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Articles 181 - 210 of 942
Full-Text Articles in Philosophy
Between The Moment And Eternity: How Schillerian Play Can Establish Animals As Moral Agents, Jaime Denison
Between The Moment And Eternity: How Schillerian Play Can Establish Animals As Moral Agents, Jaime Denison
Between the Species
While concerned with how man achieves his status as a moral being, Friedrich Schiller develops a concept of play that serves as a bridge between our sensuous existence to the rational, realizing moral freedom. In what ways might we extend this concept to the non-human animal? Current research by play theorists and ethologists has shown that play behaviour in animals is both complex and crucial in determining social patterns, and Schiller’s account may have anticipated these observations. I argue that through Schiller’s theory of play and our current research on animal play, it is possible to undermine the systematic removal …
Extreme Humanism: Heidegger, Buber, And The Threshold Of Language, Frank Garrett
Extreme Humanism: Heidegger, Buber, And The Threshold Of Language, Frank Garrett
Between the Species
Throughout this essay I attempt to bring into focus what I see as the thorniest point of proximity between two giants in twentieth-century ontology; that is, the nature of language in the delineation between human beings and animals within the work of Martin Heidegger and Martin Buber. I consider Heidegger’s conception of world in an attempt to understand how he sees the abyss—as well as the bridge—between animals and humankind. Buber’s more encompassing view of being seems to be a fruitful catalyst for moving Heidegger closer to something at which he hints but from which he withdraws. By exploring the …
A Difference That Makes A Difference: Welfare And The Equality Of Consideration, Elijah Weber
A Difference That Makes A Difference: Welfare And The Equality Of Consideration, Elijah Weber
Between the Species
In Welfare, Happiness, and Ethics, L.W. Sumner defends two significant constraints on one’s theory of welfare: formality and generality. An adequate theory of welfare, claims Sumner, must give a constitutive account of the “good-for” relation. This constitutive account must be sufficiently general that any entity whose status as a welfare subject is uncontroversial falls within its scope. This paper will argue that Sumner’s proposed constraints are particularly significant to utilitarian arguments for the equal moral considerability of non-human animals. In the absence of these constraints, the inconsistency that is alleged to follow from denying moral considerability to non-human animals, while …
Innocent And Innocuous: The Case Against Animal Research, Joel Marks
Innocent And Innocuous: The Case Against Animal Research, Joel Marks
Between the Species
No abstract provided.
Husbandry To Industry: Animal Agriculture, Ethics And Public Policy, Jes Harfeld
Husbandry To Industry: Animal Agriculture, Ethics And Public Policy, Jes Harfeld
Between the Species
The industrialisation of agriculture has led to considerable alterations at both the technological and economical levels of animal farming. Several animal welfare issues of modern animal agriculture – e.g. stress and stereotypical behaviour – can be traced back to the industrialised intensification of housing and numbers of animals in production. Although these welfare issues dictate ethical criticism, it is the claim of this article that such direct welfare issues are only the forefront of a greater systemic ethical problem inherent to industrialisation. Consequently, this article provides an analysis of the foundational ethical problems in animal agriculture which derive from (I) …
The Ethics Of The Ecology Of Fear Against The Nonspeciesist Paradigm: A Shift In The Aims Of Intervention In Nature, Oscar Horta
The Ethics Of The Ecology Of Fear Against The Nonspeciesist Paradigm: A Shift In The Aims Of Intervention In Nature, Oscar Horta
Between the Species
Humans often intervene in the wild for anthropocentric or environmental reasons. An example of such interventions is the reintroduction of wolves in places where they no longer live in order to create what has been called an “ecology of fear”, which is being currently discussed in places such as Scotland. In the first part of this paper I discuss the reasons for this measure and argue that they are not compatible with a nonspeciesist approach. Then, I claim that if we abandon a speciesist viewpoint we should change completely the way in which we should intervene in nature. Rather than …
Animals And Animals, Laurence Thomas
Animals And Animals, Laurence Thomas
Between the Species
Speciesism is the wrong of not acknowledging the moral qualities that non-human animals possess that are similar or equivalent or even superior to the moral qualities that human beings possess. However, since it is manifestly clear that no one thinks that apes are in any way obligated to human beings, it clearly cannot be a form of speciesism to be mindful of the differences on the basis of which that is so. In opposition to the advocates of the Great Ape Project, my aim in this essay is to establish the quite minimal claim that apes should not have the …
The Hunt: A Short Story, Josephine Donovan
Review Of Marti Kheel’S Nature Ethics: An Ecofeminist Perspective, Rachel Fernflores
Review Of Marti Kheel’S Nature Ethics: An Ecofeminist Perspective, Rachel Fernflores
Between the Species
No abstract provided.
