Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Institution
-
- DePaul University (2480)
- Wofford College (1331)
- Concordia Seminary - Saint Louis (917)
- Oral Roberts University (684)
- Abilene Christian University (435)
-
- Andrews University (433)
- George Fox University (377)
- Calvin University (258)
- Ursinus College (206)
- Asbury Theological Seminary (175)
- Liberty University (168)
- College of Saint Benedict and Saint John's University (108)
- Brigham Young University (88)
- College of the Holy Cross (73)
- Wilfrid Laurier University (56)
- Gettysburg College (42)
- University of Richmond (41)
- Butler University (39)
- Indiana State University (33)
- Whitworth Digital Commons (30)
- Chapman University (29)
- Luther Seminary (29)
- Taylor University (27)
- Western Michigan University (23)
- Loyola Marymount University and Loyola Law School (20)
- University of Dayton (19)
- Seton Hall University (17)
- Yale University (17)
- Stonehill College (15)
- The University of Akron (15)
- Keyword
-
- Oklahoma (290)
- Pennsylvania (202)
- Reformed Church (201)
- Collegeville (200)
- News (200)
-
- Ursinus College (200)
- Bulletin (199)
- Literary societies (194)
- Pentecostal Holiness Church (187)
- Dan T. Muse (185)
- Dan W. Evans (184)
- J. A. Campbell (184)
- R. B. Beall (184)
- Lutheran (157)
- Christianity (156)
- Luther (142)
- Theology (138)
- Pentecostal (128)
- Christian (120)
- History (109)
- COGAF (106)
- Church of God of the Apostolic Faith (105)
- O. H. Bond (105)
- Ramona (105)
- Tahlequah (105)
- Reformation (103)
- YMCA (101)
- Church (97)
- Pentecostalism (89)
- Church of Christ (81)
- Publication Year
- Publication
-
- Vincentiana (2479)
- Methodist Local Church Records (934)
- Concordia Theological Monthly (370)
- Quaker Studies (269)
- Bachelor of Divinity (244)
-
- Faculty Publications (219)
- Spiritus: ORU Journal of Theology (215)
- Ursinus College Bulletin, 1885-1902 (199)
- Pentecostal Holiness Faith (Oklahoma City) (187)
- Andrews University Seminary Studies (AUSS) (186)
- South Carolina Conference 1785 Journal (157)
- Stone-Campbell Books (123)
- Calvin Theological Journal (115)
- Apostolic Faith Messenger (Tahlequah, OK) (106)
- Restoration Quarterly (99)
- South Carolina Conference 1866 Journal (93)
- ATS Dissertations (77)
- Lehre und Wehre (75)
- Master of Sacred Theology Thesis (75)
- Journal of Global Catholicism (69)
- Lectureship and Summit Programs (61)
- Doctoral Dissertations and Projects (55)
- Religion and Culture (1919-1925) (51)
- South Carolina Conference Journal (50)
- The Witness (1921-1925) (41)
- Methodist Historical Society Addresses (39)
- Electronic Theses and Dissertations (38)
- The Journal of Social Encounters (38)
- Theses and Dissertations (38)
- Consensus (37)
- Publication Type
- File Type
Articles 61 - 90 of 8637
Full-Text Articles in Religion
Review Of Francis Of Assisi, Movement Maker: The Unconventional Leadership Of A Simple Saint, Andrew Gertner Belfield
Review Of Francis Of Assisi, Movement Maker: The Unconventional Leadership Of A Simple Saint, Andrew Gertner Belfield
The Journal of Social Encounters
No abstract provided.
Did Paul Preach “Another Jesus?” Gospels, Spirits, And The Christ Myth In 2 Corinthians 11.4, Nathaniel P. Desrosiers
Did Paul Preach “Another Jesus?” Gospels, Spirits, And The Christ Myth In 2 Corinthians 11.4, Nathaniel P. Desrosiers
Journal of Religious Competition in Antiquity
No abstract provided.
Putting The Domus In The Domus Ecclesiae, Mary Joan Winn Leith, Allyson Everingham Sheckler
Putting The Domus In The Domus Ecclesiae, Mary Joan Winn Leith, Allyson Everingham Sheckler
Journal of Religious Competition in Antiquity
No abstract provided.
