Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Institution
-
- Asbury Theological Seminary (6556)
- George Fox University (4873)
- Dordt University (2662)
- Liberty University (2239)
- Abilene Christian University (1745)
-
- Calvin University (1337)
- Pepperdine University (1312)
- Oral Roberts University (1148)
- University of Dayton (853)
- Valparaiso University (480)
- Taylor University (431)
- Andrews University (388)
- Luther Seminary (380)
- College of Saint Benedict and Saint John's University (328)
- Concordia Seminary - Saint Louis (253)
- Seton Hall University (249)
- Seattle Pacific University (243)
- Western Kentucky University (214)
- Gardner-Webb University (207)
- Southeastern University (177)
- Concordia University St. Paul (176)
- Hope College (137)
- Bethel University (129)
- Loyola Marymount University and Loyola Law School (127)
- Butler University (113)
- Chapman University (110)
- College of the Holy Cross (107)
- University of Nebraska at Omaha (92)
- Israel Antiquities Authority (85)
- Harding University (82)
- Keyword
-
- Papers of Hannah Whitall Smith (1300)
- Holiness (1146)
- Christianity (1030)
- In All Things (905)
- Women (886)
-
- Holiness Movement (839)
- Temperance Movement (777)
- Hannah Whitall Smith (776)
- Theology (674)
- Indian Springs (666)
- Worship (649)
- Church (579)
- Publishing (510)
- Camp Meeting (487)
- Pentecostal (450)
- Leadership (437)
- Bible (415)
- The Repairer (402)
- Camp Sychar (375)
- Camp meeting (375)
- Ohio State Camp Meeting (375)
- Church of Christ (359)
- Missions (356)
- Old Testament (339)
- Religion (326)
- Dixieland College (321)
- Journal (320)
- Mission (319)
- T. B. Larimore (319)
- Christian (315)
- Publication Year
- Publication
-
- Occasional Papers on Religion in Eastern Europe (1390)
- Leaven (1086)
- Correspondence (1027)
- Pro Rege (995)
- Subject Files (976)
-
- Faculty Work Comprehensive List (971)
- Doctoral Dissertations and Projects (898)
- Quaker Religious Thought (870)
- ATS Dissertations (791)
- Doctor of Ministry (683)
- Symposium on Worship Archive (633)
- Stone-Campbell Books (508)
- The Voice (508)
- Great Commission Research Journal (476)
- The Christian Librarian (465)
- Photographic Material (434)
- Faculty Publications - George Fox School of Theology (429)
- Marian Studies (422)
- Pentecostal Herald (405)
- The Repairer (403)
- Western Evangelical Seminary Theses (401)
- Dixieland College Materials (322)
- Journal of the American Society for Church Growth (313)
- The Second Person File (253)
- Mission (239)
- Spiritus: ORU Journal of Theology (239)
- Faculty Publications (229)
- Proceedings (215)
- O.P. Kretzmann Collection (211)
- Andrews University Seminary Studies (AUSS) (189)
- Publication Type
- File Type
Articles 451 - 480 of 28999
Full-Text Articles in Religion
Dementia Caregiver Support: Offering Spiritual And Emotional Guidance To Loved Ones Filling The Gap, William Reid Bishop
Dementia Caregiver Support: Offering Spiritual And Emotional Guidance To Loved Ones Filling The Gap, William Reid Bishop
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
The problem at Tremont Church of God is that members offering caregiver support to their loved ones with dementia are unaware of the coping skills needed for support. The purpose of this DMIN action research project is to provide an 8-week training program to teach caregivers techniques for managing their emotional and spiritual needs. The sample population for this project is church members over the age of 18 who are actively caregiving for a spouse or close relative with dementia. The sample size is between 10 and 15 participants. The training is located at Tremont COG. The training is in …
To Be Holy: How Expository Preaching On Holiness Impacts The Understanding Of John Wesley’S View Of The Gospel At Hopewell Methodist Church, Robert Moseley Jr.
To Be Holy: How Expository Preaching On Holiness Impacts The Understanding Of John Wesley’S View Of The Gospel At Hopewell Methodist Church, Robert Moseley Jr.
