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Full-Text Articles in Theatre and Performance Studies

Ecologies Of The Passions In Early Modern English Tragedies, Roya Biggie Feb 2017

Ecologies Of The Passions In Early Modern English Tragedies, Roya Biggie

Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects

Ecologies of the Passions recovers a neglected model for understanding early modern relationality, one that turns the seemingly inward experience of emotion outward toward the environment. Drawing on early modern medical texts, I argue that the period’s dramatists imagine bodies as humorally vulnerable to other bodies, both human and nonhuman, within dynamically affective environments. As such, my project illustrates the intimate configurations of human and nonhuman life in early modern tragedies. Building upon recent work in the emerging fields of ecocriticism and affect theory, I argue that the period’s dramatic literature exposes the porous fluidity of the Galenic body—its embeddedness …


Post 9/11 American Dramas: A Postmodern Postcolonial Study Of Wajahat Ali’S The Domestic Crusaders And John Shanley’S Dirty Story, Shaimaa M. Saeed Jan 2017

Post 9/11 American Dramas: A Postmodern Postcolonial Study Of Wajahat Ali’S The Domestic Crusaders And John Shanley’S Dirty Story, Shaimaa M. Saeed

English Language and Literature

The focal point of this study is the date 9/11 which history immortalized as it witnessed the sudden attacks on one of the world’s super powers, the United States of America. The repercussions of this date boomed in the world’s four corners leaving behind feelings of insecurity and fears from the unknown. Whereas 9/11 had many influences on the international and domestic economic, political and social arenas, such influences were reflected in the literary arena as well. Many American playwrights were influenced by the attacks to the extent that such attacks have become the raw material formulating the dramatic substance …


Dramatic Form: In Theory And In Practice, Alexander Borrello Jan 2017

Dramatic Form: In Theory And In Practice, Alexander Borrello

Undergraduate Honors Thesis Collection

One of the most essential aspects of any dramatic work is dramatic form - the categorization of whether a given play is a tragedy, comedy, melodrama, or something else. Most dramatists argue that dramatic form is inherent to the play and cannot be changed. Typically, dramatic form is determined by the playwright's choice in writing the play, and many dramatic theorists believe this determination to be unquestionable. One such theorist, Giovanni Battista Guarini, wrote,

" ... And there is no doubt that anyone who imagines that he can make one of these genres slip in its entirety intothe confines of …


Head In The Game: A One-Act Play, Carolyn Gage Jan 2017

Head In The Game: A One-Act Play, Carolyn Gage

Dignity: A Journal of Analysis of Exploitation and Violence

Head in the Game is a fifteen-minute, five-character, easy-to-stage-anywhere play that brings audiences into the world of male "pay-to-play" abuse of women, through a fantasy scenario of "boxing girls," women whom men pay to batter. The world of the boxing girls is an apt analogy for prostitution. The play uncompromisingly brings home the point that paying to use someone for sexual gratification is no more "sex" than paying to punch someone is boxing.


การศึกษาวิธีการแสดงในละครเวทีประสาทสัมผัสสำหรับผู้ชมวัยเด็กที่มีภาวะออทิซึม, ชนัตถ์ พงษ์พานิช Jan 2017

การศึกษาวิธีการแสดงในละครเวทีประสาทสัมผัสสำหรับผู้ชมวัยเด็กที่มีภาวะออทิซึม, ชนัตถ์ พงษ์พานิช

