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Articles 181 - 210 of 1785
Full-Text Articles in History
New Developments In Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy, Arden M. Scheetz
New Developments In Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy, Arden M. Scheetz
Student Publications
Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy, or HBOT, is a form of treatment based on the inhalation of 100% pure oxygen while subjected to closed chamber or room at pressures greater than sea level (1 atmosphere, ATA) (Howell et al., 2018; Kocaman, 2020). HBOT is administered through either a mono-place chamber or a multi-place chamber. Mono-place chambers are pressurized with oxygen and are equipped to handle a single person at a time. Multi-place chambers, on the other hand, can accommodate up to 20 people at a time, including medical personnel and intubated patients. These chambers are pressurized with air, and pure oxygen is …
The Physiology Of The Circadian Rhythm, Jessica S. Ken-Kwofie
The Physiology Of The Circadian Rhythm, Jessica S. Ken-Kwofie
Student Publications
This paper discusses the importance and origin of the Circadian Rhythm. First recorded by Jean Jacque d’Ortous de Mairan in 1729, the Circadian Rhythm is understood to be a fundamental biological system that is tailored to Earth’s axis. Having impacts on peripheral organs, sleep patterns, and hormonal balances, this process influences almost every aspect of the human body and several other mammals. Focusing on the Circadian Rhythm is vital to further understanding the “clock-like” patterns of the human body and future research and development of treatments could be the solution to current detrimental diseases and disorders.
David Alfaro Siqueiros And “Los Vehículos De La Pintura Dialéctico-Subversiva:” Four Principles To Create Revolutionary Artwork, Joy Zanghi
Student Publications
As one of the most distinguished Mexican muralists, David Alfaro Siqueiros played an important role in Mexican political and artistic history in the twentieth century. Despite the violence that took place in the first half of 1900s in Mexico, art flourished during this period. Inspired by the democratization that characterized the revolution, political art became common during the early twentieth century, and as Mexicans grappled with post-revolutionary identities, many artists, including Siqueiros, turned to communism as the way forward. In his speech “Los vehículos de la pintura dialéctico-subversiva,” delivered in 1932, Siqueiros delineated how to meld revolutionary ideology with the …
The Weight Of The Spring: "The Unbearable Lightness Of Being" And The Fate Of The Prague Spring, Thea J. Toocheck
The Weight Of The Spring: "The Unbearable Lightness Of Being" And The Fate Of The Prague Spring, Thea J. Toocheck
Student Publications
Two of the many watershed events Czechoslovakia experienced in the twentieth century were the 1968 Prague Spring and the Warsaw Pact Invasion, which determined the course of the nation for the next twenty years. Czech author Milan Kundera experienced these events firsthand and recounted a narrative of the events in his 1984 novel The Unbearable Lightness of Being. Today, the novel remains an important work for its representation of the Spring and its philosophical discussion of the purpose of human life. Over the last fifty years, the Prague Spring has been represented by a variety of sources as a time …
Women’S Advocate Or Racist Hypocrite: Gertrud Scholtz-Klink And The Contradictions Of Women In Nazi Ideology, Mary C. S. Frasier
Women’S Advocate Or Racist Hypocrite: Gertrud Scholtz-Klink And The Contradictions Of Women In Nazi Ideology, Mary C. S. Frasier
Student Publications
The Reichsfrauenführerin, Gertrud Scholtz-Klink, led the National Socialist Women’s League from 1934 until she went into hiding in 1945. During her career in the Nazi Party, she created a female focused sector of the party that promoted pronatalist propaganda, discouraged women from engaging in politics, and urged women to only perform gender-suitable work. In contradiction to her message, Scholtz-Klink was the highest-ranking female political figure and a divorcee, who regularly chose her political career with the Nazi Party over her duties in the private sphere. Although she had little to no political power in the inner circle because of her …
Gettysburg College Journal Of The Civil War Era 2021
Gettysburg College Journal Of The Civil War Era 2021
The Gettysburg College Journal of the Civil War Era
No abstract provided.
The Unfinished Sermon: A Tribute To Rev. John Vannorsdall, Devin Mckinney
The Unfinished Sermon: A Tribute To Rev. John Vannorsdall, Devin Mckinney
Gettysburg College Faculty Books
This volume is collected tribute to Reverend John Vannorsdall, who served as chaplain for Gettysburg College, 1962-1976. It includes excerpts of Vannorsdall's writings and interviews, as well as reflections from students, colleagues, and family.
Front Matter
The Gettysburg College Journal of the Civil War Era
No abstract provided.