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
The problem identified in this thesis is that the adult members of Hopewell Methodist Church do not possess a Wesleyan view of the gospel and its goal. The action research project employs expository preaching to convey doctrinal truths discovered in Scripture. The project involved preaching an eight-week series of expository sermons on selected Scripture passages, covering foundational doctrines of the faith and explaining the gospel. The purpose of the sermon series was to introduce the congregation to John Wesley’s doctrine of holiness and to instate a Wesleyan view of the gospel. Furthermore, participants had the opportunity to join a weekly …
Second Maccabees As A Thematic Bridge To Early Christian Thought, Elizabeth D. Woods
Second Maccabees As A Thematic Bridge To Early Christian Thought, Elizabeth D. Woods
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
Research on Second Maccabees has increased over the past century, especially since the discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls. Much of this scholarship has been confined to discussion of historical, literary, or thematic topics within the confines of the work or in relation to the Old Testament. Little scholarship, comparably, exists regarding the themes of Second Maccabees in relationship to early Christian beliefs expressed in the New Testament.
This body of research seeks to address this gap by tracing the evolution of major themes from Second Maccabees through the first century CE and examining the presence of those themes within …
Sacred Silence: The Unspoken Realities Of Satisfaction In Marital Intimacy Among Black Christian Women, Shonda Reneé Brooks
Sacred Silence: The Unspoken Realities Of Satisfaction In Marital Intimacy Among Black Christian Women, Shonda Reneé Brooks
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
Sexual intimacy is a vital component of marital satisfaction, yet many married Black Christian women, taught to abstain from sex until marriage, enter matrimony without adequate marital guidance. This qualitative phenomenological study describes the lived experiences of married Black Christian women, ages 30–60, who were taught to abstain from sex until marriage but received little to no instruction on sexual intimacy after marriage. The central research question is: How do married Black Christian women, who were taught to abstain from sex until marriage, describe their experiences with marital intimacy? Framed by feminist theory, attachment theory, and intersectionality, the study examines …
Creating An Adaptable Discipleship Training Guide To Address The Absence Of Young Adult Ministry Leaders At Church A, Braeden Fleck
Creating An Adaptable Discipleship Training Guide To Address The Absence Of Young Adult Ministry Leaders At Church A, Braeden Fleck
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
This guide was designed to address a lack of young adult ministry leaders within the researcher’s local church. This thesis project serves as a witness to the development and implementation of an adaptable discipleship training guide. The project proclaims that a flexible discipleship curriculum is the key to cultivating spiritual formation in young adults, specifically those belonging to the Z generation. The primary strategy behind implementation was to use short term intervention through a period of five consecutive weeks to assess spiritual growth of young adult congregants who attend a hybrid satellite church campus. The research project was catalyzed by …
Leading Like Christ: A Phenomenological Study Of The Biblical Shepherd Motif In Christian Parachurch Executive Leadership, Alex Sefton
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
The purpose of this phenomenological study was to explore the lived experiences of Christian nonprofit parachurch organization executive leaders in southeastern Indiana (i.e., Decatur County and its adjacent counties). For the purpose of this study, executive leaders was defined as those who hold a top-level leadership position at an organization, and Christian nonprofit parachurch organization was defined as an organization designated under Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code (IRC) that advances biblical principles and social welfare. Shepherd-like leadership was generally defined as a leadership style that demonstrates relational care, personal guidance, and protection of well-being, as seen in Psalm …
The Changed Woman: Analyzing Narrative Parallels In The Stories Of Biblical Women And Musical Theatre Heroines, Finleigh Klein
The Changed Woman: Analyzing Narrative Parallels In The Stories Of Biblical Women And Musical Theatre Heroines, Finleigh Klein
Honors Projects
Musical theatre has become popular with audiences around the world. Many musicals contain stories of hope and overcoming obstacles, especially in narratives concerning young women. Since the Bible also contains a wealth of stories that focus on strong women, it is interesting to consider what connections may be found between the women represented in this ancient text and the female characters in various musical theatre productions.
