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Traditional Caddo Potter, Chase K. Earles

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

Although I originally set out to find an art form that I was comfortable with and would be inspired by, for myself, I ended up discovering an ancient art form that would benefit not just myself, but the generations of Caddo people that would come after me. I feel that eventually they will see the benefit from its rediscovery. But also, I quickly realized the need to make public the distinction of our ancient pottery legacy for the sake of those Caddo that would pick up the craft. The Native American art world in the American Southeast is much different …

An Examination Of Six “Nutting Stones” From East Texas For Plant Phytoliths, Mark Walters, Steven Bozarth, Thomas H. Guderjan

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

In this article we report on an examination of six nutting stones from East Texas sites as well as an exploratory examination of their possible functions. “Nutting stones” have long been presumed to have been used prehistorically for crushing nuts such as hickory, etc. as foodstuffs. In fact Davis described them as being:

A small flat stone, usually made of limestone, sandstone or other sedimentary types of rock which could be carried by hand. The flat surface may have one or more ground or pecked cups of various sizes, shapes and depth. It is postulated that they were used for …

The Coker Mound (41cs1) In The Sulphur River Basin Of East Texas, Timothy K. Perttula

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

The Coker Mound site (41CS1) in the lower Sulphur River basin in the East Texas Pineywoods is one of the few known earthen mounds constructed by ancestral Caddo peoples in the Sulphur River area. The site was first investigated by the University of Texas (UT) in 1932, then revisited in 1949 by archaeologists surveying the flood pool area for the then proposed Lake Texarkana (now Lake Wright Patman). In the 1990s, collectors began to excavate in a mound at the Coker site (there may be as many as four mounds at the site), where they encountered a number of Caddo …

The Stover Lake Site (41bw8) On The Lower Sulphur River, Bowie County, Texas, Timothy K. Perttula

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

The Stover Lake site (41BW8) is an ancestral Caddo cemetery and habitation site on a natural alluvial rise in the Sulphur River floodplain, about 1.6 km east of the Lake Wright Patman dam. In 1961-1962, several collectors excavated at least 19 Caddo burials at the site and also gathered a collection of sherds from habitation contexts. Notes on the burials and their funerary offerings were provided by the collectors to the Texas Archeological Research Laboratory at The University of Texas at Austin (TARL), and 390 ceramic sherds and one stone gorget from non-burial contexts were donated to TARL by one …

The Forest Mound Site (41ce290) On Larrison Creek, Cherokee County, Texas, Timothy K. Perttula

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

The Forest Mound site (41CE290) is an ancestral Caddo site on a sandy knoll on an alluvial terrace of Larrison Creek, a southward-flowing tributary to the Neches River in the East Texas Pineywoods. Raymond Ring, an avocational archaeologist, found and investigated the site in 1962, and amassed a small collection of ceramic sherds and one arrow point that he subsequently donated to the Texas Archeological Research Laboratory at The University of Texas at Austin (TARL).

Ancestral Caddo Sites In The Lower Sulphur River Basin At Lake Wright Patman, Bowie And Cass Counties, Texas, Timothy K. Perttula

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

The three sites discussed in this article are within the Lake Wright Patman project area on the lower Sulphur River in East Texas. Two of the sites (Clayborn Springs [41BW55] and Mill Creek [41CS125]) are along the existing shoreline and flood pool, but Swen Farm (41BW65) is mostly submerged, except that the crest of the alluvial terrace the site is on is occasionally an island in the lake. All three sites have been eroded by wave action since the creation of Lake Wright Patman in the 1950s, and the Mill Creek site is still being looted.

The Frank Murphy Farm Site (41an48), Anderson County, Texas, Timothy K. Perttula

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

The Frank Murphy Farm site (41AN48) is a Late Caddo period, Frankston phase occupation in the upper Neches River basin in the East Texas Pineywoods. The site was investigated by University of Texas (UT) archaeologists in 1935.