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

งานวิจัยชิ้นนี้มีวัตถุประสงค์เพื่อวิเคราะห์และสังเคราะห์วิธีการแสดงของนักแสดงในละครเวทีประสาทสัมผัสที่เหมาะสมและสามารถเพิ่มปฏิสัมพันธ์เชิงบวกระหว่างผู้ชมวัยเด็กที่มีภาวะออทิซึมกับนักแสดงได้ เนื่องจากละครลักษณะนี้ยังไม่เคยมีผู้ใดพัฒนามาก่อนในประเทศไทย ผู้วิจัยจึงต้องออกแบบและคิดค้นกระบวนการนำเสนอละครเวทีประสาทสัมผัสก่อน จากนั้นจึงคิดค้น พัฒนาวิธีการแสดงในละครเวทีประสาทสัมผัสขึ้นโดยประยุกต์จากเทคนิคการแสดงแบบด้นสดและแนวทางการบำบัดรักษาแบบซันไรส์ ต่อจากนั้นได้นำวิธีการแสดงที่ได้ออกแบบขึ้นมาใช้ทดลองทำงานกับนักแสดง-กระบวนกร 4 คน จัดแสดงจริงกับผู้ชมกลุ่มตัวอย่างที่มีภาวะออทิซึมจำนวน 10 คน ช่วงอายุ 4 – 18 ปี ละครเวทีประสาทสัมผัสในงานวิจัยชิ้นนี้ชื่อว่า "สวนมีสุข" เป็นละครที่ออกแบบให้ผู้ชมที่มีภาวะออทิซึมมีส่วนร่วมในการทำกิจกรรมที่สัมพันธ์กับเรื่องราวและตัวละครในจินตนาการ บทที่ใช้ในการแสดงดัดแปลงมาจากนิทานภาพเรื่องกบแฮรี่ผู้หิวโหย ประกอบกับการเลือกใช้กิจกรรมละครสร้างสรรค์สำหรับเด็ก ผู้วิจัยได้ปรับเปลี่ยนพื้นที่การแสดงให้เป็นสวนเล็กๆที่มีอยู่ในนิทานภาพ ผู้วิจัยได้สร้างเงื่อนไขและจัดลำดับกิจกรรมให้ผู้ชมกลุ่มตัวอย่างได้ปฏิบัติ เล่นเป็นตัวละคร ร้องเพลง และสำรวจประสาทสัมผัสของตนเองผ่านกิจกรรมต่างๆในโรงละครตามความสนใจ กลุ่มตัวอย่างจะได้ชมละครเวที ความยาว 50 – 60 นาที สัปดาห์ละ 1 ครั้ง ต่อเนื่อง 4 – 6 สัปดาห์ ในแต่ละสัปดาห์จะพัฒนาเรื่องราวอย่างค่อยเป็นค่อยไป ในการทดลองจัดแสดงแต่ละสัปดาห์ ผู้วิจัยได้นำปัญหาที่พบและการประเมินจากผู้เชี่ยวชาญมาปรับวิธีการแสดงที่ได้สังเคราะห์ขึ้นให้มีความเหมาะสมยิ่งขึ้น ข้อมูลที่ใช้ในการวิเคราะห์ผลได้แก่ 1) บันทึกการทำงานของผู้วิจัย 2) บันทึกปฏิสัมพันธ์เชิงบวกของผู้ชมขณะชมการแสดง 3) บทสัมภาษณ์เชิงลึกผู้ปกครองของกลุ่มตัวอย่าง 4) บทสัมภาษณ์เชิงลึกผู้เชี่ยวชาญด้านละครบำบัดที่ได้ชมวีดีโอบันทึกภาพการแสดง เมื่อได้พัฒนาและปรับปรุงวิธีการแสดงในแต่ละสัปดาห์แล้ว ผู้วิจัยได้เรียนรู้ว่าการเป็นนักแสดงในละครสำหรับผู้ชมที่มีภาวะออทิซึมนั้น นักแสดงจะต้องเข้าใจวิธีการสื่อสารกับผู้ที่มีภาวะออทิซึม เข้าใจลำดับกิจกรรมต่างๆ และเข้าใจบริบทของผู้ชมเป็นอย่างดี นักแสดงจะต้องมีพลังหรือคลื่นความคิด ความรู้สึกภายในที่เข้มข้นแต่แสดงออกอย่างสงบเพื่อลดการกระตุ้นเร้าผู้ชมและช่วยให้ผู้ชมสามารถจดจ่อกับการแสดงได้ นักแสดงต้องอยู่กับปัจจุบันในขณะแสดงและมีสมาธิในการสื่อสารกับผู้ชมในรายบุคคล นักแสดงจะต้องมองเห็น ได้ยิน และรับรู้ผู้ชมอย่างชัดเจนเพื่อจะสามารถสังเกตการสื่อสารทางกายของผู้ชมและสื่อสารตอบกลับได้อย่างเหมาะสม วิธีการแสดงที่ได้พัฒนาขึ้นทำให้เกิดตัวละครที่ให้อิสระและเป็นมิตรกับผู้ชม สร้างความไว้วางใจและสร้างพื้นที่ปลอดภัยให้กับผู้ชม ตัวละครจะเป็นแกนนำที่พาผู้ชมไปสู่โลกของจินตนาการอย่างค่อยเป็นค่อยไป ผลการสังเกตปฏิสัมพันธ์ในโรงละครพบว่า ผู้ชมกลุ่มตัวอย่างมีปฏิสัมพันธ์และพัฒนาการทางสังคมที่ดีขึ้นในหลายกรณี จากการสัมภาษณ์ผู้ปกครองพบว่ามีหลายกรณีที่ผู้ชมแสดงสัญญาณของความสุขและความต้องการชมละคร