With these potential connections in mind, I ask the question: how is the Biblical trope of the uplifting of women represented in songs sung by female characters in musical theatre? Furthermore, how can the …
Hearing The Mystery: Musical Diversity And The Search For Beauty, John Macinnis
Hearing The Mystery: Musical Diversity And The Search For Beauty, John Macinnis
Faculty Work Comprehensive List
"By shifting from primary reflection to secondary reflection in our thinking, from problem to mystery, we ensure that our aesthetic lives remain as expansive and vibrant as the diversity of creation."
Posting about music appreciation from In All Things, an online hub that offers insight into maintaining and faithful and orthodox Reformed Christian worldview while fearlessly engaging in every aspect of contemporary life – until all is made new.
Piranesi And Neptune: How Susanna Clarke’S Spellbinding Story Orbits Planet Narnia, Jennifer Agee
Piranesi And Neptune: How Susanna Clarke’S Spellbinding Story Orbits Planet Narnia, Jennifer Agee
Mythlore: A Journal of J.R.R. Tolkien, C.S. Lewis, Charles Williams, and Mythopoeic Literature
This essay is a critical consideration and celebration of the novel Piranesi by Susanna Clarke. The book makes clear references to the Chronicles of Narnia; these connections have been noted and explored elsewhere. But what hasn’t been noticed is Piranesi’s connection to Dr. Michael Ward’s critical theory as described in Planet Narnia (2008). Ward claims that the Narnia books are secretly organized around a medieval planetary scheme that incorporates the atmosphere, imagery, and influence of the “visible planets,” which C.S. Lewis believed were spiritual symbols of permanent value. This essay briefly explains Dr. Ward’s theory and argues that Susanna Clarke …
From Maldon To Mordor: Hobbits And The Lord-Retainer Relationship In The Lord Of The Rings, Samuel A. Masters
From Maldon To Mordor: Hobbits And The Lord-Retainer Relationship In The Lord Of The Rings, Samuel A. Masters
Mythlore: A Journal of J.R.R. Tolkien, C.S. Lewis, Charles Williams, and Mythopoeic Literature
Content warning: this paper discusses suicide and suicidal thoughts.
Tolkien’s interest in Old Germanic heroism had a profound impact upon the hobbits of The Lord of the Rings, and the Christianised form of heroism that they represent. In his essays, ‘Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics (1936) and ‘The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth Beorhthelm’s Son’ (1953), Tolkien praises the loving, paternalistic relationship between a lord and his retainers in Old English poetry; this aspect of medieval heroism is retained in Frodo, Sam, Merry and Pippin However, Tolkien also highlights several shortcomings of the Old Germanic ‘Northern Courage’. In …
Harry Potter And The Goblet Of Gethsemane: Christian Art And Tradition In The Passion Of Albus Dumbledore, John Anthony Dunne
Harry Potter And The Goblet Of Gethsemane: Christian Art And Tradition In The Passion Of Albus Dumbledore, John Anthony Dunne
Mythlore: A Journal of J.R.R. Tolkien, C.S. Lewis, Charles Williams, and Mythopoeic Literature
This essay contends that Professor Dumbledore drinking a potion from a goblet administered by Harry Potter in the cave from Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince evokes Jesus’s prayer in Gethsemane from the Gospels and his request that "the cup" be removed from him. Even though the Gospels portray Jesus all alone, and Dumbledore has Harry with him, I argue that Harry Potter evokes the expanded Lukan account of Gethsemane, which contains a textually uncertain passage about an angel ministering to him (Luke 22.43–44). I argue further that this Lukan text informs Harry Potter specifically as mediated through visual representations …
The Beauty Of Diversity: A Fuller Vision For The Reformed Tradition, Kyle J. Dieleman
The Beauty Of Diversity: A Fuller Vision For The Reformed Tradition, Kyle J. Dieleman
Faculty Work Comprehensive List
"A diversity of Christian traditions within the unity of the Christian faith, including within the Reformed tradition itself, can open us up to the depths of the Christian faith and lead us to love more deeply God and one another."
Posting about respecting other theological practices and traditions from In All Things, an online hub that offers insight into maintaining and faithful and orthodox Reformed Christian worldview while fearlessly engaging in every aspect of contemporary life – until all is made new.