The Brooks-Lindsey Site (41ce293), A Probable Post-A.D. 1650 Caddo Site In The Neches River Basin, Cherokee County, Texas, Timothy K. Perttula

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

The Brooks-Lindsey site is a probable post-A.D. 1650 Caddo settlement in the Neches River basin in the East Texas Pineywoods. The site was brought to professional archaeological attention in 1986, when collectors who were working the site contacted archaeologists at the Texas Archeological Research Laboratory at The University of Texas at Austin (TARL), and allowed them to examine the ceramic vessel sherd collection they had assembled at that time from surface collections and various excavations.

41sm32 On Little Saline Creek In Smith County, Texas, Timothy K. Perttula, Mark Thaker

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

A review of early trinomial numbers for sites located in Smith County in East Texas indicated that between 1938 and 1943 Jack Hughes identified and collected from at least 37 sites listed on the Texas Historic Site Atlas. From 1938 to 1941 his site locations randomly occur throughout the County; interestingly there are no sites recorded in 1942. In 1943 he recorded about 14 sites along Black Fork Creek and its tributaries, this being mostly west of the City of Tyler.

The primary purpose in reviewing the available archaeological information about these early recorded sites was to re-visit selected sites …

The Doug Martin Site (41an88), A Late Caddo Period Frankston Phase Settlement In The Trinity River Basin In East Texas, Timothy K. Perttula

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

The Doug Martin site (41AN88) is a Late Caddo period Frankston phase settlement on a southern-flowing tributary to the Trinity River in the Post Oak Savannah of East Texas (Figure 1). Several avocational archaeologists from the Palestine, Texas, area, principally including Clyde Amick, worked at the site in the early 1980s, and donated a collection of artifacts from the site, along with some information about the work done there, to the Texas Archeological Research Laboratory at The University of Texas at Austin (TARL) in November 1985.

Diversity In Ancestral Caddo Vessel Forms In East Texas Archaeological Sites, Timothy K. Perttula

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

Ceramic vessels from ancestral Caddo sites in East Texas are diverse in form, size, manufacture, and decoration, both spatially and temporally. Variation in these attributes, including vessel form, also “is connected with particular local and regional traditions." In this study, I am concerned with defining the character and formal identification of Caddo vessel forms on sites in the region. To both appreciate and understand the meaning of vessel form diversity in Caddo vessel assemblages in East Texas— or any other part of the much larger southern Caddo area—the consistent identification of different vessel forms and vessel shapes is crucial. The …

Some Ancestral Caddo Sites On Bayou Loco In The Angelina River Basin, Nacogdoches County, Texas, Timothy K. Perttula

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

Archaeological research has been ongoing since the 1930s along Bayou Loco in the western part of Nacogdoches County in the East Texas Pineywoods. Bayou Loco is a southward-flowing tributary to the Angelina River.

Jackson note that it was the proposed construction of the Bayou Loco Reservoir (Lake Nacogdoches) in 1972 that led to an important surge in the extent of archaeological research along Bayou Loco, beginning with an archaeological survey, followed up by excavations at several sites that would be inundated by the lake, principally the Mayhew site (41NA21) and the Deshazo site (41NA13/27). The Deshazo site’s Caddo cemetery had …

41an28: An Ancestral Caddo Settlement On Mound Prairie Creek In The Neches River Basin In East Texas, Timothy K. Perttula

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

Site 41AN28 is an extensive ancestral Caddo settlement on an alluvial terrace on the west side of Mound Prairie Creek in the Post Oak Savannah of East Texas. Mound Prairie Creek is an southward- and eastward-flowing tributary to the Neches River. The confluence of the two streams lies about 20 km to the east.

Directly to the east of 41AN28 on the east side of Mound Prairie Creek lies the Pace McDonald site (41AN51). This site is an important Middle Caddo period (ca. A.D. 1200-1400) mound center with at least two earthen mounds and a settlement that covers more than …

Woodland And Caddo Period Sites At Toledo Bend Reservoir, Northwest Louisiana And East Texas, Timothy K. Perttula, Mark Walters

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

Toledo Bend Reservoir is one of the largest artificial lakes in the United States and the largest reservoir in the South. The lake is approximately 65 miles long and contains over 1200 miles of shoreline in both Louisiana and Texas. Construction began in 1964 with completion of the power plant, with the subsequent filling of the lake in 1969. Archaeological investigations at Toledo Bend Reservoir on the Sabine River and tributaries in both Louisiana and Texas took place primarily took during the 1960s, with survey and excavations, sometimes of a very limited nature by the University of Texas (UT) and …