A Dull Soldier And A Keen Guest: Stumbling Through The Falstaffiad One Drink At A Time, Emma Givens Jan 2017

A Dull Soldier And A Keen Guest: Stumbling Through The Falstaffiad One Drink At A Time, Emma Givens

Theses and Dissertations

Theatre history has long interwoven with the production, consumption, and peddling of alcohol. While the seedier aspects of our past generally go unremembered, we can find traces of them in the culture of the times. If we read Shakespeare through the lens of drinking culture, what can we discover about the play and what can that tell us about how to produce his works today? By looking at the rules and customs surrounding alehouses during the English Renaissance I have analyzed the three plays contained within the Falstaffiad (1 Henry IV, 2 Henry IV, and Merry Wives …


Behold, Steve Bannon’S Hip-Hop Shakespeare Rewrite: 'Coriolanus', Daniel Pollack-Pelzner Dec 2016

Behold, Steve Bannon’S Hip-Hop Shakespeare Rewrite: 'Coriolanus', Daniel Pollack-Pelzner

Faculty Publications

In this opinion piece originally published in the New York Times, Daniel Pollack-Pelzner examines The Thing I Am (a contemporary rewrite of Coriolanus, as envisioned by Steve Bannon and Julia Jones) in the context of Shakespeare's original play. Pollack-Pelzner argues that Bannon's political playbook is evident in the script for The Thing I Am — namely, a violent macho conflict to purge corrupt leaders and pave the way for a new strongman to emerge.


The Awkward Year(S), Kate Seaholm Dec 2016

The Awkward Year(S), Kate Seaholm

Senior Theses

This creative writing thesis contains short stories, memoir writing, and a screenplay by Kate Seaholm.

  • Preface
  • Girl vs. Garbage
  • The Blood Test
  • Barcelona
  • "Wanna see my sailboat?"
  • The Question
  • Before I Begin
  • The Last Straw
  • Dear Diary
  • Let It Happen
  • Lost in London
  • Gullible
  • Red-handed
  • Afterword


The Three Year Clock, Sam Roeck Dec 2016

The Three Year Clock, Sam Roeck

Theses and Dissertations

Roeck: I mean, it’s “a” future. It’s like half what I want to be and half completely not what I want. I didn’t want to create a future that I was entirely excited about because I’m not actually that excited about the future. It looks pretty fucking grim.


Review Of The Bluestocking Archive, Emory Women Writers Resource Project, And Women’S Travel Writing, 1780-1840: A Bio-Bibliographical Database, Megan Peiser Dec 2016

Review Of The Bluestocking Archive, Emory Women Writers Resource Project, And Women’S Travel Writing, 1780-1840: A Bio-Bibliographical Database, Megan Peiser

ABO: Interactive Journal for Women in the Arts, 1640–1830

Review of The Bluestocking Archive, Emory Women Writers Resource Project, and Women's Travel Writing 1780-1840.


Review Of Sigrund Haude And Melinda S. Zook, Eds, Challenging Orthodoxies: The Social And Cultural Worlds Of Early Modern Women: Essays Presented To Hilda L. Smith, Emma Major Dec 2016

Review Of Sigrund Haude And Melinda S. Zook, Eds, Challenging Orthodoxies: The Social And Cultural Worlds Of Early Modern Women: Essays Presented To Hilda L. Smith, Emma Major

ABO: Interactive Journal for Women in the Arts, 1640–1830

This article reviews Sigrun Haude and Melinda S. Zook, eds, Challenging Orthodoxies: The Social and Cultural Worlds of Early Modern Women: Essays Presented to Hilda L. Smith.


