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Diversity In Ancestral Caddo Vessel Forms In East Texas Archaeological Sites, Timothy K. Perttula

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

Ceramic vessels from ancestral Caddo sites in East Texas are diverse in form, size, manufacture, and decoration, both spatially and temporally. Variation in these attributes, including vessel form, also “is connected with particular local and regional traditions." In this study, I am concerned with defining the character and formal identification of Caddo vessel forms on sites in the region. To both appreciate and understand the meaning of vessel form diversity in Caddo vessel assemblages in East Texas— or any other part of the much larger southern Caddo area—the consistent identification of different vessel forms and vessel shapes is crucial. The …

Some Ancestral Caddo Sites On Bayou Loco In The Angelina River Basin, Nacogdoches County, Texas, Timothy K. Perttula

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

Archaeological research has been ongoing since the 1930s along Bayou Loco in the western part of Nacogdoches County in the East Texas Pineywoods. Bayou Loco is a southward-flowing tributary to the Angelina River.

Jackson note that it was the proposed construction of the Bayou Loco Reservoir (Lake Nacogdoches) in 1972 that led to an important surge in the extent of archaeological research along Bayou Loco, beginning with an archaeological survey, followed up by excavations at several sites that would be inundated by the lake, principally the Mayhew site (41NA21) and the Deshazo site (41NA13/27). The Deshazo site’s Caddo cemetery had …

41an28: An Ancestral Caddo Settlement On Mound Prairie Creek In The Neches River Basin In East Texas, Timothy K. Perttula

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

Site 41AN28 is an extensive ancestral Caddo settlement on an alluvial terrace on the west side of Mound Prairie Creek in the Post Oak Savannah of East Texas. Mound Prairie Creek is an southward- and eastward-flowing tributary to the Neches River. The confluence of the two streams lies about 20 km to the east.

Directly to the east of 41AN28 on the east side of Mound Prairie Creek lies the Pace McDonald site (41AN51). This site is an important Middle Caddo period (ca. A.D. 1200-1400) mound center with at least two earthen mounds and a settlement that covers more than …

Woodland And Caddo Period Sites At Toledo Bend Reservoir, Northwest Louisiana And East Texas, Timothy K. Perttula, Mark Walters

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

Toledo Bend Reservoir is one of the largest artificial lakes in the United States and the largest reservoir in the South. The lake is approximately 65 miles long and contains over 1200 miles of shoreline in both Louisiana and Texas. Construction began in 1964 with completion of the power plant, with the subsequent filling of the lake in 1969. Archaeological investigations at Toledo Bend Reservoir on the Sabine River and tributaries in both Louisiana and Texas took place primarily took during the 1960s, with survey and excavations, sometimes of a very limited nature by the University of Texas (UT) and …

Caddo Ceramic Vessels From The Womack Site (41lr1), Lamar County, Texas, Timothy K. Perttula, Mark Walters

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

The Womack site (41LR1) is an ancestral Caddo settlement situated on an alluvial terrace in a horseshoe bend of the Red River in north central Lamar County in East Texas. Harris completed the analysis and study of their 1938-mid-1960s investigations at the site, but the findings from the earlier archaeological investigations conducted at the site by the University of Texas (UT) in 1931 have only been recently published.

Documentation Of Ceramic Vessels From An Early Caddo Period Feature At The Boxed Spring Site (41ur30) Site, Upshur County, Texas, Timothy K. Perttula, Mark Walters

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

The Boxed Spring site (41UR30) is an ancestral Caddo mound center of apparent Early Caddo age (ca. A.D. 900-1200) on the Sabine River, situated on an upland landform a short distance upstream from the Sabine River’s confluence with Big Sandy Creek (Figure 1). The site is located in the modern East Texas Pineywoods, and is estimated to cover approximately 48 acres of a large and prominent upland ridge projection.

There are four mounds (A-D) at the site arranged around an open area or central plaza, and there were several habitation areas to the north and south of the sets of …

An Aggregate Of Spear Points From Atoka County, Oklahoma, Robert L. Brooks

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

Nine spear points were reported from a farm in northwestern Atoka County, Oklahoma. This aggregate of points appeared to bean isolate as no other prehistoric material was found in the vicinity. The following study discusses the setting and nature of the specimens, stylistic attributes of the spear points and their age, technological and functional characteristics of the pieces, and whether these items represent caching behavior.