Judaism And Catholicism: Possibilities Of An Inter-Spiritual Dialogue, David Neuhaus
Judaism And Catholicism: Possibilities Of An Inter-Spiritual Dialogue, David Neuhaus
Journal of Global Catholicism
This article examines the possibilities of an inter-spiritual dialogue between Catholics and Jews. Describing the transformation of the Catholic attitude to Jews andJudaism in the wake of the Second Vatican Council, moving from a teaching of contempt to one of respect, it analyses the far-reaching reformulations of Catholic theology that promote an interreligious dialogue. After centuries of traumatic history, Jewish reactions have been hesitant. However, the past decades have led to a burgeoning relationship that can indeed flower into a mutual inter-spiritual dialogue that deepens the faith of both Catholics and Jews.
Jainism And Catholicism – Dialoguing Spiritually, Bryan Lobo
Jainism And Catholicism – Dialoguing Spiritually, Bryan Lobo
Journal of Global Catholicism
The inter-spiritual dialogue between Jainism and Catholicism lends itself towards discovering similarities and dissimilarities between the two spiritualities. Recognizing this discovery, this paper, without claiming to be exhaustive as regards the spiritual themes, discusses the chosen themes to facilitate greater reflection and potential to re-discover elements that can help the growth of understanding and practicing the preferred spirituality.
Islam And Catholicism: Theology And Practice Of Inter-Spiritual Dialogue, Felix Koerner
Islam And Catholicism: Theology And Practice Of Inter-Spiritual Dialogue, Felix Koerner
Journal of Global Catholicism
This article explores foundations, preconditions, aims, persons, groups, practices, methods, texts, and criteria of Muslim–Christian inter-spiritual dialogue. In-ter-spiritual dialogue thrives within the network of other dialogical forms: dialogue of life and collaboration, of theological and practical understanding. This article argues that the spiritual dimension of dialogical encounter may itself constitute a critical site of moral reflection, enabling participants to perceive injustice more clearly and to respond to it more responsibly. Nevertheless, the integrity of in-ter-spiritual dialogue depends upon the cultivation of trust, candor, and a shared orientation toward mutual enrichment and spiritual purification. Where dialogue is subordinated to extrinsic strategic …
The Dialogue Of Spiritual Experience In Buddhist-Christian Encounter, S Mark Heim
The Dialogue Of Spiritual Experience In Buddhist-Christian Encounter, S Mark Heim
Journal of Global Catholicism
Can one learn more about one’s own religion through the practices of another? My positive answer to this question is illustrated in this paper by reflection on aspects of the Buddhist practice of emptiness, in specific connection with Christian under-standing of our lives as creatures. The Buddhist meditative practices I have in mind have several things in common. They are introspective (activated in one person’s inner consciousness) and premised on the Buddhist understanding of emptiness (specifically “no self ” teachings). Buddhist introspective practice takes at least three broad forms. One of these is a meditative analytical awareness of the contents …
Hindu Poetry And The Project Of An Inter-Spiritual Catholic Theology, Francis X. Clooney
Hindu Poetry And The Project Of An Inter-Spiritual Catholic Theology, Francis X. Clooney
Journal of Global Catholicism
This article engages the work of the Indian south Indian Tamil-language Vaiṣṇava poet saints known as the Alvārs. The article specifically focuses the First HundredHoly Linked verses of Poykai Ālvār to argue for inter-spiritual learning between Catholics and Hindus. The article concludes with personal reflections on this encounter within the context of the global Catholic Church
Overview And Acknowledgments, Mathew Schmalz
Overview And Acknowledgments, Mathew Schmalz
Journal of Global Catholicism
An overview and introduction to the present issue on Inter-Spiritual Dialogue.