Review Of Joellen Delucia, A Feminine Enlightenment: British Women Writers And The Philosophy Of Progress, Nicole Pohl Dec 2016

Review Of Joellen Delucia, A Feminine Enlightenment: British Women Writers And The Philosophy Of Progress, Nicole Pohl

ABO: Interactive Journal for Women in the Arts, 1640–1830

Review of JoEllen DeLucia's A Feminine Enlightenment: British Women Writers and the Philosophy of Progress, 1759-1820.


Review Of Rivka Swenson, Essential Scots And The Idea Of Unionism In Anglo-Scottish Literature, 1603-1832, Rhona Brown Dec 2016

Review Of Rivka Swenson, Essential Scots And The Idea Of Unionism In Anglo-Scottish Literature, 1603-1832, Rhona Brown

ABO: Interactive Journal for Women in the Arts, 1640–1830

Review: Rivka Swenson, Essential Scots and the Idea of Unionism in Anglo-Scottish Literature, 1603-1832


Females And Footnotes: Excavating The Genre Of Eighteenth-Century Women’S Scholarly Verse, Ruth Knezevich Dec 2016

Females And Footnotes: Excavating The Genre Of Eighteenth-Century Women’S Scholarly Verse, Ruth Knezevich

ABO: Interactive Journal for Women in the Arts, 1640–1830

Throughout the eighteenth century, the genre of women’s poetry heavily annotated with editorializing commentary (a genre I term “scholarly verse”) became increasingly prevalent. Such poetry presents an ironic reversal of conventions of gender and authority by incorporating the literal margins of the page: the female voice commands the majority of the page, while the masculine voice of empiricism, authority, and scholarly reason is pushed to the margins. This essay offers a distant reading of the range of annotations women poets provided, in order to begin new conversations about the ways women’s poetry served as a site of and structure for …


Rivalry In Toyer: The Impact Of The Male Gaze And The Final Girl On Theatrical Conflict, Sento Ashby Dec 2016

Rivalry In Toyer: The Impact Of The Male Gaze And The Final Girl On Theatrical Conflict, Sento Ashby

Liberal Arts Capstones

Although much progress has been made in recent years, traditional gender roles still permeate society. This project investigated gender constructs in relation to choreographed violence and found that females are often victims unless they adopt masculine survival styles, while males are usually aggressors – particularly towards females. Analysis of the characters in the play Toyer by Gardner McKay supported this conclusion.


Introduction To New Work On Immigration And Identity In Contemporary France, Québec, And Ireland, Dervila Cooke Dec 2016

Introduction To New Work On Immigration And Identity In Contemporary France, Québec, And Ireland, Dervila Cooke

CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture

No abstract provided for the introduction.


Thematic Bibliography To New Work On Immigration And Identity In Contemporary France, Québec, And Ireland, Dervila Cooke Dec 2016

Thematic Bibliography To New Work On Immigration And Identity In Contemporary France, Québec, And Ireland, Dervila Cooke

CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture

No abstract provided.


Literary And Theatrical Circulations In The Democratic Republic Of Congo, Rwanda And Burundi, From The Belgian Colonial Empire To The Africa Of The Great Lakes., Maëline Le Lay Nov 2016

Literary And Theatrical Circulations In The Democratic Republic Of Congo, Rwanda And Burundi, From The Belgian Colonial Empire To The Africa Of The Great Lakes., Maëline Le Lay

Artl@s Bulletin

This article on literary and theatrical circulations in Africa’s Great Lakes region begins by retracing the history of these practices, taking several examples from the colonial period. It then analyzes contemporary modalities of the circulation of texts (via procedures such as reprising narrative patterns and adaptation), and cultural actors, in the different transnational arts networks that are more or less closely tied to the humanitarian sector, or to international cooperation. Finally, it proposes a critical questioning of the concept of artistic circulation.


Harry Potter And Hamilton From The Stage To The Page, Daniel Pollack-Pelzner Oct 2016

Harry Potter And Hamilton From The Stage To The Page, Daniel Pollack-Pelzner

Faculty Publications

In this article originally published in Public Books, Daniel Pollack-Pelzner offers commentary on the two best-selling plays on record, Harry Potter and the Cursed Child and Hamilton. Specifically, Pollack-Pelzner examines how the Anglo-American world’s favorite orphans play at home, adopted, as it were, from the stage to the page.


