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History of Art, Architecture, and Archaeology

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Articles 991 - 1020 of 2421

Full-Text Articles in Religion

A Mamluk-Period Site At Khirbat Burin In The Eastern Sharon (Pp. 173–214), Raz Kletter, Edna J. Stern Jan 2025

A Mamluk-Period Site At Khirbat Burin In The Eastern Sharon (Pp. 173–214), Raz Kletter, Edna J. Stern

'Atiqot

Excavations at Khirbat Burin uncovered three strata: two (I, II) of the Mamluk period and one (III), of the Byzantine–Early Islamic periods. Sporadic remains of the Persian, Byzantine, Early Islamic and Ottoman periods were found, corroborating the evidence from earlier excavations at the site. The large, well-planned buildings uncovered in Mamluk-period Stratum II (late thirteenth–fourteenth centuries) survived to considerable height. The pottery related to the Mamluk strata represents the types that were in use during that period, including unglazed wares consisting of decorated and undecorated handmade wares, wheel-made wares and mold-made wares, as well as a large variety of wheel-made …

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The Coins From Shiqmona (Pp. 163–171), Nitzan Amitai-Preiss Jan 2025

The Coins From Shiqmona (Pp. 163–171), Nitzan Amitai-Preiss

'Atiqot

The Shiqmona excavations yielded 122 bronze coins, 76 of them were identified. The coins range in date between the Roman and the Ayyubid periods, the majority dating to the Late Roman and Byzantine periods.

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Pottery, Stone And Small Finds From Shiqmona (Pp. 145–161), Roni Amir Jan 2025

Pottery, Stone And Small Finds From Shiqmona (Pp. 145–161), Roni Amir

'Atiqot

A homogeneous group of ceramics was found, dating mostly to the sixth and seventh centuries CE. Imported wares comprise 80.5% of the assemblage, originating from Africa, Cyprus, North Syria and Antioch. The large percentage of imported wares points to the sizable volume of trade and economic prosperity of Byzantine-period Shiqmona. Among the finds were stone vessels, iron and bronze nails, a bronze handle, an iron ring and a bone button.

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Excavations At Shiqmona—1994 (Pp. 131–143), Yizhar Hirschfeld Jan 2025

Excavations At Shiqmona—1994 (Pp. 131–143), Yizhar Hirschfeld

'Atiqot

Excavations were conducted along the railway tracks from Tel Aviv to Haifa on the eastern fringes of Tel Shiqmona, located on the outskirts of modern-day Haifa. The finds from the excavation were extremely meager; however, they offered a new understanding of the nature and size of the site. The architectural remains represent a single occupation dating to the Byzantine period, based on ceramic and numismatic evidence. The excavation results determined that the site covered an area of no more than 50 dunams (12.5 acres) and was occupied by Jews. Thus, Shiqmona was identified as a large, Byzantine-period village.

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The Coins From El-Kabri (Pp. 125–129), Danny Syon Jan 2025

The Coins From El-Kabri (Pp. 125–129), Danny Syon

'Atiqot

Twelve coins were retrieved from the El-Kabri tombs, most were found in their original location. Many of the coins were heavily worn. The identifiable coins dated to the second and third centuries CE. The practice of using worn coins as grave offerings is recorded from many excavations. The majority of the worn coins are the Melqart/Club type autonomous issue of Tyre, probably reflecting the need for a relatively large coin. It is not possible to determine whether the coins were intended as Charon’s obol or as an offering.

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Aspects Of Phoenician Burial Customs In The Roman Period In Light Of An Excavation Near El-Kabri (Kabri) (Pp. 91–123), Edna J. Stern, Nimrod Getzov Jan 2025

Aspects Of Phoenician Burial Customs In The Roman Period In Light Of An Excavation Near El-Kabri (Kabri) (Pp. 91–123), Edna J. Stern, Nimrod Getzov

'Atiqot

Seven tombs were excavated, belonging to three types: three loculi (kokhim) tombs, with clay coffins; three shaft tombs; and one pit grave. The first two types date to the Late Roman period, and the third type, to the Ottoman period. The burial goods found within the Roman-period tombs are typical of Phoenician burials, thereby identifying the ethnic identity of the deceased. This observation is further confirmed by historical sources describing the geographical border between the Jewish and Phoenician populations in western Galilee during the second and third centuries CE.

