nordin Hussain, Zakaria Abu
Pengajian Sarjana Pengurusan Dan Sumbangan Terhadap Pengurusan Pasukan Dalam Angkatan Tentera Malaysia, Roslan Othman, Nordin Hussain, Zakaria Abu
Student Works (2000-2009)
Angkatan Tentera Malaysia sentiasa berusaha untuk meningkatkan kualiti pengurusan organasasi dengan menganjurkan pelbagai kursus don latihan kemahiran untuk pegawai don anggota. Salah satu kursus pengurusan yang dikendalikan oleh ATM adalah Kursus Sar jana Pengurusan Pemerintah Pasukan (KSPPP). Kursus ini dikendalikan oleh Cawangan Pengurusan, Institut Pengurusan Tentera Dorat di Port Dickson. Kursus Sarjana Pengurusan bermula pada sesi tahun 1996/97 dengan ker jasama Universiti Malaya. Seramai 116 pegawai kanan berpangkat Mejar don Leftenan Kolonel dari ketiga-tiga perkhidmatan telah ber jaya mengikuti program ini. Kajian selidik ini bertujuan untuk menilai keberkesanan Kursus Sarjana Pengurusan terhadap peningkatan kerjaya pegawai-pegawai graduan kursus dan peningkatan kualiti …
Leave Management System (Lms), Yim Khim Chan
Leave Management System (Lms), Yim Khim Chan
Student Works (2000-2009)
This project attempts to further enhance and develop new features and functionalities for the existing Leave Management System (LMS) in the Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology (FCSIT). The existing LMS is a web-based application designed to automate leave processing system in the faculty. Briefly, this project strives to test the efficiency of the system, to ease the process of leave application, to make the system user-friendlier, and to enhance the integrated system with the Attendance Management System (AMS). Its significance includes higher quality of the system in terms of its efficiency and effectiveness, faster processing time, and having …
Sistem Maklumat Tuntutan Elaun, Mamat Norazlena
Sistem Maklumat Tuntutan Elaun, Mamat Norazlena
Student Works (2000-2009)
Perkembangan teknologi dan industri komputer yang semakin pesat dan canggih,kini telah menjadi medan utama bagi menguruskan penggunaan maklumat dalam sesebuah organisasi. Sistem-sistem maklumat berasaskan komputer adalah penting dalam usaha pembangunan sumber manusia agar kejayaan dapat dicapai seiring denganperkembangan teknologi, selain meningkat kualiti serta produktiviti suatu yang dijalankan. Sistem maklumat tuntutan elaun adalah satu sistem yang dapat membantu melancarkan proses permohonan elaun supaya dapat diuruskan dengan lebih sistematik oleh semua pihak pengurusan di bahagian sumber manusia di sesebuah organisasi. Setiap maklumat berkenaan tuntutan yang dilakukan akan dikendalikan berdasarkan jenis elaun yang dituntut. Dengan adanya sistem ini, akan membantu kakitangan dalam mengemaskinikan …
Attendance Management System, Sze Eng Goh
Attendance Management System, Sze Eng Goh
Student Works (2000-2009)
Attendance Management System (AMS) is developed to automate entire workflow of the attendance logging system of Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology. This system is currently in used by all the staffs in faculty. The main purpose of this project is to enhance the current system and add new functionalities to the system. The lacking of the system and all the problems faced by users will be identified in the review of literature. With the findings and the gathered information, all the functions in the system will be consolidated and the feasibility of each module will be tested. Calendar …
Umpjj- Wcs (Wages Claims System) Through Web, Min Tat Ong
Umpjj- Wcs (Wages Claims System) Through Web, Min Tat Ong
Student Works (2000-2009)
The final year thesis paper has divided into 2 major parts which are the WXET 3181 Latihan Ilmiah I and WXET 3182 Latihan Ilmiah II. The division of these 2 thesis paper is based on the 7 major stages in SDLC (System Development Life Cycle) context which WXET 3181 Latiban Ilmiah I covers 3 major stages in SDLC whereas WXET 3182 Latihan Ilmiah II covers the remaining 4 major stages in SDLC. The WXET 3181 Latihan Ilmiah I is a special 4 credit hours thesis paper which does not involve any lecture or tutorial classes but to let the FSKTM …
Visualizing Staff Information System (Vsis), Mook Lan Wong
Visualizing Staff Information System (Vsis), Mook Lan Wong
Student Works (2000-2009)
The Visualizing Staff Information System also known as VSIS is a system to keep track the personal record of the staff in a company and with effective visual displays which concerned with exploring data and information to gain insight and understanding of the data. The software development tool used are Visual Basic 6.0, Seagate Crystal Report 7.0 and Microsoft SQL Server 7.0 is used as a database management system. Prototype model is conducted in the system development. Before an interview was conducted, a set of interview questions were prepared and sent to the respective company. Global Soft Manufacturing was one …