Review Of Jean Kazez's Animalkind: What We Owe To Animals, James Stanescu
Review Of Jean Kazez's Animalkind: What We Owe To Animals, James Stanescu
Between the Species
No abstract provided.
Animals As Friends, Cynthia Townley
Animals As Friends, Cynthia Townley
Between the Species
Whether animals, especially companion animals, count as friends depends on the conception of friendship as well as on the conception of animals. Some accounts of friendship can include (other than human) animals more easily than others. I present an argument in favour of characterising some animal-human connections as friendships, and address some of the standard objections to this characterisation. It might seem that under any conception of friendship, characterising animals as (potential) friends would likely lead to better treatment of animals, as various kinds of ill-treatment or use would not be consistent with treating someone as a friend. However, concern …
Second Nature And Animal Life, Stefano Di Brisco
Second Nature And Animal Life, Stefano Di Brisco
Between the Species
I am concerned in this paper with McDowell's account of human uniqueness in nature in terms of a fundamental difference between humans and animals. I try to show that the concept of that difference is relevant for a Wittgensteinian understanding of the place of rationality in nature. I then develop an internal criticism of McDowell's transcendental way of approaching this topic by using Diamond's insights about the importance of the details for a realistic philosophical account of human mindedness. My aim is to show that the difference between humans and animals is constitutive of our understanding of what it means …
Discourse First, Cages Second: A New Locus For Animal Liberation, Brianne Donaldson
Discourse First, Cages Second: A New Locus For Animal Liberation, Brianne Donaldson
Between the Species
The Animal that was named, categorized, and excluded from the human community by the Greeks has seeped into society at multiple points. This Animal now exists in a paradoxical limbo where she is both excluded from social standing and moral consideration while at the same time being included, utilized and discussed within all sectors of society from advertising to philosophy, neuroscience to the pet industry, religion to farming. Thus, animals have been caught up in multiple mechanisms of explanatory terminology, symbolic use, and physical captivity which all work together to create a Discourse of the Animal, which is employed both …
Review Of Wesley J. Smith's A Rat Is A Pig Is A Dog Is A Boy: The Human Cost Of The Animal Rights Movement, Angus Taylor
Review Of Wesley J. Smith's A Rat Is A Pig Is A Dog Is A Boy: The Human Cost Of The Animal Rights Movement, Angus Taylor
Between the Species
No abstract provided.
Proper Function Justification And Epistemic Rationality, Todd R. Long
Proper Function Justification And Epistemic Rationality, Todd R. Long
Philosophy
No abstract provided.