Art And Rebellion In Medea And Pleasantville, Annika Phillips Oct 2016

Art And Rebellion In Medea And Pleasantville, Annika Phillips

CIE Essay Writing Contest

No abstract provided.


2016 Cave Run Storytelling Festival Poster, Cave Run Storytelling Festival Committee (Morehead, Ky.), Morehead Tourism Commission (Morehead, Ky.) Sep 2016

2016 Cave Run Storytelling Festival Poster, Cave Run Storytelling Festival Committee (Morehead, Ky.), Morehead Tourism Commission (Morehead, Ky.)

Cave Run Storytelling Festival Posters

Promotional development poster for the Cave Run Storytelling Festival held on September 23 to September 24, 2016. Those performing included: Diane & Erik Pearson, Kevin Kling, Kim Weitkamp, Geraldine Buckley, Josh Goforth, Baba Jamal Koran, and Bil Lepp.


Pengembangan Materi Ajar Mata Kuliah Apresiasi Drama Melalui Penggalian Nilai-Nilai Pendidikan Karakter Naskah Drama Panembahan Reso Karya W.S. Rendra, Edy Suryanto Aug 2016

Pengembangan Materi Ajar Mata Kuliah Apresiasi Drama Melalui Penggalian Nilai-Nilai Pendidikan Karakter Naskah Drama Panembahan Reso Karya W.S. Rendra, Edy Suryanto

Bahasa dan Seni: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, Seni, dan Pengajarannya

The purpose of this study is to describe the values of character education to develop teaching and learning materials for Drama course. It is a qualitative descriptive study by using Research and Development design. The data were obtained from the play entitled Panembahan Reso¸ written by W.S. Rendra by looking at the settings, the characters, the plots and some relevant documents. The technique used to collect the data was by document analysis technique. The results of the data analysis using interactive data analysis indicate that the values of character education are reflected throught the characters and their characterization; the values …


Think, Pig! Beckett At The Limit Of The Human [Table Of Contents], Jean-Michel Rabate Jul 2016

Think, Pig! Beckett At The Limit Of The Human [Table Of Contents], Jean-Michel Rabate

Literature

“Very few critics have all the qualities and competencies required to engage fully with the entirety of Beckett’s work in all genres: a detailed familiarity with Beckett’s texts in both English and French; a sensitivity to his linguistic, stylistic, and thematic maneuvers; an encyclopedic knowledge of his intellectual context; an awareness of the range and detail of Beckett studies; and an ability to write with refinement and wit. It is clear from this remarkable book that Jean-Michel Rabaté is one of those few.” —Derek Attridge, University of York


Mary Of Nemmegen: The Ca. 1518 Translation And The Middle Dutch Analogue, Mariken Van Nieumeghen, Clifford Davidson, Ton J. Broos, Martin Walsh Jul 2016

Mary Of Nemmegen: The Ca. 1518 Translation And The Middle Dutch Analogue, Mariken Van Nieumeghen, Clifford Davidson, Ton J. Broos, Martin Walsh

Early Drama, Art, and Music

Mary of Nemmegen, a prose condensation in English of the Middle Dutch play Mariken van Nieumeghen, is an important example of the literature that was imported from Holland in the early part of the sixteenth century - literature that helped to establish an English taste for narrative prose fiction. It also may be compared to Everyman, described as a treatise "in the manner of a moral play." Mary of Nemmegen is an analogue of the Faustus story, in which a person makes an agreement with the devil; hence the work deserves to be made available as background …


Tapez Le Tam-Tam And The People Will Come: A Study Of Theater For Social Justice In Kaolack, Senegal, Emily Schwerdtfeger Jul 2016

Tapez Le Tam-Tam And The People Will Come: A Study Of Theater For Social Justice In Kaolack, Senegal, Emily Schwerdtfeger

Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection

This purpose of this study is to examine the effectiveness of theater to create social change and raise awareness of social issues as used by the troupe Bamtaare in Kaolack, Senegal. Further study was done to determine why theater was successful and whether this type of theater can be implemented in the United States. I spent four weeks in Kaolack working with the troupe to understand their methods. While in Kaolack, I observed rehearsals and performances, conducted interview with actors and audience members, and reviewed relevant literature. My research showed that Bamtaare’s performances in urban neighborhoods and rural villages did …