Human Resource Management System (Hrms), Mee Mee Bong
Human Resource Management System (Hrms), Mee Mee Bong
Student Works (2000-2009)
HRMS (Human Resource Management System) is an interactive, web-based application developed using ASP (Active Server Pages). lt is designed to meet the need of accessing human resource information electronically by the employees of an organization. This system can be reach through network, only by authorized users. In this system, there are six modules that manage the human resource system, which are Staff Information/Personnel Management, Leave Management, Claims & Benefit Management, Training Courses, Notice Management and Search module. HRMS provides database processing system where users do not have to be concerned with the ways in which data are physically stored Rather, …
Technology, Globalization And Liberalization : The Effectiveness Of Pos Malaysia Berhad To Meet Challenges, Nazirruddin Abd. Rahman
Technology, Globalization And Liberalization : The Effectiveness Of Pos Malaysia Berhad To Meet Challenges, Nazirruddin Abd. Rahman
Student Works (2000-2009)
Technology, globalization and liberalization are new forces that challenge Pos Malaysia Berhad (PMB) government core control business business activity activity and organizational effectiveness. being a government control business entity, the business entity and the institutional and legal set-up to a certain extends limit PMB effective response to the environmental changes. It made more difficult when the entity has to fulfill two divergence objectives; to support some overarching social ideal and to excel in business performance. The interactions of these factors have developed some observable symptoms to PMB organizational weakness. This phenomenon triggered the need to analyze PMB organizational effectiveness to …
Key Factors Predicting The Effectiveness Of Organizational Change, Shreen Ahmad
Key Factors Predicting The Effectiveness Of Organizational Change, Shreen Ahmad
Student Works (2000-2009)
Change management is the process of continually renewing an organization's direction, structure and capabilities to serve the ever-changing needs of the external and internal customers. Mastering strategies for managing change is more important today since the rate of change is greater than at any other time in history. Research shows that many change initiatives, even those undertaken by organizations with the best of intentions, are often destined for failure. It is therefore imperative for organizations to develop and implement strategies for successful organizational change. Many authors have provided guidelines on the principles and practices underlying the effective management of change. …
A Study Of Recruitment And Selection Procedures In The Private Sector, P. George Koshy
A Study Of Recruitment And Selection Procedures In The Private Sector, P. George Koshy
Student Works (2000-2009)
It is universally recognized that people make the difference to an organization. Hence the type of people recruited by organizations are extremely important. How they are managed at work is influenced by a variety of factors ranging from the size of the organization to government regulations and it's culture and philosophy. The need to have employees identify themselves with the organizational objectives and contribute positively to it's success is the crux of human resource management in general and recruitment in particular. Taking cognizance of the importance of people and their contributions, companies generally are making every effort to recruit the …
Higher Education In Malaysia : Potential Opportunities For Graduates, Hock Hing Do
Higher Education In Malaysia : Potential Opportunities For Graduates, Hock Hing Do
Student Works (2000-2009)
Education is the pivotal in the creation of knowied.ge manpower to support the new industries, economic activities, and to develop an information rich society. The government has moved to boost the development of knowledge-economy. In order to ride the crest of the LT. wave, the Ministry of Education has responded by implementing wide-ranging reforms in the education system. The rapid expansion of higher education has been fuelled by strong social demand for higher education. Malaysia higher education has been the main avenue for social mobility and social justice, and social restructuring in line with New Economic Policy. The higher education …
Factors Affecting Work Values Of The Malay Society : A Comparative Study Between Males And Females, Azrina Abdullah Al-Hadi