A Study Of Zomi Pentecostalism In Its Social, Cultural, And Political Context: A Pentecostal Quest For The Lost Paradise, Thang San Mung
A Study Of Zomi Pentecostalism In Its Social, Cultural, And Political Context: A Pentecostal Quest For The Lost Paradise, Thang San Mung
College of Theology and Ministry Dissertations, Projects, & Theses
This dissertation examines the paradisal quest of the Zomi people, an ethnic Christian minority in Myanmar, through the lens of Pentecostal spirituality. Historically, the Zomi have experienced political displacement, loss of their ancestral homeland (Zogam), and ongoing marginalization. While existing scholarship has primarily interpreted Zomi struggles in terms of ethnic identity, nationalism, and socio-political resistance, this study offers a theological reorientation by interpreting Zomi paradisal longing through the Spirit-Restored Paradise framework, a Pentecostal theological model developed here. Employing a qualitative ethnographic methodology grounded in contextual theology, the research draws on semi-structured interviews with twenty-four Zomi Pentecostal participants from Myanmar and …
Is Diversity Good?, Donald Roth
Is Diversity Good?, Donald Roth
Faculty Work Comprehensive List
"Even where we get it wrong, God shapes Creation so that the riotous diversity of our world, whether in complimentary or contrasting tones, cannot fail to highlight His glory."
Posting about using discernment in promoting diversity from In All Things, an online hub that offers insight into maintaining and faithful and orthodox Reformed Christian worldview while fearlessly engaging in every aspect of contemporary life – until all is made new.
Christian Barbie: Exploring Biblical Themes In Greta Gerwig's "Barbie", Julia Howell
Christian Barbie: Exploring Biblical Themes In Greta Gerwig's "Barbie", Julia Howell
Ex Sapientia Loqui
The record-breaking and highly successful hit movie, Barbie, may have more depth than a simple film concerning a plastic doll. After carefully watching and studying, I have reached the firm conclusion that there are clear Biblical allusions throughout the Barbie movie. While one can ascertain these allusions using a Christian lens, it is important to highlight that the director of the film, Greta Gerwig, has confirmed her movie to be Biblically inspired due to her religious background. I believe it is important to seek how Christ is being reflected in film whether His reflection is intended by the creator or …
Centering Christ In Classical Schools, Paul Griffioen
Centering Christ In Classical Schools, Paul Griffioen
Faculty Work Comprehensive List
Reviewed Title: Gospel Education: Jesus as Lord of the Classical Christian School by Nate Walker. BakerBooks, 2026. pp 208. ISBN: 978-1540906007
Resurrection In Gold, Samantha K. Kelley
Resurrection In Gold, Samantha K. Kelley
Undergraduate Theses
The human experience consistently brings about themes of brokenness, oftentimes leading to feelings of loss, confusion, and a desire for repair. Guided by a metaphor found in kintsugi (a Japanese art form), this thesis aims to explore and illustrate both brokenness and repair, through a lens of Christian theology.
The beginning of this project focuses on brokenness, illustrating the brokenness that is found in life by destroying old artworks in various ways. The method of breaking each piece also aimed to connect to a way brokenness is commonly found in life, for example – society tearing us down, artworks being …
Diversity, Complexity, And Beauty, Jeff Ploegstra
Diversity, Complexity, And Beauty, Jeff Ploegstra
Faculty Work Comprehensive List
"A pile of Lego pieces might be interesting, but it’s nothing compared to what those pieces can become when they’re arranged with intention."
Posting about what makes something beautiful from In All Things, an online hub that offers insight into maintaining and faithful and orthodox Reformed Christian worldview while fearlessly engaging in every aspect of contemporary life – until all is made new.
Diversity, Complexity, and Beauty
Puddles Of Grace, Bruce Kuiper
Puddles Of Grace, Bruce Kuiper
Faculty Work Comprehensive List
"... dignity, truth, and beauty do not originate from the platform. They originate from the source."
Posting about ordinary yet profound moments in life from In All Things, an online hub that offers insight into maintaining and faithful and orthodox Reformed Christian worldview while fearlessly engaging in every aspect of contemporary life – until all is made new.