Review Of: Documents Of Brotherly Love, Dutch Mennonite Aid To Swiss Anabaptists, Volumes I, Ii, Iii—James M. Lowry, Sheldon Raber
Review Of: Documents Of Brotherly Love, Dutch Mennonite Aid To Swiss Anabaptists, Volumes I, Ii, Iii—James M. Lowry, Sheldon Raber
Journal of Amish and Plain Anabaptist Studies
This set of three volumes of documents adds greatly to the accessibility of important historical documents by and about the Anabaptists in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Many original documents and correspondence from this time period were preserved, primarily in Amsterdam. However, since the original documents were written in German, Swiss, and Dutch, they were not easily consulted by English-speaking historians and specifically by American Mennonite historians. And even though most of the documents were inventoried in the late nineteenth century, they were only selectively consulted by historians of the twentieth century. Since this reviewer is not schooled in languages, …
"They Will Put You Out Of The Synagogues”: An Exegesis Of John 16:1-4a And Its Application To The Persecuted Christians In Northern Nigeria, Chiemeka Iwuagwu
"They Will Put You Out Of The Synagogues”: An Exegesis Of John 16:1-4a And Its Application To The Persecuted Christians In Northern Nigeria, Chiemeka Iwuagwu
Obsculta
This paper offers an exegesis of John 16:1-4a, a pivotal passage in Jesus' Farewell Discourse that warns the disciples of impending persecution, including expulsion from synagogues. Situating the text within the historical and literary context of the Johannine community, it explores how this forewarning reframes suffering as an integral aspect of faithful witness rather than divine abandonment. Drawing on key scholarly works, the analysis engages literary structure, historical reconstruction of community experiences, and theological motifs such as dualism and Christology. The paper then applies these insights to the plight of Christians in northern Nigeria, a region marked by violent persecution, …
Paul: A Man Called To Reform Status: The Radical Practice Of “One In Christ”, Garrett S. "Faustino" Miller
Paul: A Man Called To Reform Status: The Radical Practice Of “One In Christ”, Garrett S. "Faustino" Miller
Obsculta
This paper explores Saint Paul's ministerial pedagogy as he challenged Roman social hierarchies by calling believers to a radical unity as "one in Christ." By examining what this radical practice means, and what it is rooted in, this paper also urges readers toward the same radical and transformative vision of Christian oneness; a vision that seeks to build bridges rather than walls in the world today.
Second Edition Of The Liturgy Of The Hours: Impact On The American Diaconate, Michael Walsh
Second Edition Of The Liturgy Of The Hours: Impact On The American Diaconate, Michael Walsh
Obsculta
This piece explores the upcoming Second Edition of the English Liturgy of the Hours coming to the United States. This piece touches on the psalter, hymnal, and other portions of the new edition as well as the publishing companies chosen by the USCCB to promulgate it. This piece highlights the impact this new edition can have on all of the faithful but particularly the American Diaconate.
Schillebeeckx And Homilies: Why Should Sermons Be More Than Words?, Paulinus Daeli
Schillebeeckx And Homilies: Why Should Sermons Be More Than Words?, Paulinus Daeli
Obsculta
This article highlights the importance of good preaching by exploring the relationship between theology, rhetoric, and spirituality through the theology of Edward Schillebeeckx. It argues that preaching must go beyond words to create a deep experience for the congregation. By exploring Schillebeeckx's theological foundations, the article also discusses the conflict between the liturgy of the Word and the Eucharist in Holy Mass, and suggests a comprehensive approach to preaching. The article emphasizes that both aspects of the Mass must work in harmony to provide spiritual nourishment. Finally, it concludes by emphasizing the importance of preaching as a communal act, which …
A Critique Of Richard Carrier’S Jesus-Myth Theory: Examining Select References To The Historical Jesus In Paul’S Epistles, John P. Nichols
A Critique Of Richard Carrier’S Jesus-Myth Theory: Examining Select References To The Historical Jesus In Paul’S Epistles, John P. Nichols
Masters Theses
Richard Carrier is arguably the contemporary voice promoting Jesus-mythicism, the idea that Jesus of Nazareth never existed. Though in the scholarly minority, Carrier has assembled numerous arguments for rejecting the Gospels and Acts as historically reliable, as well as all historical references to Jesus in Paul’s letters. He has proposed his own rules for historical inquiry to replace the traditional criteria of authenticity used by historical-Jesus scholars. In conjunction with his own criteria, Carrier has demonstrated the use of Bayes’ Theorem to assess the probability of Jesus’ existence. This thesis has considered certain portions of Carrier’s thesis against the historical …
Review: The Jesuits: A Thematic History By Claudio Ferlan, Ashley N. Gisiger Edd
Review: The Jesuits: A Thematic History By Claudio Ferlan, Ashley N. Gisiger Edd
Jesuit Higher Education: A Journal
No abstract provided.