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The Glass Vessels From ‘Ein Ez-Zeituna (Pp. 77–84), Tamar Winter Jan 2025

The Glass Vessels From ‘Ein Ez-Zeituna (Pp. 77–84), Tamar Winter

'Atiqot

Some 400 glass vessels were retrieved from the site of which only 30% were diagnostic. The majority of the vessels were dated to the Early Roman period (second half of the first–first half of the second centuries CE). They were all free-blown of light blue, light green or colorless glass. The vessels’ shape, glass quality and the lack of luxury ware or imports suggest a local production.

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Coins From ‘Ein Ez-Zeituna (Pp. 85–90), Gabriela Bijovsky Jan 2025

Coins From ‘Ein Ez-Zeituna (Pp. 85–90), Gabriela Bijovsky

'Atiqot

A total of 25 coins were retrieved during the excavations, 21 of them were identified. The numismatic evidence is very homogeneous and dates to the first and second centuries CE. All the coins, except for one Hasmonean coin of King Alexander Jannaeus, are Roman Provincial issues. The distribution of the mints reflects the common currency that circulated near the site: Caesarea, Sepphoris-Diocaesarea and Tiberias.

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A Salvage Excavation At ‘Ein Ez-Zeituna In Naḥal ‘Iron (Pp. 31–69), Don Glick Jan 2025

A Salvage Excavation At ‘Ein Ez-Zeituna In Naḥal ‘Iron (Pp. 31–69), Don Glick

'Atiqot

A monumental, nearly square, two-story peristyle building was revealed, dating to the second century CE. It was flanked on the east by a row of shops and on the west, by additional architectural remains. The structure is a typical Greco-Roman peristyle building, consisting of a central colonnaded courtyard, a portico and 20 rooms. The strikingly meticulous craftsmanship of the building’s construction and the high-quality stone masonry attest that it was built by professional builders. The finds included large amounts of Early Roman potsherds; several basalt vessels, pestles, grinding stones and millstones; metal objects, mostly nails; and domestic glass vessels from …

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Design Analysis Of The Peristyle Building From ‘Ein Ez-Zeituna (Pp. 71–75), David Milson Jan 2025

Design Analysis Of The Peristyle Building From ‘Ein Ez-Zeituna (Pp. 71–75), David Milson

'Atiqot

The peristyle building at ‘Ein ez-Zeituna followed the design of the Roman pedes according to a very strict plan. The workmanship of the building is outstanding, marking it as an architectural landmark in public construction in Roman Palestine.

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Burials From The Intermediate Bronze Age And The Roman Period At Bet Dagan (Pp. 23–30), Martin Peilstöcker Jan 2025

Burials From The Intermediate Bronze Age And The Roman Period At Bet Dagan (Pp. 23–30), Martin Peilstöcker

'Atiqot

Nine tombs were excavated: seven dated to the Intermediate Bronze Age (IBA), and two, to the Early Roman period. The IBA tombs were all simple burial pits, dug into hamra soil. The Roman-period tombs were cist graves. The pottery finds from the IBA pits included a bowl, cups, jars, amphoriskoi and a lamp, all resembling Dever’s Southern Family. The finds from the Roman period comprised two pottery vessels and a rare bronze jug with a decorated handle.

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Salvage Excavations At A Pre-Pottery Neolithic Site At Modi‘In (Pp. 1–14), Vladimir Zbenovich Jan 2025

Salvage Excavations At A Pre-Pottery Neolithic Site At Modi‘In (Pp. 1–14), Vladimir Zbenovich

'Atiqot

Excavations undertaken on two hills and an intervening field revealed a Pre-Pottery Neolithic site. On the eastern hill, more than 300 flint objects were retrieved, mostly natural chunks and flakes; no traces of permanent human presence or activity were recorded. On the western hill, 565 lithics were collected, dating to Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA); outcrops of the raw material used for their manufacture were observed on the surface. Numerous flint objects also dating to PPNA were visible on the surface in the intervening field. This site is a new link in the chain of PPNA sites discovered in the Modi‘in …