The Shift In Stakeholder Attitudes Regarding The Importance Of Membership In American Evangelical Churches, Michelle Watts
The Shift In Stakeholder Attitudes Regarding The Importance Of Membership In American Evangelical Churches, Michelle Watts
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
The relationship between members' perceived benefits and attendance frequency in American evangelical churches was examined using a quantitative correlational design grounded in social Exchange Theory and the Flywheel Model. Declining attendance presents ongoing organizational challenges for American evangelical churches. Using a fixed correlational research design, data were collected via an online survey administered to adult evangelical church members across geographic regions, education levels, ages, genders, and urban areas. The survey included the established and adapted Perceived Organizational Support Scale and the Perceived Relational Benefit Scale. Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics, reliability analysis, correlation analysis, multiple regression, and hierarchical regression to …
A New Testament Theology Of Evangelistic Prayer, Preston Gagnon
A New Testament Theology Of Evangelistic Prayer, Preston Gagnon
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
Evangelistic prayer is widely assumed to be appropriate, but the biblical basis for the practice has been insufficiently argued. Some evangelistic resources assume evangelistic prayer is necessary. Others overlook the practice, and many discuss evangelistic prayer by making minimal arguments for the practice. Due to the lack of comprehensive arguments for evangelistic prayer, some authors have been able to claim that prayers for the lost are unbiblical. This dissertation enters the conversation by arguing that the New Testament presents evangelistic prayer as a biblically mandated, exemplified, and theologically supported practice. This argument is made by expositing twelve key New Testament …
Sacred Geography And The Restoration Of Divine Presence: The Garden Of Eden, Egypt, The Wilderness, And The Promised Land In The Theology Of The Torah, Gary Ryan Perry
Sacred Geography And The Restoration Of Divine Presence: The Garden Of Eden, Egypt, The Wilderness, And The Promised Land In The Theology Of The Torah, Gary Ryan Perry
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
This dissertation argues that the Torah presents redemption through a progressive spatial framework in which sacred geography reveals the restoration of God’s dwelling among His people. The narrative movement from the Garden of Eden to Egypt, the Wilderness, and finally the Promised Land forms a theological arc that structures the Torah’s presentation of covenant, priesthood, and divine presence. The Garden of Eden establishes humanity’s original royal priestly vocation within sacred space. Egypt functions as an anti-garden, where abundance and provision exist apart from a covenant relationship with God. The Wilderness represents a redemptive restart, in which Israel is formed through …
A Phenomenological Research On The Understanding Of Morality At Birth From A Believer's Standpoint, Michelle I. Hubble
A Phenomenological Research On The Understanding Of Morality At Birth From A Believer's Standpoint, Michelle I. Hubble
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
At birth, is a person born evil, good, or neutral? This phenomenological study aims to explore the perspective of the morality of a child at birth for adult believers in the Missionary Church. At this stage in the research, the perspective of the morality of a child at birth will be generally defined as evil, good, or neutral. The theory guiding this study was research done by Harvard, which concluded that humanity's first instinct is not to act selfishly but to cooperate in their behavior with others (Tucker, 2013). This research proposed that this alternative perspective is invalid when Piaget’s …
Utilizing A Small Group In Bible Studies To Bring About The Reconciliation Of All The Groups Of An Ethnic Community Church In Brooklyn, New York, Anthony Ukasoanya E Uwakwe
Utilizing A Small Group In Bible Studies To Bring About The Reconciliation Of All The Groups Of An Ethnic Community Church In Brooklyn, New York, Anthony Ukasoanya E Uwakwe
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
Many local churches in America today have problems in their ministries. The problems may stem from the untimely action or inaction by the church leaders, including ordained pastors and laity. Other problems are simple misunderstandings, such as a congregant not being reimbursed for funds used for a church event. This thesis research project will present biblical teachings on reconciliation, provide a framework for resolving financial misunderstandings in the church, and foster unity among its groups. It is important to know God’s reasons for being reconciled in the fellowship of the church. The triangular methodology employed uses specific scripture passages that …
Inmate Reentry: Success Through Faith - A Mixed-Methods Study On Inmate Conversions And Life After Release, Eric S. Campbell
Inmate Reentry: Success Through Faith - A Mixed-Methods Study On Inmate Conversions And Life After Release, Eric S. Campbell
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