Otherness And The Trinity: Toward A Critical Reimagining Of Christian Divinity From A Postcolonial Ethos, Taylor Muma
Otherness And The Trinity: Toward A Critical Reimagining Of Christian Divinity From A Postcolonial Ethos, Taylor Muma
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
In this dissertation, I address the Trinity’s potential as an emancipatory relational archetype in the philosophy of religion, while at the same time recognizing the complicity of Christian doctrine in colonial conquest. My dissertation will be a reimagining of trinitarian theology as an ecotonal paradigm of multiplicity and alterity that provides a generative means of moving beyond the enmeshment of divinity with constructs of mastery.
The post-structuralist and postcolonial methodologies in this project emerge from the work of such scholars as Homi Bhabha, Jacques Derrida, Emmanuel Levinas and Gloria Anzaldúa. They foreground critical ideations of otherness and multiplicity in ways …
Eighth-Century Paschal Hymns, Maksim Astashinskiy
Eighth-Century Paschal Hymns, Maksim Astashinskiy
Faculty Papers and Publications
The first hymn (The information is taken from footnote 1): For the Greek text, see Patrologiae cursus completus. ed. Jacques-Paul Migne, Series Graeca: Patrologia Graeca (PG) Vol. 96 (1864), 849, http://patristica.net/graeca/, or Anthologia graeca carminum christianorum. ed. Wilhelm von Christ (Leipzig: B.G. Teubner, 1871), 218, https://archive.org/details/anthologiagraec00paragoog; for a traditional nineteenth-century translation, see: Hymns of the Eastern Church. ed. and trans. John Mason Neale (London: J.T. Hayes, Lyall Place, Eaton Square, 1876), 95–96, https://archive.org/details/hymnseasternchu01nealgoog. The versification is my own. The second hymn (The information is taken from footnote 6). For the Greek text, see: Anthologia …
Apostle Patrick’S Orthodoxy: Selection From Hymn Of St. Secundinus (Sechnall), Ca. Fifth Century, Maksim Astashinskiy
Apostle Patrick’S Orthodoxy: Selection From Hymn Of St. Secundinus (Sechnall), Ca. Fifth Century, Maksim Astashinskiy
Faculty Papers and Publications
The Latin text is drawn from “[13] Hymnus Sancti Patricii Magistri Scotorum,” in: F. E. Warren, ed., The Antiphonary of Bangor: An Early Irish Manuscript in the Ambrosian Library at Milan. Henry Bradshaw Society Vol. 10. (London: Harrison and Sons, St. Martin’s Lane, 1895), 14–16, https://ia800105.us.archive.org/32/items/TheAntiphonaryOfBangor/TheAntiphonaryOfBangor.pdf; also, see: “Incipit Ymnus Sancti Patricii Episcopi Scotorum” in: Robert Atkinson and John Henry Bernard, eds. The Irish ‘Liber hymnorum’: Text and Introduction, Vol. 1 (London: Harrison and Sons, St. Martin’s Lane, London, 1898), 7, 11–12, https://archive.org/details/IrishLiberHymnorumV1.
Late Medieval Saint Valentine’S Day Observance Selection From Christine De Pizan’S Le Dit De La Rose (The Tale Of The Rose), 1402, Maksim Astashinskiy
Late Medieval Saint Valentine’S Day Observance Selection From Christine De Pizan’S Le Dit De La Rose (The Tale Of The Rose), 1402, Maksim Astashinskiy
Faculty Papers and Publications
There are four known manuscript traditions (see below), including a membra disjecta, of Christine de Pizan’s Le Dit de la Rose, see: “Christine de Pizan, Dit de La Rose.” Github.io, 2026, https://ditsma.github.io/Dits-du-Moyen-Age/roseChristine.html: This translation is drawn from Ferdinand Heuckenkamp, Le Dit de la Rose von Christine von Pisan (Halle a. S.: Buchdruckerei des Waisenhauses, 1891), 12–13, 18-19. https://archive.org/details/LeDitDeLaRose/mode/2up; also, see: La querelle du Roman de la Rose, Le Dit de la Rose, 14 février 1401, anc. st., Bibliotheca Augustana, https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/gallica/Chronologie/15siecle/Christine/chr_rose.html.