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Remains Of An Early Chalcolithic Settlement On The Fringes Of Ḥorbat Usha (Pp. 15–22), Martin Peilstöcker Jan 2025

Remains Of An Early Chalcolithic Settlement On The Fringes Of Ḥorbat Usha (Pp. 15–22), Martin Peilstöcker

'Atiqot

A small-scale salvage excavation was conducted at the foot of Ḥorbat Usha. Only meager architectural remains were uncovered, including wall and floor fragments. The finds comprised pottery, a basalt vessel and flint artifacts characteristic of the Chalcolithic period.

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Survey Of Ancient Agricultural Systems At The ‘En Gedi Oasis (Hebrew; English Summary), Yosef Porath Jan 2025

Survey Of Ancient Agricultural Systems At The ‘En Gedi Oasis (Hebrew; English Summary), Yosef Porath

'Atiqot

Impressive remains of agricultural systems on the western shore of the Dead Sea attest to human efforts to prepare the land for cultivation, despite detrimental conditions. Surviving terraces and water installations of ancient farming systems attest that the economy of the ‘En Gedi inhabitants was based mainly on crops. These crops were grown for both local consumption and for market; the most notable plant was date palms. The earliest irrigation system dates to the Hasmonean period. During the Herodian dynasty, the ‘En Gedi Oasis was at its zenith, reaching its peak in the second third of the first century CE. …

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Identification Of The Wood In The Ancient Boat From The Sea Of Galilee, Ella Werker Jan 2025

Identification Of The Wood In The Ancient Boat From The Sea Of Galilee, Ella Werker

'Atiqot

The ancient boat of Galilee is built of wooden parts that served different roles in its construction: strakes, frames, keel, tenons and pegs. The boat’s timbers were examined, and 12 plant genera were identified, the two main ones being cedar and oak. All the identified tree species grow in the area, at various distances from the Sea of Galilee, except for cedrus, which was brought from further north. The choice of wood for the boat’s construction was based on factors such as hardness, durability, abundance, shape and length.

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Conservation Of The Ancient Boat From The Sea Of Galilee, Orna Cohen Jan 2025

Conservation Of The Ancient Boat From The Sea Of Galilee, Orna Cohen

'Atiqot

The Galilee or Kinneret Boat, also dubbed “Jesus’ Boat,” was found and excavated in 1986. The various degrees of deterioration of the wood, the wood species and the size of the vessel were factors that reflected on the choice of the conservation method. Iron elements, such as nails, were also treated, and biological and bacterial problems were addressed. This report describes the chemical process of the conservation treatment of the wood and iron nails; the overcoming of biological and bacterial problems; and additional technical aspects of the conservation process. The report also describes the stages of preparation of the boat …

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Khan Gesher: The Coins, Ariel Berman Jan 2025

Khan Gesher: The Coins, Ariel Berman

'Atiqot

The numismatic finds date to two main periods: the Mamluk and Late Ottoman. All the coins are of bronze. Two modern German coins, from 1924 and 1930, and one American coin, from 1914, can be associated with the first settlers of Kibbutz Gesher.

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Khan Gesher: Epitaph Of A Muslim, Moshe Sharon Jan 2025

Khan Gesher: Epitaph Of A Muslim, Moshe Sharon

'Atiqot

A limestone slab inscribed with five lines of elegant naskhi script was found within the Mamluk-period water system at Khan Gesher. The inscription is professionally cut in relief, with no points or vowels.