A Proper De Jure Objection To The Epistemic Rationality Of Religious Belief, Todd R. Long
A Proper De Jure Objection To The Epistemic Rationality Of Religious Belief, Todd R. Long
Philosophy
I answer Alvin Plantinga’s challenge to provide a ‘proper’ de jure objection to religious belief. What I call the ‘sophisticates’ evidential objection’ (SEO) concludes that sophisticated Christians lack epistemic justification for believing central Christian propositions. The SEO utilizes a theory of epistemic justification in the spirit of the evidentialism of Richard Feldman and Earl Conee. I defend philosophical interest in the SEO (and its underlying evidentialism) against objections from Reformed epistemology, by addressing Plantinga’s criteria for a proper de jure objection, his anti-evidentialist arguments, and the relevance of ‘impulsional evidence’. I argue that no result from Plantinga-style Reformed epistemology precludes …
Quantum Mechanics And Ethical Antirealism: A Counter-Analogy To Boyd, Justin Lawson
Quantum Mechanics And Ethical Antirealism: A Counter-Analogy To Boyd, Justin Lawson
Philosophy
In his paper How to Be a Moral Realist Boyd attempts to show how cases of ethical indeterminacy can be accounted for from an ethical realist’s standpoint. Boyd describes cases of extensional vagueness in the life-sciences which arise from knowable and definite underlying structures and draws an analogy to ethics to argue his case. This paper argues that an equally compelling analogy can be drawn between another type of scientific indeterminacy – that in quantum mechanics – and the related ethical cases. Because quantum mechanical uncertainty (on the Copenhagen interpretation) is a real and not merely epistemic limitation on physical …
Ethics Of Human Enhancement: 25 Questions & Answers, Fritz Allhoff, Patrick Lin, James Moor, John Weckert
Ethics Of Human Enhancement: 25 Questions & Answers, Fritz Allhoff, Patrick Lin, James Moor, John Weckert
Philosophy
This paper presents the principal findings from a three-year research project funded by the US National Science Foundation (NSF) on ethics of human enhancement technologies. To help untangle this ongoing debate, we have organized the discussion as a list of questions and answers, starting with background issues and moving to specific concerns, including: freedom & autonomy, health & safety, fairness & equity, societal disruption, and human dignity. Each question-and answer pair is largely self-contained, allowing the reader to skip to those issues of interest without affecting continuity.
Ethics Of Human Enhancement: An Executive Summary, Fritz Allhoff, Patrick Lin, Jesse Steinberg
Ethics Of Human Enhancement: An Executive Summary, Fritz Allhoff, Patrick Lin, Jesse Steinberg
Philosophy
With multi-year funding from the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF), a team of researchers has just released a comprehensive report detailing ethical issues arising from human enhancement (Allhoff et al. 2009). While we direct the interested reader to that (much longer) report, we also thank the editors of this journal for the invitation to provide an executive summary thereof. This summary highlights key results from each section of that report and does so in a self-standing way; in other words, this summary presupposes no familiarity with the report and offers the opportunity to gain quick familiarity with its most central …
Ethics Of Human Enhancement: 25 Questions & Answers, Fritz Allhoff, Patrick Lin, James Moor, John Weckert
Ethics Of Human Enhancement: 25 Questions & Answers, Fritz Allhoff, Patrick Lin, James Moor, John Weckert
Philosophy
No abstract provided.
Feral Animals And The Restoration Of Nature, Roger J.H. King
Feral Animals And The Restoration Of Nature, Roger J.H. King
Between the Species
Projects to restore nature inevitably disrupt the plants and animals that inhabit the land to be restored. This essay addresses the significance of feral animals. Can feral animals remain in a restored nature? I argue that an answer depends on what we mean by nature and restoration. I present several different conceptions of nature and discuss what their differences mean for the goals of restoration. While the presence of feral animals is not compatible with the dualist conception of nature as that which is untouched by humans, other conceptions are more accommodating. Restoration to a benchmark of nature prior to …
Nonhuman Animals In Adam Smith’S Moral Theory, Alejandra Mancilla
Nonhuman Animals In Adam Smith’S Moral Theory, Alejandra Mancilla
Between the Species