A Hybrid Generation: Globalization, Migration, And Cultural-Theological Reconfiguration Among Second-Generation Ghanaian Pentecostal Immigrants In The United States--Toward A Diasporic Mission Theology, David Osei-Nimoh
College of Theology and Ministry Dissertations, Projects, & Theses
This dissertation investigates how globalization, migration, and Pentecostalism shape the cultural and theological of second-generation Ghanaian Pentecostals in the United States. Using Mark Cartledge’s four-stage empirical theological cycle, it interprets participants’ lived experience as theological data in critical dialogue with Scripture, the doctrine of The Church of Pentecost (COP), and Pentecostal theological method. The study is based on 26 weeks of multisite fieldwork in three COP U.S.A. congregations—Washington, D.C., Dallas, and Tacoma—and draws on participant observation, 55 semi-structured interviews, three focus groups, and archival materials. The analysis yielded three interrelated findings. First, participants negotiate a bicultural Ghanaian American identity within …
Revival Song: The Significance Of Hymns In The First Great Awakening, Kaeley E. Whitacre
Revival Song: The Significance Of Hymns In The First Great Awakening, Kaeley E. Whitacre
Bound Away: The Liberty Journal of History
This paper highlights the transition in church music during the First Great Awakening in Colonial America. It argues that hymns and new psalmody had a mutually beneficial relationship in the Awakening, as they aided one another in emphasizing personal salvation experiences. Prior to the Awakening, English-speaking churches in Colonial America sung almost exclusively literal translations of Psalms in a more formalized call-and-response format. While current scholarship on the First Great Awakening broadly analyzes the primary tensions and debates within New England churches regarding changes in music, it does not provide a comprehensive overview of the introduction of hymns in Colonial …
America's Founding Theology, Michael Payne
America's Founding Theology, Michael Payne
Bound Away: The Liberty Journal of History
Building off of Mark David Hall's thesis that America had a Christian founding, this paper seeks to explore the theology of this Christian founding. While acknowledging that Enlightenment and English Common Law also influenced American founding thought, the paper seeks to look specifically at America's theological outlook. It concludes that American founding theology was overwhelmingly Reformed but with some key influences from the Baptist, Quaker, and even Catholic traditions. These influences can be found in the writings of the founders as well as in America's founding documents such as the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence. The point of the …
The Image Falls Apart, Alexa N. Curran
The Image Falls Apart, Alexa N. Curran
Masters Theses
The Image Falls Apart is a phenomenological account of my collision with Rogier van der Weyden’s The Descent from the Cross (ca. 1435). In an ever-expanding landscape of visual stimuli, how do we make sense of images that are an encounter with the sacred? Of what use to a modern viewer is an altarpiece of the late medieval period that, in its miraculous rendering of each of its human figures, reflects the impending iconophobia of the Protestant Reformation? And what does falling have to do with it? With careful attention to the assembly of bodies in space, this multidisciplinary project, …
Ethnicity And Evangelism: Understanding The Crucial Role Of Ethnic, Social, And Cultural Factors In Proclaiming The Gospel, Bernardo Salcedo
Ethnicity And Evangelism: Understanding The Crucial Role Of Ethnic, Social, And Cultural Factors In Proclaiming The Gospel, Bernardo Salcedo
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
This dissertation examines the pivotal role of ethnic and socio-cultural backgrounds in proclaiming and expanding the gospel to the nations during the early church's formative period. Building upon the theological foundation of God's overarching mission plan throughout Scripture, the research examines how these factors influenced the development of early Christian evangelism, particularly concerning the context of Jewish, Samaritan, and Gentile cultures. The study argues that the early church’s approach to spreading the gospel was profoundly influenced by the ethnic and cultural contexts of the people it encountered. Thus, the dissertation proposes that understanding these cultural dynamics is essential for a …
Incorporating Principles And Wisdom From Hospital Chaplaincy And Pastoral Ministry To Create A Ministry Model To Address Social Isolation And Loneliness In Black Churches, Albert A. Kemp
Doctor of Ministry Projects and Theses
To address the growing and widespread epidemic of social isolation and loneliness, with special focus on Black churches, this dissertation developed a program with the following areas of application: 1) how healthcare trained chaplains can coordinate with churches to positively impact individuals identified as lonely and socially isolated with better social and physical health, 2) how principles of chaplaincy and pastoral care can mitigate and intervene competently when such people are identified, and 3) how the project’s model can be organized, taught, and incorporated into existing arenas of church ministry.