Pittsburgh's Explosive Mystery: A New Holistic Study Of The Allegheny Arsenal Tragedy, Ethan J. Wagner
Pittsburgh's Explosive Mystery: A New Holistic Study Of The Allegheny Arsenal Tragedy, Ethan J. Wagner
The Gettysburg College Journal of the Civil War Era
This research critically examines the issues surrounding the worst civilian disaster of the American Civil War, occurring on September 17, 1862 in the Lawrenceville neighborhood of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Here, seventy-eight teenage girls perished as the Allegheny Arsenal munitions laboratory exploded. Investigations in the disaster’s aftermath, and more recent analysis, have remained largely hesitant in placing chief blame as to its cause. Furthermore, for an event that would seem so significant, its story has inadequately been told. Given that the national spotlight was elsewhere at the time, as the Battle of Antietam was fought on the same day, existing literature has …
Letter From The Editors, Christopher T. Lough, Brandon Neely, Cameron T. Sauers
Letter From The Editors, Christopher T. Lough, Brandon Neely, Cameron T. Sauers
The Gettysburg College Journal of the Civil War Era
No abstract provided.
Analyzing The Interpretation Of The Civil War In Bluegrass Music, Carter W. Claiborne
Analyzing The Interpretation Of The Civil War In Bluegrass Music, Carter W. Claiborne
The Gettysburg College Journal of the Civil War Era
While the Civil War has long fit well thematically within the existing bluegrass idiom, the way that bluegrass has approached the war over time has changed greatly. Despite bluegrass largely originating from areas with little enthusiasm for the Confederacy during the Civil War, and the genre not emphasizing partisan aspects of the war for several decades, several cultural changes culminated in the late 1960s to turn the genre on a heavily pro-Confederate tilt, with numerous songs in the early- to-mid 1970s glorifying the Confederate States of America and its leaders, while also emphasizing Lost Cause arguments. To see how this …
"Good Neighbourhood": Canada And The United States' Contentious Relationship During The Civil War, Michael R. D. Connolly
"Good Neighbourhood": Canada And The United States' Contentious Relationship During The Civil War, Michael R. D. Connolly
The Gettysburg College Journal of the Civil War Era
For the majority of the Civil War, Canadians were divided in their loyalties to the Union and to the South. However, in 1864, after years of sending agents and conspirators into Canada, the South became bolder in their affairs north of the border. These efforts culminated into two attacks, planned and executed from Canada by the South: The seizing of the Philo Parsons on Lake Erie on September 19, 1864; and the raid on St. Albans, Vermont, a month later, on October 19, 1864. These two attacks forced Canada and Great Britain to reassess their neutrality and, under pressure from …
Heaven Hung In Black: Grant’S Reputation And The Mistakes At Cold Harbor, Samantha J. Kramer
Heaven Hung In Black: Grant’S Reputation And The Mistakes At Cold Harbor, Samantha J. Kramer
The Gettysburg College Journal of the Civil War Era
This article examines Ulysses S. Grant’s command of the Union army after receiving his commission as Lieutenant-General through analyzing his decisions both before and during the bloody battle of Cold Harbor. By examining the various factors leading to his tactical decisions, including the ever-looming threat of the upcoming presidential election, the article questions whether or not his reputation as a butcher of his own men is truly deserved. That he made mistakes is undeniable, but the mess of Cold Harbor was not solely his fault. Through the use of a variety of biographies and personal journals and memoirs, the article …
The Flowering Of Ecology: Maria Sibylla Merian's Caterpillar Book, Kay Etheridge
The Flowering Of Ecology: Maria Sibylla Merian's Caterpillar Book, Kay Etheridge
Gettysburg College Faculty Books
The Flowering of Ecology presents an English translation of Maria Sibylla Merian’s 1679 ‘caterpillar’ book, Der Raupen wunderbare Verwandelung und sonderbare Blumen–Nahrung. Her processes in making the book and an analysis of its scientific content are presented in a historical context. Merian raised insects for five decades, recording the food plants, behavior and ecology of roughly 300 species. Her most influential invention was an 'ecological' composition in which the metamorphic cycles of insects (usually moths and butterflies) were arrayed around plants that served as food for the caterpillars. Kay Etheridge analyzes the 1679 caterpillar book from the viewpoint of …
Our Monuments, Our History, Temma F. Berg
Our Monuments, Our History, Temma F. Berg
English Faculty Publications
Beginning with Toni Morrison's concept of "rememory" and the recent completion of the Memorial to Enslaved Laborers on the University of Virginia campus, this essay explores the current monuments controversy by focusing on four Viennese monuments which have much to tell us about how new memorials might contextualize and reframe history. The first Viennese monument, a celebration of a series of fifteenth-century pogroms, was built into the wall of a house opposite the Judenplatz, a square in the center of what was once a thriving Jewish community. Four hundred years later, from 1998 to 2008, three additional memorials were built …
Before Barbarossa: The Nazi Occupation Of Western Poland, September 1,1939-June 22, 1941, Lauren R. Letizia
Before Barbarossa: The Nazi Occupation Of Western Poland, September 1,1939-June 22, 1941, Lauren R. Letizia
Student Publications
The Nazi invasion and occupation of Western Poland was a vital first step to the development and fulfillment of the genocidal processes of the Holocaust. The utilization of mass arrests, executions, and shootings led to the persecution and death of hundreds of thousands of Poles and Polish Jews prior to the invasion of the Soviet Union and inception of the Final Solution in the summer of 1941.