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Khan Gesher (Jisr El-Majami‘), Abdullah Mokary, Zvi Gal Jan 2025

Khan Gesher (Jisr El-Majami‘), Abdullah Mokary, Zvi Gal

'Atiqot

Khan Gesher is one of the earliest khans in Galilee. Three periods of occupation were documented at the site. The khan was first built during the Mamluk period as a square complex, with a central courtyard surrounded by rooms and halls. The halls served as stables, and the rooms and the central courtyard served non-residential functions, e.g., a gate, a water system, and a prayer room. Thus, the khan might have had a second story for housing travelers. During the Ottoman period, the building underwent changes and modifications. The khan was probably destroyed in the late eighteenth or early nineteenth …

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Hellenistic And Crusader Remains At Montmusard, Acre (‘Akko), Fanny Vitto Jan 2025

Hellenistic And Crusader Remains At Montmusard, Acre (‘Akko), Fanny Vitto

'Atiqot

The finds from the Hellenistic period comprise building remains that contained imported amphoras dating from the last third of the third century to the third quarter of the second century BCE, as well as pottery lamps, cooking vessels and bowls from the third–second centuries. The Crusader period yielded the remains of walls and pottery dating to the late twelfth–thirteenth centuries CE.

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Stamped Amphora Handles And Unstamped Amphora Fragments From Acre (‘Akko), Donald T. Ariel Jan 2025

Stamped Amphora Handles And Unstamped Amphora Fragments From Acre (‘Akko), Donald T. Ariel

'Atiqot

Sixteen stamped amphora handles were retrieved from the excavations at ‘Akko, originating from two production centers: Rhodes and Chios. Their dates range from the last third of the third century to the third quarter of the second century BCE.

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Textiles, Basketry, Cordage And Whorls From Mo’A (Moje Awad), Orit Shamir Jan 2025

Textiles, Basketry, Cordage And Whorls From Mo’A (Moje Awad), Orit Shamir

'Atiqot

The artifacts were discovered in a way station along the Spice Route, which was exposed at Mo’a in the ‘Arava Valley. A total of 310 textile fragments were analyzed. They are made of wool, goat hair and linen, in plain weave and its variations. Dyed fabrics are also present. Some pieces were decorated with colored bands or tapestry. Most of the 88 basketry items were plaited. In addition, there are two braids, a sandal and a net. The cordage from Mo’a comprises 166 threads, strings and ropes, mostly made from date palm, goat hair, wool, and mixed goat hair and …

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Salvage Excavations In The Modi‘In Landscape, Amir Golani Jan 2025

Salvage Excavations In The Modi‘In Landscape, Amir Golani

'Atiqot

Approximately 100 sites were investigated in the area by means of surveys and excavations. Thirteen winepresses were identified, surrounded by cupmarks and basins, alluding to the agricultural exploitation of the area. Thirty-two stone clearance piles were documented. In most piles, limited amounts of Late Hellenistic–Early Roman ceramics were recovered, suggesting they were constructed during that period. Some of these features were of a later date, the Byzantine–Umayyad periods. In the Medieval and Ottoman periods, the region was exploited for its natural resources. Nearly all the charcoal burners and limekilns seem to date to these times.

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Gamla 1997–2000, Danny Syon, Zvi Yavor Jan 2025

Gamla 1997–2000, Danny Syon, Zvi Yavor

'Atiqot

Several areas at Gamla were excavated prior to the commencement of visitor-oriented development works at the site. In Area B, ‘the Hasmonean Quarter”, the excavation provided a first clue as to the boundaries of this anomalous area. The earliest finds were discovered in Area G, and included band-slipped potsherds, diagnostic of Early Bronze Age IB. Area K yielded the remains of a private mansion, which appears to have been a three-level domestic residence dating from the first century CE. In Area S, the remains of a basilica partitioned into three aisles were unearthed, and identified as a Jewish public building.

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A Burial Cave With A Greek Inscription And Graffiti At Khirbat El-‘Ein, Judean Shephelah, Boaz Zissu Jan 2025

A Burial Cave With A Greek Inscription And Graffiti At Khirbat El-‘Ein, Judean Shephelah, Boaz Zissu

'Atiqot

The cave, arranged along an east–west axis, comprises a courtyard, a vestibule, a burial chamber and an additional room. This plan is characteristic of burial caves dating to the first century CE in Jerusalem and the Judean Shephelah. The entranceway to the burial chamber was blocked by a roll-stone. The doorjambs of the inner section of the entranceway were smoothed and incised with a long Greek inscription that could not be deciphered, but might have had a magical meaning; two nefashot—tomb markers that often surmounted burial caves—are also incised on the doorjambs. Three loculi (kokhim) were hewn in the burial …