Caddo Ceramic Vessels From The Womack Site (41lr1), Lamar County, Texas, Timothy K. Perttula, Mark Walters

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

The Womack site (41LR1) is an ancestral Caddo settlement situated on an alluvial terrace in a horseshoe bend of the Red River in north central Lamar County in East Texas. Harris completed the analysis and study of their 1938-mid-1960s investigations at the site, but the findings from the earlier archaeological investigations conducted at the site by the University of Texas (UT) in 1931 have only been recently published.

Titus Phase Ceramic Vessels From The W. L. Willeford Farm, Upshur County, Texas, Timothy K. Perttula, Mark Walters

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

The W. L. Willeford site (41UR5) is a Late Caddo period Titus phase cemetery of unknown size. It is in the Little Walnut Creek basin, and Little Walnut Creek is a southward-flowing tributary to Little Cypress Creek in the East Texas Pineywoods.

Some time prior to 1930, Caddo vessels had been exposed by erosion at the site, and other vessels were plowed up in 1930. University of Texas (UT) archaeologists led by B. B. Gardner excavated at the site in July 1931, but found no burials. The UT archaeologists purchased Caddo vessels from the landowner, along with three elbow pipes, …

Documentation Of Ceramic Vessels From An Early Caddo Period Feature At The Boxed Spring Site (41ur30) Site, Upshur County, Texas, Timothy K. Perttula, Mark Walters

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

The Boxed Spring site (41UR30) is an ancestral Caddo mound center of apparent Early Caddo age (ca. A.D. 900-1200) on the Sabine River, situated on an upland landform a short distance upstream from the Sabine River’s confluence with Big Sandy Creek (Figure 1). The site is located in the modern East Texas Pineywoods, and is estimated to cover approximately 48 acres of a large and prominent upland ridge projection.

There are four mounds (A-D) at the site arranged around an open area or central plaza, and there were several habitation areas to the north and south of the sets of …

Prehistoric Sites In The Sabine River Valley In Northeastern Smith County, Texas Timothy K. Perttula And Mark Walters, Timothy K. Perttula, Mark Walters

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

In the winter of 2003, the junior author completed archaeological survey investigations of a small area of the Sabine River valley in northeastern Smith County in the East Texas Pineywoods. The work consisted of limited surface collections and shovel tests, and four archaeological sites were found during the work. The sites are about 2.4-3.0 km south-southwest of the Early Caddo period Boxed Spring mound site (41UR30) on the north side of the Sabine River.

Two of the archaeological sites (41SM307 and 41SM308) are situated on alluvial landforms in the Sabine River valley at elevations of ca. 280-290 ft. amsl. The …

The J. M. Snow Site (41ce8) In The Neches River Basin, Cherokee County, Texas, Timothy K. Perttula

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

The J. M. Snow site (41CE8) is an ancestral Caddo habitation site and probable small cemetery in the Pineywoods of East Texas. According to Jackson, the site had two habitation areas along the bank of an old channel of the Neches River, each some 300 m from an area where the landowner found 8-10 ceramic vessels from one or more burials that had eroded into a ravine. A Bullard Brushed jar was purchased from the landowner.

One of the habitation areas had a well-preserved midden deposit about 4.6-7.6 m in diameter and ca. 46-76 cm in thickness. University of Texas …

Ceramic Petrographic Analysis Of Sites 41cp71, 41bw2, 41bw5, And 41sm442, Northeast Texas, David G. Robinson, Timothy K. Perttula

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

A total of 61 ancestral Caddo ceramic sherds from four village sites in Northeast Texas were studied by ceramic petrographic methods in 2014. The sample sherds were excavated from their sites under controlled conditions and were either archived at the Texas Archeological Research Laboratory at The University of Texas at Austin (41BW2), Stephen F. Austin State University (41CP71), or remain in private hands (41SM442). Recently, they were selected for combined petrographic and instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA), although only the sherds from the Alligator Pond site (41SM442) have actually been submitted and analyzed by INAA at this time. This combination …

An Aggregate Of Spear Points From Atoka County, Oklahoma, Robert L. Brooks

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

Nine spear points were reported from a farm in northwestern Atoka County, Oklahoma. This aggregate of points appeared to bean isolate as no other prehistoric material was found in the vicinity. The following study discusses the setting and nature of the specimens, stylistic attributes of the spear points and their age, technological and functional characteristics of the pieces, and whether these items represent caching behavior.