Factors Affecting Work Values Of The Malay Society : A Comparative Study Between Males And Females, Azrina Abdullah Al-Hadi
Student Works (2000-2009)
The results of previous investigation on work values suggest that the contradictory findings in regard to gender differences may be rooted in variations in the underlying structure of the work-values domain. In present study, work values are regarded as (1) evaluative standards relating to work or the work environment by which individuals discern what is right and (2) the importance of preferences at work. The former is operationally defined as ethical work behavior and attitudes toward religious issues at work. The other definition emphasizes the preferences of workers, between intrinsic values and extrinsic values. Here, the main objectives are to …
Wage Discrimination Against Working Women, Sarah M. Ganasegeram
Wage Discrimination Against Working Women, Sarah M. Ganasegeram
Student Works (2000-2009)
This research generally sets out to study wage discrimination against working women. Specifically, the study has three objectives. First, it examines sex-role stereotypes resulting from a colonial background, as a cause of wage discrimination. Second, the study explores gender-related job segregation existing in government policies, as a cause of wage discrimination. Lastly, it examines gender differences in human capital resulting from lack of access to education, as a cause of wage discrimination against working women. The study uses legal research methodology. The nature of this method incorporates advocacy and persuasion. Case studies based of decided equal pay claim cases are …
Locus Of Control And The Intention Of Being An Entrepreneur Among Malaysian Graduates, Yoke Kham Lam
Locus Of Control And The Intention Of Being An Entrepreneur Among Malaysian Graduates, Yoke Kham Lam
Student Works (2000-2009)
This study examines the relationship between Locus of Control and the intention of being an entrepreneur among Malaysian graduates. This study first investigate the effect of Locus of Control on the intention to become an entrepreneur among 100 of respondents, as measured by statistical testing on answered survey questionnaire. Further, this study extends the analysis by examining the relationship between ethnic group and the intention of being an entrepreneur among Malaysian graduates. The results showed no significant relationship between ethnic group and the intention of being an entrepreneur among Malaysian graduates. This study also examined the relation between gender and …
Knowledge Management System : A Case Study On Msc Companies, Noor Ismawati Jaafar
Knowledge Management System : A Case Study On Msc Companies, Noor Ismawati Jaafar
Student Works (2000-2009)
Malaysia en route to achieve Vision 2020 and become a knowledge-based economy has accepted the paradigm shift through its creation of the National Information Technology Agenda (NITA) and the Multimedia Super Corridor (MSC). These initiatives are geared towards leveraging information, communication and technology (ICT) to create a knowledge-based society and economy. Further, the emergence of Knowledge Management field, economy based on knowledge (K-Economy), Knowledge Management System, Information Technology and the various accompanying hardwares and softwares have put tremendous pressures on organisations. This ls to implement a system that systematically captures, stores and disseminates information in the form of knowledge throughout …
Tanggapan Kakitangan Perkhidmatan Awam Terhadap Prinsip-Prinsip Pengurusan Islam, Azlina Abdul Aziz
Tanggapan Kakitangan Perkhidmatan Awam Terhadap Prinsip-Prinsip Pengurusan Islam, Azlina Abdul Aziz
Student Works (2000-2009)
Sistem pengurusan Islam tertegak di atas paradigma Tauhid yang diasaskan kepada beberapa prinsip utama. la merupakan satu model yang unggul kerana mampu membawa setiap individu ke arah ketaqwaan dan keimanan kepada Allah s.w.t selaras dengan tujuan hakiki manusia itu diciptakan. Atas keyakinan ini, maka seharusnya prinsip pengurusan Islam ini diaplikasikan secara total dalam organisasi bagi memastikan penghayatan konsep khalifah dalam segala tugas dan gerakkerja yang dilakukan. Di Malaysia, kerajaan telah mengambil pelbagai langkah untuk memasukkan elemen-elemen Islam dalam pengurusan. Namun begitu, kerana terdapatnya kelemahan-kelemahan dari segi pertaksanaan dan penerimaannya, maka tidak dapat dinafikan bahawa masalah pengurusan masih terus kedengaran. Dalam …
A Study On The Impacts And Implications Of Electronic Commerce (E-Commerce) On Manpower Requirements In Cyberjaya, Malaysia, Oras Fadel Baker Al Hassani
A Study On The Impacts And Implications Of Electronic Commerce (E-Commerce) On Manpower Requirements In Cyberjaya, Malaysia, Oras Fadel Baker Al Hassani