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The Hebrew Ostraca From Site 94/21, Cave A-2, At Ramat Bet Shemesh, Ianir Milevski Jan 2025

The Hebrew Ostraca From Site 94/21, Cave A-2, At Ramat Bet Shemesh, Ianir Milevski

'Atiqot

An Iron Age C cave, probably a cellar, was excavated some 400 m southwest of Ḥorbat Zanoaḥ. The cave, which yielded pottery dating between the end of the seventh and the beginning of the sixth centuries BCE, included three ostraca. The letters on the inscribed sherds were poorly preserved. Most of the legible personal names are typical of Judah at the end of the First Temple period, which is corroborated by the script as well. The ostraca shed light on how issues relating to the measurement or produce of fields belonging to several persons were dealt with.

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A Middle Bronze Age Burial Cave At Tur‘An, Lilly Gershuny, Emanuel Eisenberg Jan 2025

A Middle Bronze Age Burial Cave At Tur‘An, Lilly Gershuny, Emanuel Eisenberg

'Atiqot

The burial cave, carved into limestone, consists of a square, vertical shaft and an elliptical room. The cave’s contents, which included pottery vessels, carnelian beads, a bronze toggle pin and a stone pommel, were scattered on a fill on the floor. Six adult individuals and one child were identified. The bones of sheep and cattle, which served as food offerings, were found as well. The pottery included bowls, a storage jar, a large krater with loop feet, jugs, dipper and piriform juglets, and a unique Tell el-Yahudiyeh juglet with a zoomorphic protome. The cave is a typical Early Bronze Age …

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A Lead Pilgrimage Ampulla From ‘Akko’S Crusader Harbor, Jacob Sharvit, Bridget Buxton, William H. Krieger, Dror Planer, Ofra Barkai Jan 2025

A Lead Pilgrimage Ampulla From ‘Akko’S Crusader Harbor, Jacob Sharvit, Bridget Buxton, William H. Krieger, Dror Planer, Ofra Barkai

'Atiqot

A medieval mold-made lead pilgrimage ampulla was retrieved in an underwater excavation in the port of ‘Akko. It exhibits molded ribbing, resembling a scallop shell or drawstring purse on one side, and an aniconic quatrefoil petal on the other. Such mass-produced, budget-friendly, lead pilgrim ampullae are well-known in medieval Christianity, probably reflecting an insatiable desire for holy relics. Certain characteristics of the ampulla may suggest that it was locally produced in ‘Akko. In the Crusader period, ‘Akko was the major maritime gateway in and out of the Holy Land for European pilgrims, and the ‘Akko ampulla may have arrived at …

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The Glass Finds From The Monastery At Nahal Pehar (Giv‘Ot Bar), In The Northern Negev, Tamar Winter Jan 2025

The Glass Finds From The Monastery At Nahal Pehar (Giv‘Ot Bar), In The Northern Negev, Tamar Winter

'Atiqot

The glass finds distributed throughout the monastery at Giv‘ot Bar include vessels that denote the religious nature of the building: bottles, juglets, several types of lamps and windowpanes. These finds are characteristic of ecclesiastical complexes of the late Byzantine period, and attest to an active Christian community at the site.

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Three Greek Inscriptions From The Monastery At Nahal Pehar (Giv‘Ot Bar), In The Northern Negev, Leah Di Segni Jan 2025

Three Greek Inscriptions From The Monastery At Nahal Pehar (Giv‘Ot Bar), In The Northern Negev, Leah Di Segni

'Atiqot

Three Greek inscriptions were discovered within a small coenobium at Giv‘ot Bar in the northern Negev. One was set in a mosaic pavement in the chapel, and the other two were painted in red ink on building blocks found in the debris near the entrance to the chapel. The mosaic inscription mentions a string of names, probably of the monks who cared for the laying of the mosaic pavement in the chapel, or perhaps for the foundation of the coenobium. The two other inscriptions are epitaphs, indicating that the chapel was also used for burial. One epitaph mentions a date …

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