By giving sympathy a central role, Adam Smith’s Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759) can be regarded as one of the ‘enlightened’ moral theories of the Enlightenment, insofar as it widened the scope of moral consideration beyond the traditionally restricted boundary of human beings. This, although the author himself does not seem to have been aware of this fact. In this paper, I want to focus on two aspects which I think lead to this conclusion. First, by making sentience the requisite to be taken into moral consideration, nonhuman animals in Smith’s moral theory can count as moral patients towards whom …
How Ought We To Live With Nonhuman Animals? Peter Singer’S Answer: Animal Liberation Part I, Lesley Mclean
How Ought We To Live With Nonhuman Animals? Peter Singer’S Answer: Animal Liberation Part I, Lesley Mclean
Between the Species
In this paper and the next I discuss Peter Singer’s approach to answering the question of how one ought to live with nonhuman animals. In the first paper I situate Singer’s work within the larger historical context of moral concern for animals, looking at previous public consensus on the issue, its breakdown and its re-emergence with Singer in the 1970s. In the second paper, I take a closer look at Singer’s highly influential book, Animal Liberation (1975), and argue that as activist literature, his chapter on animal experimentation for example can be seen as morally persuasive in ways other than …
How Ought We To Live With Nonhuman Animals? Peter Singer’S Answer: Animal Liberation Part Ii, Lesley Mclean
How Ought We To Live With Nonhuman Animals? Peter Singer’S Answer: Animal Liberation Part Ii, Lesley Mclean
Between the Species
In the previous paper I resituated Peter Singer's Animal Liberation within the larger context of the historical development of the animal activist movement. This paper directly follows on from the previous one, but here I take a closer at the book itself, focusing on 'Tools for Research', the second chapter in which Singer discusses animal experimentation particularly. My aim is to draw attention to the tactics adopted by Singer, which given the historical development of the movement, as detailed previously, are indeed activist, and offer some account of why they are morally persuasive.
The Man Who Mistook His Meal For A Hot Dog, H. Peter Steeves
The Man Who Mistook His Meal For A Hot Dog, H. Peter Steeves
Between the Species
No abstract provided.
Fishing For A Sustainable Future, Mary Lyn Stoll
Fishing For A Sustainable Future, Mary Lyn Stoll
Between the Species
As the efficiency and reach of global fishing has grown, overfishing has unwittingly undermined the industry’s future while at the same time depriving poor people of a dietary staple. Several problems that most concern the critics of globalization come into play: undermining the power of governments to protect their environments and citizens, an economic system that robs the poor and future generations of basic necessities, and market developments that undercut long term economic and environmental stability. I examine how creative institutional measures could avert total collapse of ocean ecosystems despite the complexity of enacting marine ethics in a globalized economy. …
The Epistemic Irresponsibility Of The Subjects-Of-A-Life Account, Julia Tanner
The Epistemic Irresponsibility Of The Subjects-Of-A-Life Account, Julia Tanner
Between the Species
In this paper I will argue that Regan’s subjects-of-a-life account is epistemically irresponsible. Firstly, in making so many epistemic claims. Secondly in making the claims themselves.
Review Of Matthew C. Halteman’S Compassionate Eating As Care Of Creation (Humane Society Of The United States, 2008), John Mcateer
Review Of Matthew C. Halteman’S Compassionate Eating As Care Of Creation (Humane Society Of The United States, 2008), John Mcateer
Between the Species
No abstract provided.
Review Of Matthew Calarco's Zoographies: The Question Of The Animal From Heidegger To Derrida, Donald L. Turner
Review Of Matthew Calarco's Zoographies: The Question Of The Animal From Heidegger To Derrida, Donald L. Turner
Between the Species
No abstract provided.
Business, Science And Ethics: A Case Study In The Necessary Evolution Of Methodology, Thomas I. White
Business, Science And Ethics: A Case Study In The Necessary Evolution Of Methodology, Thomas I. White
Between the Species
Alasdair MacIntyre and David DeGrazia have explored the question of how sophisticated dolphins’ cognitive abilities are, and these thinkers have taken positions based on a flawed methodology that either assert or imply that dolphins fall below humans when it comes to cognitive sophistication and moral consideration. Timothy Fort uses MacIntyre’s characterization of dolphins in his discussion of the value of biology to business ethics. He thereby makes inaccurate and unsupportable claims, and perpetuates a stereotype about dolphins grounded in unintentional speciesism—a stereotype that makes certain unethical treatment of dolphins appear defensible. There is currently little discussion about the appropriate methodology …