A Reconstruction Of The Caddo Salt Making Process At Drake’S Salt Works, Paul N. Eubanks

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

The Caddo salt makers at the Drake’s Salt Works Site Complex in northwestern Louisiana played a critical role in the production and trade of salt during the eighteenth century. Not only was salt used to season food, it would have also been important in the preparation of animal hides and the preservation of meat. Using archaeological data from recent excavations, as well as the historic record, this paper attempts to provide a reconstruction of the salt making process at Drake’s Salt Works. This process involved filtering salt-impregnated soil using water from nearby streams and boiling the resulting liquid brine in …

The Petrographic Analysis Of Sherds From The Craig Mound At The Spiro Site (34lf40), The Moore #3/Ainsworth Site (34lf31), And The Geren Site (34lf36), Leflore County, Oklahoma, Lori B. Love, Steve A. Tomka, Timothy K. Perttula

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

James A. Brown commissioned James W. Porter to carry out a preliminary assessment of the paste of sherds from the Spiro site (34Lf40), as well as sherds from the nearby Geren (34Lf36) and Moore (34Lf31) sites. According to Brown, Porter’s goal was to “make assessments of the clay mineralogy and petrography of thin sections,” specifically with an “interest in discriminating between (1) grog and grit temper and (2) shell and grog temper with shell inclusions.” Twenty-nine thin sections were prepared, 27 from sherds from the Craig Mound, and one sherd each from the Moore/ Ainsworth and Geren sites, both not …

Revisiting A Historic Manuscript: Vere Huddleston’S Report On East Place (3cl21) Excavations, Mary B. Trubitt, Linda Evans

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

Vere L. Huddleston was one of several amateur archaeologists who excavated Caddo sites in Clark County, Arkansas, during the 1930s and 1940s. Huddleston took better notes about the sites and contexts of his finds than many of his contemporaries. His large collection of artifacts is now part of the Joint Educational Consortium’s Hodges Collection in Arkadelphia. A manuscript on his excavations at the East Place – the largest Caddo mound group in Clark County – is presented here with new vessel documentation and grave lot information. Since many of these artifacts have appeared in previous publications with little description, this …

Crevice Interments Deconstructed, Stephen L. Black, M. Katherine Spradley, Michelle D. Hamilton

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

The discovery of two well preserved human crania in a crevice overlooking a spring fed creek near Austin, Texas, led to medico legal, archeological, and bioanthropological investigations aimed at understanding the context and biological affinity of the crania. Archeological excavations uncovered no evidence that the crania were interred in the crevice during prehistoric times. Skeletal analysis showed they were of Native American ancestry. Radiocarbon dating indicated they are contemporary to one another and probably date to the seventh or eighth century A.D. Measured stable isotopic rations of carbon ( 13 C/ 12 C) and nitrogen ( 15 N/ 14 N) …

"A Curious War:" Franklin A.G. Gearing In The Civil War, Richard B. Mccaslin

East Texas Historical Journal

No abstract provided.

A Defiant River, A Technocratic Ideal: Big Dams And Even Bigger Hopes Along The Brazos River, 1929 - 1958, Kenna Lang Archer

East Texas Historical Journal

No abstract provided.

"Well, Bless Your Heart!": Rhetoric And Power In Dallas Women During The Progressive Era, Emily Clark, Patricia Gower

East Texas Historical Journal

No abstract provided.

Prejudice And Pride: Women Artists And The Public Works Of Art Project In East Texas, 1933-1934, Victoria H. Cummins

East Texas Historical Journal

No abstract provided.

Front Matter

East Texas Historical Journal

No abstract provided.