Something Is Rotten In The Unreal City: Hamlet In The Waste Land, Aimee Valentine Jun 2016

Something Is Rotten In The Unreal City: Hamlet In The Waste Land, Aimee Valentine

The Hilltop Review

T.S. Eliot’s poem of 1922, “The Waste Land,” lays philosophical and stylistic ground for the Modern literary movement in which human experience takes the performative shape of inner dialog (or soliloquy) for the benefit of the reader/audience. This essay will argue that Eliot’s poem is an existentialist work that is not merely informed by Shakespeare’s Hamlet (the earliest example of British existentialism), but is directly modeled after it, in Eliot’s attempt to rectify the play’s perceived failings. Existentialism as a key to unlocking the mood of Modern literature is overlooked by those critics who relegate existentialist literature to the …


Stealing Revelation: A Screenplay Of The Thief Accompanied By A Religious Analysis, Jean E. Sleight Jun 2016

Stealing Revelation: A Screenplay Of The Thief Accompanied By A Religious Analysis, Jean E. Sleight

Honors Projects

Megan Whalen Turner’s The Thief follows the story of a thief who seeks to steal an item for fame and glory and to save his country. Though he initially does not believe in the gods, he finds that they exist and are more involved in his life than he would want them to be. The screenplay is a loyal adaptation of the book. The analysis follows the thief’s journey from skepticism to faith and draws a comparison between the gods in the novel and the Christian God.


Theatres Of Reality, Fiction, And Temporality: Vegard Vinge And Ida Müller’S Ibsen-Saga (2006 - 2015), Andrew L. Friedman Jun 2016

Theatres Of Reality, Fiction, And Temporality: Vegard Vinge And Ida Müller’S Ibsen-Saga (2006 - 2015), Andrew L. Friedman

Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects

This dissertation examines the influence of modernist aesthetics and ideologies on contemporary, European and U.S. experimental theatre. I argue that modernist and contemporary experimental theatres offer competing notions of reality, fiction, and temporality, which I interrogate through Vegard Vinge and Ida Müller’s Ibsen-Saga. I illuminate this tension by reading current modes of performance against the Saga’s productions and work practices, as well as their aesthetic and ideological foundation in three modernist sources: the artificiality of Ibsen’s realism, the utopianism and totality of Richard Wagner’s Gesamtkunstwerk, and the temporal provocations of the historical avant-gardes. I contend that the …


Dancing Philosophy: What Happens To Philosophy When Considered From The Point Of View Of A Dancer, Aili W. Bresnahan Jun 2016

Dancing Philosophy: What Happens To Philosophy When Considered From The Point Of View Of A Dancer, Aili W. Bresnahan

Philosophy Faculty Publications

Western philosophical aesthetics tends to answer the question, “What is art?” by starting with the perspective of the art appreciator. What does the spectator perceive in the artistic entity at issue? For example, are these properties formal and tangible, an arrangement of lines and colors as provided by Clive Bell’s theory of significant form? Are they contextual—are they, for example, the expression of the experience of a particular culture? Or are these properties relational in the sense of being a comment on or response to another art-historical movement, such as Cubism?

Starting from this perspective, the methodology tends to begin …


Behind The Stakes, Between The Lines, Beyond The Pun: A Critical Deconstruction Of Humor In William Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream, And Other Popular Comedies, Jaime Libby May 2016

Behind The Stakes, Between The Lines, Beyond The Pun: A Critical Deconstruction Of Humor In William Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream, And Other Popular Comedies, Jaime Libby

Dissertations, Masters Theses, Capstones, and Culminating Projects

Humor is a powerful rhetorical device employed at all levels of human discourse—from casual banter to political debate. Still, despite humor’s global prevalence, its historical transgressiveness, and its distinct potential both to neutralize and critically engage highly fraught issues, humans do not often pause to ask how humor works. And what does its working tell us about our humanness? This thesis explores the operation of humor in literature and performance, using tools provided by structuralist, deconstructive, and postmodern critical arenas, to reveal how humor’s fundamental structures invite humans to entertain new perspectives and practice empathy. The study considers irony, the …