Student Works (2000-2009)
This is a study of the impact of the information age particularly the electronic commerce on the human resource development in Malaysia. Basically, the study tries to determine the implications of adopting e-commerce on the manpower requirements. It is agreed that with the advent of Internet and its electronic services, the market has to adjust to the demands in the market place to be able to compete locally and globally. The study used of a set of questionnaire and interviews and selected literature review to gather relevant data and information on the current situation in the Malaysian workforce regarding the …
An Analysis Of Manufacturing Wages In Selected Malaysian Manufacturing Industries, Lee Peng Ho
An Analysis Of Manufacturing Wages In Selected Malaysian Manufacturing Industries, Lee Peng Ho
Student Works (2000-2009)
A lot of focus has been placed on the importance of the relationship between wages and labour productivity in view of increasing competition due to the globalization of economies. Therefore, this paper attempts to examine whether the increase in real wages is commensurate with higher increase in labour productivity. The model of this study is adapted from Carneiro's (1998) paper which is based on union-firm wage bargaining model. This paper analyses both the long-run and short-run dynamics of wage formation in Malaysian manufacturing as a whole and also 13 sub-selected sectors of manufacturing industry using the Eagle and Granger (1987) …
Factors Affecting Career Advancement Among Young School Leavers, Mei Mei Lim
Factors Affecting Career Advancement Among Young School Leavers, Mei Mei Lim
Student Works (2000-2009)
This study examines the patterns of career advancement and factors affecting an individual's career advancement. Career advancement is measured using occupational mobility and income mobility. The analyses are based on 1702 young school leavers data for whom are available from the "Transition from School to Work" study, which was carried out between 1989 and 1996. It is common to change occupation or employer or both in the early stages of the career. For every two individuals, one of them changes jobs within the seven years studied. Individuals in the professional group are the least likely to change occupation and the …
Managing The State Of Readiness Of Army Paratroopers In Malaysia, Lim Kiat Choy
Managing The State Of Readiness Of Army Paratroopers In Malaysia, Lim Kiat Choy
Student Works (2000-2009)
The parachute force of the Malaysian Army was formed less than a decade ago to provide the Armed Forces with the elements of "reach" and "responsiveness". "Reach" because they can be deployed swiftly by air and engaging in tactical air landed operations (TALO). "Responsiveness" because they are always held at a high state of readiness. Hence, expectations on the paratroopers are high and the Army depends on such forces to ensure that its overall mission is accomplished. This study attempts to measure the attitudinal profile of the currentparatroopers in the Malaysian Army and to compare their combat behaviourwith those from …
Human Resource Management System, Peeie Mohd Hailmeezan
Human Resource Management System, Peeie Mohd Hailmeezan
Student Works (2000-2009)
For a developing country like Malaysia, business has been an important aspect to generate the country's economy. As we are moving fast to the electronic and computerized end, electronic commerce has become one of the impacts from the rapidly changing and developing technology. Therefore, in order to keep with the rapidly changing business trends, Human Resources Management System is developed to all employees who prefer auctions online through this system. The Human Resources Management System takes this opportunity to develop a web-based system which provide different approach for data management and provide complete support for all human resources needs with …
The Role Of The State In Economic Development : A Case Study Of Johor, Malaysia, Wei Lin Tan
The Role Of The State In Economic Development : A Case Study Of Johor, Malaysia, Wei Lin Tan
Student Works (2000-2009)
Johor is one of the fastest growing stales in Malaysia. Its strong economic growth is very much to the credit of the state; in one form or another, the government intervened, systematically and through multiple channel to foster development. In relation to this, the study found that the state has not only created a business-friendly environment where the legal and regulatory structure was generally hospitable to private investment. the state has also established clear performance criteria for selective interventions and to monitor performance. In other words, intervention has taken place in disciplined and performance- based criteria. The State has been …