Close, But No Cigar: Tobacco Usage During The Civil War Era, Benjamin M. Roy
Close, But No Cigar: Tobacco Usage During The Civil War Era, Benjamin M. Roy
Student Publications
Tobacco carried a range of gendered, social, regional, and racial meanings in America during the nineteenth century, and these disparate meanings were symbolized through different forms of consumption. The cultural meaning inherent within chewing tobacco, cigars, pipes, and cigarettes, are the object of this research. I will examine the class associations linked to chewing tobacco, the manly identities symbolized through cigars and pipes, and explore cultural movement and racial meaning through the cigarette. Through tobacco, I will explain how nineteenth century Americans comprehended addiction, and establish the organic agency of consumable commodities to influence the consciousness of their users.
Military Occupation, Sexual Violence, And The Struggle Over Masculinity In The Early Reconstruction South, Cameron T. Sauers
Military Occupation, Sexual Violence, And The Struggle Over Masculinity In The Early Reconstruction South, Cameron T. Sauers
Student Publications
This inquiry centers on the way that sexual violence became the terrain upon which the struggles of the postemancipation and early Reconstruction South were waged. At the start of the Civil War, Confederate discourse played upon the fears of sexual violence engulfing the South with the invasion of Union armies. The nightmare never came to Southern households; rape was infrequently reported. However, Southern women, especially if they were African American, were subjected to sexual violence, which likely increased as the war dragged on. Sexual violence includes, but is not limited to, rape. Destruction of clothing, invasion of domestic spaces, and …
The Contradictions Of Freedom: Depictions Of Freedwomen In Illustrated Newspapers, 1865-1867, Carolyn Hauk
The Contradictions Of Freedom: Depictions Of Freedwomen In Illustrated Newspapers, 1865-1867, Carolyn Hauk
Student Publications
Between 1865 and 1867, artists working for Northern illustrated newspapers travelled throughout the South to document its transition from slavery to a wage labor society. Perceiving themselves as the rightful reporters of Southern Reconstruction, these illustrators observed communities of newly freed African American men and women defining their vision of freedom. Northern artists often viewed the lives of African Americans through the cultural lens of free labor ideology in their efforts to provide documentary coverage of the South as objective observers. This paper will examine how illustrations of Harper’s Weekly and Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper reveal the contradictions between free …
John B. Bachelder’S Artistic Vision For The Gettysburg Battlefield, Shannon R. Zeltmann
John B. Bachelder’S Artistic Vision For The Gettysburg Battlefield, Shannon R. Zeltmann
Student Publications
John Bachelder was an important artist and historian to Gettysburg, shaping the early interpretation of the battle during the Gettysburg Battlefield Memorial Association period (1863-1895). While he is mainly discussed as the first park historian, it is important to look at his career as an artist and how it influenced his career at Gettysburg. Looking at Bachelder’s entire career, one can see how Bachelder’s vision for the battlefield changed over time. Bachelder wanted to create a grand history painting of the battle, which ultimately became his Isometric Map of Gettysburg. He corresponded with veterans to get their accounts, leading Bachelder …
Homosexuality During The Transition From Weimar Republic To Third Reich, Abigail Minzer
Homosexuality During The Transition From Weimar Republic To Third Reich, Abigail Minzer
Student Publications
Homosexual communities successfully formed prominent subcultures during the Weimar Republic for a multitude of reasons: scientific research and educational outreach to the public about the inborn nature of homosexuality, less strict media censorship laws, and a vague anti-sodomy law that was difficult to enforce led police to often prefer tolerance over prosecution. The Third Reich brought about a deep cultural shift that would prove incredibly harmful to the homosexual communities. While at first, homosexuals had not been a targeted group largely thanks to Hitler’s personal friendship with a gay Nazi named Ernst Röhm, the latter’s sexuality became the center of …
Girl Talk: How Friendships Between Moravian And Native Women Sustained The Moravian Mission At Shamokin Pennsylvania, 1742–1749, Lindsay R. Richwine
Girl Talk: How Friendships Between Moravian And Native Women Sustained The Moravian Mission At Shamokin Pennsylvania, 1742–1749, Lindsay R. Richwine
Student Publications
From 1742 to 1755, Moravian missionaries attempted to establish a mission at the Indian town of Shamokin. While the Moravians failed to convert any native peoples, they succeeded where other missionaries failed by maintaining a continued presence. By using evidence from sources such as the Shamokin mission diary, this project asserts that it was the friendships forged between Native and Moravian women in the early years of the mission that integrated the Moravians into the community at Shamokin. Through an examination of the lives of the women present at Shamokin in this period, this project situates itself within existing research …