This dissertation-in-praxis (DiP) explored the circumstances surrounding the emotional responses and past traumatic experiences that led inmates to commit their lives to Jesus. The DiP also researched the high rate of recidivism amongst released inmates. The researcher partnered with Reach the Forgotten Jail Ministry (RTF), as well as local churches, in an effort to create a program that would work with inmates prior to and after release. The qualitative study established a paradigm highlighting the significance of comprehensive leadership training in a time of transition by drawing upon transformational leadership theory, adaptive leadership theory, as well as servant leadership theory. …
Reimagining Apologetics: Imagination As A Theological And Formative Framework For Christian Witness, Cynthia June Bracy
Reimagining Apologetics: Imagination As A Theological And Formative Framework For Christian Witness, Cynthia June Bracy
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
This dissertation argues that imagination is a theological and epistemological necessity for contemporary Christian apologetics. Traditional apologetic methods, shaped largely by Enlightenment rationalism, have emphasized logical argumentation and evidential demonstration. While these approaches remain valuable, they often fail to address the imaginative and affective dimensions through which many people in postmodern cultural contexts encounter questions of meaning, identity, and belief. In response, this study proposes an integrative apologetic framework that recovers imagination as a central dimension of Christian witness. Drawing upon interdisciplinary research in theology, philosophy, literary studies, and cultural analysis, the dissertation develops a model in which imagination, grounded …
The Intermediate State: Scriptural, Philosophical, And Scientific Evidence For Conscious Existence After Death, Timothy R. Perry
The Intermediate State: Scriptural, Philosophical, And Scientific Evidence For Conscious Existence After Death, Timothy R. Perry
Masters Theses
This thesis examines whether Scripture and supporting evidence affirm that believers enter the immediate presence of Christ in a conscious and possibly embodied state prior to the resurrection. It argues that compelling scriptural, scientific, and philosophical evidence supports the doctrine that believers enter the presence of Christ immediately after death, in a conscious and possibly embodied state until the final resurrection. The study employs a multidisciplinary argument drawing upon biblical exegesis, philosophical reasoning, and relevant scientific insights from the emerging field of near-death experiences. This study uniquely frames the intermediate state as an apologetic issue, offering hope to Christians who …
Brilliant Things: Directing The Heart Toward Hope, Laurel A. Koerner
Brilliant Things: Directing The Heart Toward Hope, Laurel A. Koerner
Faculty Work Comprehensive List
"Together, we can cultivate an attitude of wonder, of beholding what is there, signaling the More. Renew our vision, Lord."
Posting about noticing the good from In All Things, an online hub that offers insight into maintaining and faithful and orthodox Reformed Christian worldview while fearlessly engaging in every aspect of contemporary life – until all is made new.
Establishing The St. Paul Ame Church’S Community Youth Chaplain Ministry To Equip African American Youth To Manage Their Mental, Emotional, And Spiritual Health, Michelle A. Creer
Establishing The St. Paul Ame Church’S Community Youth Chaplain Ministry To Equip African American Youth To Manage Their Mental, Emotional, And Spiritual Health, Michelle A. Creer
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
African American youth face a myriad of challenges that negatively impact their well-being. As such, this study explores the role of community youth chaplaincy interventions in helping African American youth manage their mental, emotional, and spiritual health. The study focused on training the trainers who will guide and support the young people. The training and self-application/intervention centered on building resilience, identity formation, addressing racial trauma, and nurturing spiritual growth through understanding that God created participants in His image and their identity is in Christ. Nine adult participants who are engaged in churches and activities within the African American community, contributed …
E-Training: A Model To Reach Next Generations - A Training Program, Alice L. Jeter-Mays
E-Training: A Model To Reach Next Generations - A Training Program, Alice L. Jeter-Mays
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
The aim of this dissertation-in-praxis was to assist ONE Church, Atl: (OCA) in creating a strategy (program) which would focus on church growth, spiritual growth, community involvement and reaching lost generations. The program developed drew upon the Authentic Leadership Theory (George, 2003), which speaks on the authenticity of the leader showing genuine love, empathy and concern for followers. The Transformational Leadership Theory was included, which motivates the leader to engage the followers positively (Burns, 1978). The program also addressed the servant leader as introduced by Greenleaf (1977), emphasizing putting others ahead of themselves and always looking to the welfare of …