Pengurusan Kualiti Menyeluruh (Tqm) : Sokongan Pengurusan Atasan Berdasarkan Persepsi Kakitangan Di Dewan Bandaraya Kuala Lumpur, Ahmad Shukri Hj. Abdul Aziz
Pengurusan Kualiti Menyeluruh (Tqm) : Sokongan Pengurusan Atasan Berdasarkan Persepsi Kakitangan Di Dewan Bandaraya Kuala Lumpur, Ahmad Shukri Hj. Abdul Aziz
Student Works (2000-2009)
Kajian ini adalah berkenaan dengan Pengurusan Kualiti Menyeluruh (TQM) Konsep dan sistem ini telah diperkenalkan kepada Perkhidmatan Awam Malaysia pada pertengahan tahun 1992. Maka, kini sudah hampir lapan tahun ianya diperkenalkan kepada sektor awam. Kajian ini telah menumpukan kepada elemen Sokongan Pengurusan Atasan iaitu salah satu elemen yang terkandung di dalam TQM. Kajian ini telah dijalankan di Dewan Bandaraya Kuala Lumpur (DBKL). Kajian yang dijalankan adalah untuk melihat tahap Sokongan Pengurusan Atasan dalam amalan Pengurusan Kualiti Menyeluruh. Oleh itu, kajian ini memberi fokus terhadap elemen-elemen yang terdapat di dalam Sokongan Pengurusan Atasan itu sendiri berdasarkan kepada hasil rumusan kajian PKPA …
Forecasting Tea Production In Malaysia, Tamil Selvan. Krishnan
Forecasting Tea Production In Malaysia, Tamil Selvan. Krishnan
Student Works (2000-2009)
Forecasting is an inevitable part of production planning. Forecasting of future production is an essential Input to decision making as knowledge of this has always promised advantages and opportunities of many kinds. The forecaster's goal is to find a useful way to express a time-structured relationship so that predictions of future production can be incorporated into the decision making process. Fluctuations and variations in the production of tea in Malaysia is affected by uncontrollable and controllable factors. These factors cause fluctuations, trend, seasonality, cycles and irregular patterns in the yield series. These fluctuations create uncertainty and this makes decision making …
Children Influence In Family Decision-Making, Siew Ling Lim
Children Influence In Family Decision-Making, Siew Ling Lim
Student Works (2000-2009)
This study has attempted to examine the distinct factors that may he said to characterize the children purchase decision-making style. Concentration is centered on an analysis of the influence of the children for various selected products in an attempt to determine whether there exists a particular pattern according to the different family background Children's income and saving patterns were also observed to investigate the relationship between financial resources and their influence pattern. The analysis had been carried out on the basis of a survey of 446 families in Peninsular Malaysia Respondents included "marketing housewives" and children who were asked to …
Participation Of Female Hawkers In Economic And Family Activities, Yoke Yien Leong
Participation Of Female Hawkers In Economic And Family Activities, Yoke Yien Leong
Student Works (2000-2009)
This study focuses on time use study to analyse participation of women in the hawking communities in various types of activities. Time use study is able to account for the time female hawkers spent on their daily activities. lt has the added advantage of not requiring the women to interpret what constitutes economic and family activities. Generally, female hawkers are not highly educated. They are mostly involved with selling non-food items. It is found that female hawkers spend long hours on economic activities and family activities. Many of the female hawkers work seven days a week. Participation in interactive activities …
Stress Dan Mekanisme Daya Tindak Di Kalangan Operator Pengeluaran : Satu Kajian Di Omron Malaysia Sdn. Bhd., Norashikin Ismail
Stress Dan Mekanisme Daya Tindak Di Kalangan Operator Pengeluaran : Satu Kajian Di Omron Malaysia Sdn. Bhd., Norashikin Ismail
Student Works (2000-2009)
Di dalam mana-mana organisasi, baik organisasi awam atau swasta, penyelidikan lepas telah menemui bahawa golongan pekerja yang kerap mengalami stress dan sering terdedah kepada punca-punca stress ialah golongan pekerja yang bekerja di peringkat bawahan seperti operator pengeluaran di kilang-kilang. Mereka yang berada di posisi ini adalah golongan pekerja yang sentiasa terikat dengan kerja yang memerlukan komitmen dan tumpuan yang menyeluruh. Kesilapan dan kegagalan melakukan kerja dengan baik yang dilakukan oleh operator pengeluaran menyebabkan mereka terpaksa melakukan kerja-kerja tersebut berulang-ulang kali. Oleh yang demikian, mekanisme daya tindak merupakan usaha yang boleh dilakukan oleh individu untuk mengurus atau mengendalikan tuntutan clan masalah …