An Augustan Accident: The Paradox Of Augustan Sex And Marriage Laws And Augustan Ideology, Lillian Shea
An Augustan Accident: The Paradox Of Augustan Sex And Marriage Laws And Augustan Ideology, Lillian Shea
The Gettysburg Historical Journal
Augustus, born Gaius Octavius, curated a specific image of himself and his purpose for the Roman people, starting with his rise to power following his victory at Actium in 31 B.C.E. and culminating in his later construction projects. Augustus was generally successful at crafting a Pax Romana in which the people were fed, the Empire’s borders expanded, and the armies at peace. However, Augustus was fallible. When promoting themes of fertility, he enacted laws to actualize his ideology, restricting marriage based on class, ordering a minimum number of children per couple, and condemning adulteresses. Never before had state law punished …
Some Corner Forever: The Imperial War Graves Commission And The Meaning Of The Great War, Cameron T. Sauers
Some Corner Forever: The Imperial War Graves Commission And The Meaning Of The Great War, Cameron T. Sauers
The Gettysburg Historical Journal
This paper argues that sites administered by the Imperial War Graves Commission played a significant part in the British public’s mourning and understanding of the meaning of the Great War. Pilgrimages, due to their popularity, size, and accessibility, allowed the countless bereaved families to grieve the losses that they suffered during the war. Their visits to cemeteries were powerful experiences because of the painstaking work done by the IWGC to bury identified bodies, honor unidentified remains, and enshrined names for those whose remains could not be identified. The IWGC was a bureaucratic organization that overcame the cultural challenge posed by …
"Immortal Until His Work Is Done": Northern Methodists And The Klan In Reconstruction Alabama, Christopher T. Lough
"Immortal Until His Work Is Done": Northern Methodists And The Klan In Reconstruction Alabama, Christopher T. Lough
The Gettysburg Historical Journal
Although the congressional report from the 1871 Ku Klux Klan Hearings has featured prominently in the historiography of Reconstruction, the insight it offers into its witnesses’ religious experiences has gone largely unnoticed. Using the testimony of Arad Simon Lakin, a Northern Methodist preacher who ministered in Alabama following the Civil War, this article seeks to fill in the gaps. Lakin’s work and the violent resistance he encountered is understood as a microcosm of the Christian life in the Reconstruction South. Building on analyses of the Ku Klux Klan as the embodiment of apocalyptic rhetoric in Southern evangelicalism, I argue that …
The Celtic Queen Boudica As A Historiographical Narrative, Rachel L. Chenault
The Celtic Queen Boudica As A Historiographical Narrative, Rachel L. Chenault
The Gettysburg Historical Journal
The story of Boudica, the Iron Age Celtic queen, has been echoed through multitudes of historical narratives, stories, poems, novels and even movies. Boudica led a rebellious charge against Roman colonists in Ancient Britain, and was eventually defeated. Now she stands as a woman who fought back against one of the most powerful empires in the world, during a time in which women had little to no place in history at all. Contemporary Roman historians Tacitus, born approximately around 56 or 57 C.E., and Dio, born around 150 C.E., both recorded the events of Boudica’s rise and fall, in retrospect …
Carrying The Nation On Fragile Shoulders: Female Textile Workers In A Modernizing Japan, Max R. Bouchard
Carrying The Nation On Fragile Shoulders: Female Textile Workers In A Modernizing Japan, Max R. Bouchard
The Gettysburg Historical Journal
During the period from the early Meiji era to the end of the Second World War in which Imperial Japan sought to modernize the nation’s economy by investing heavily in mechanized labor industries, cotton and silk textile manufacturing was the lead sector in this industrialization process. One of the most distinctive features of this vitally important industry was that Japanese women, mostly of relatively young ages and from rural communities across the country, constituted the majority of the workers employed in textile factories. Throughout this era, the treatment of this predominantly female workforce on the part of both textile companies …
Featured Piece, Scott Hancock
Featured Piece, Scott Hancock
The Gettysburg Historical Journal
This year’s feature piece was written by Professor Scott Hancock, who is Chair of the History Department. He focuses on African American experiences before the Civil War, especially in law.
Letter From The Editors, Brandon R. Katzung Hokanson, Lillian Shea
Letter From The Editors, Brandon R. Katzung Hokanson, Lillian Shea
The Gettysburg Historical Journal
In the midst of social unrest and a global pandemic, we, the editors of the Gettysburg Historical Journal, could not forget our duty to publish undergraduate academic scholarship. Although this task may seem trivial considering greater issues, historical discourse deserves its place.
Front Matter
The Gettysburg Historical Journal
Front Matter of the Gettysburg Historical Journal 2020