The purpose of the project was to create a ministry …
Studies In The Reception Of The Council Of Trent In 16th-Century Lutheranism As Seen In The Eucharistic Theology Of Martin Chemnitz’S Examen Concilii Tridentini, Sebastian A. Grünbaum
Studies In The Reception Of The Council Of Trent In 16th-Century Lutheranism As Seen In The Eucharistic Theology Of Martin Chemnitz’S Examen Concilii Tridentini, Sebastian A. Grünbaum
Doctor of Philosophy Dissertation
Grünbaum, Sebastian, A. Studies in the Reception of the Council of Trent in 16th-Century Lutheranism as Seen in the Eucharistic Theology of Martin Chemnitz’s Examen Concilii Tridentini. Ph.D. diss., Concordia Seminary, 2025. “[338]” pp.
This dissertation focuses on the intra-Tridentine dialogue during the Council of Trent Session XIII (1551), which treated question related to the Lord’s Supper, and the Lutheran theologian Martin Chemnitz’s (1522–1586) examination of it.
The Council of Trent (1545–1563) largely defined the theological and administrative direction of the Roman Catholic Church for centuries. On the one side the Council tried to systematize, organize, and understand the church’s …
Realizing Reality — C.S. Lewis And The Hierarchical Model Of Christian Neo-Platonism, Jordan Spina
Realizing Reality — C.S. Lewis And The Hierarchical Model Of Christian Neo-Platonism, Jordan Spina
Doctor of Philosophy Dissertation
Spina, Jordan, H. “Realizing Reality: C.S. Lewis and the Hierarchical Model of Christian Neo-Platonism.” Ph.D. diss., Concordia Seminary, 2025. 253.
In recent years there has been a growing interest in C.S. Lewis’ intellectual relationship to the Medieval cosmological model. Scholars have demonstrated that, for Lewis, the Medieval cosmological model represented more than a scientific picture of earth in relation to other heavenly bodies. Its significance was not dependent upon the number of planets or the order in which they were positioned. Instead, it represented a philosophically robust view of reality
However, what has yet to be demonstrated is the roadmap …
Losing The Body: Tracing Corporeality As A Component Of The Imago Dei Through Early Christian Exegesis, Andrew Kneeland
Losing The Body: Tracing Corporeality As A Component Of The Imago Dei Through Early Christian Exegesis, Andrew Kneeland
Doctor of Philosophy Dissertation
Kneeland, Andrew R. “Losing the Body: Tracing Corporeality as a Component of the Imago Dei Through Early Christian Exegesis.” Ph.D. diss., Concordia Seminary, 2025. 252pp.
This dissertation examines the interpretation of imago Dei in Gen. 1:26 across early Christian history, revealing both a robust tradition of corporeal emphasis and a shift toward a spiritual consensus that was driven not by immediate, unanimous consensus but a variety of pastoral and polemical factors. Far from a fleeting, anthropomorphic error, a bodily understanding of the image of God spans diverse provenances and contexts. Organized diachronically and topically, the study begins with textual exegesis …
Returning Home: Vocation As A Theological Lens To Foster The Ethiopian Evangelical Church Mekane Yesus’ Holistic Ministry Among Migrant Returnees In Ethiopia, Ebise Dibisa Ayana
Returning Home: Vocation As A Theological Lens To Foster The Ethiopian Evangelical Church Mekane Yesus’ Holistic Ministry Among Migrant Returnees In Ethiopia, Ebise Dibisa Ayana
Doctor of Philosophy Dissertation
This dissertation examines return migration in Ethiopia, focusing on Ethiopian Domestic Worker Returnees (EDWRs) and the role of the Ethiopian Evangelical Church Mekane Yesus (EECMY) in addressing their holistic needs. Using theological and institutional analysis, the study finds that, although the EECMY affirms holistic ministry as its motto, it lacks clear policies and official statements specifically addressing the spiritual and psychosocial needs of the returnees’.
The research argues that migration and return migration are theological and moral issues that require a holistic response grounded in a Lutheran Theology of Vocation. Such an approach fosters an integrated ministry that attends to …