A Reconstruction Of The Caddo Salt Making Process At Drake’S Salt Works, Paul N. Eubanks

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

The Caddo salt makers at the Drake’s Salt Works Site Complex in northwestern Louisiana played a critical role in the production and trade of salt during the eighteenth century. Not only was salt used to season food, it would have also been important in the preparation of animal hides and the preservation of meat. Using archaeological data from recent excavations, as well as the historic record, this paper attempts to provide a reconstruction of the salt making process at Drake’s Salt Works. This process involved filtering salt-impregnated soil using water from nearby streams and boiling the resulting liquid brine in …

The Petrographic Analysis Of Sherds From The Craig Mound At The Spiro Site (34lf40), The Moore #3/Ainsworth Site (34lf31), And The Geren Site (34lf36), Leflore County, Oklahoma, Lori B. Love, Steve A. Tomka, Timothy K. Perttula

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

James A. Brown commissioned James W. Porter to carry out a preliminary assessment of the paste of sherds from the Spiro site (34Lf40), as well as sherds from the nearby Geren (34Lf36) and Moore (34Lf31) sites. According to Brown, Porter’s goal was to “make assessments of the clay mineralogy and petrography of thin sections,” specifically with an “interest in discriminating between (1) grog and grit temper and (2) shell and grog temper with shell inclusions.” Twenty-nine thin sections were prepared, 27 from sherds from the Craig Mound, and one sherd each from the Moore/ Ainsworth and Geren sites, both not …

Revisiting A Historic Manuscript: Vere Huddleston’S Report On East Place (3cl21) Excavations, Mary B. Trubitt, Linda Evans

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

Vere L. Huddleston was one of several amateur archaeologists who excavated Caddo sites in Clark County, Arkansas, during the 1930s and 1940s. Huddleston took better notes about the sites and contexts of his finds than many of his contemporaries. His large collection of artifacts is now part of the Joint Educational Consortium’s Hodges Collection in Arkadelphia. A manuscript on his excavations at the East Place – the largest Caddo mound group in Clark County – is presented here with new vessel documentation and grave lot information. Since many of these artifacts have appeared in previous publications with little description, this …

Tarl_41ce19_424-21, Robert Z. Selden Jr.

CRHR: Archaeology

Three-dimensional (3D) model of a Caddo burial vessel (TARL_41CE19_424-21) from Caddo Mounds SHS (41CE19) curated at the Texas Archeological Research Laboratory.

Tarl_41ce19_2006-4-84, Robert Z. Selden Jr.

CRHR: Archaeology

Three-dimensional (3D) model of a Caddo burial vessel (TARL_41CE19_2006-4-84) from Caddo Mounds SHS (41CE19) curated at the Texas Archeological Research Laboratory.

3d Scan Data Of Caddo Burial Vessels From The Mcspadden Site Near Frankston, Texas, Robert Z. Selden Jr.

CRHR Research Reports

In the spring of 2013, three Caddo burial vessels from an unrecorded site near Frankston, Texas were documented at the McSpadden residence in College Station, Texas. All three vessels are intact and are not reconstructed. Scan data was collected using a ZScanner 700CX running VXElements 2.0 via the scanner direct control function in Geomagic Design X. Post-processing of these data occurred in Design X, and quality control for missing data leveraged both Design X and Verify. These data will be used in a study aimed at the 3D geometric morphometric analysis of Caddo vessels. In addition to the study of …

Documentation Of Unassociated Ceramic Vessel Funerary Objects In The Gregg County Historical Museum Collections From Sites In Gregg, Harrison, And Panola Counties In East Texas, Timothy K. Perttula, Robert Z. Selden Jr., Bo Nelson

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

This report is the latest in a series of reports that have been supported by the Caddo Nation of Oklahoma, Cultural Preservation Program that concern the documentation of funerary objects in museum facilities that are subject to the provisions and regulations of the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) (Gonzalez et al. 2005; Cast et al. 2006; Perttula et al. 2007, 2009a, 2009b, 2010a, 2011). These documentation studies have been done either with grants from the National Park Service, or through funding provided by the museum facility that held NAGPRA funerary objects. In the case of the present …

The Caddo Archaeology Of The Musgano Site (41rk19) In The Sabine River Basin Of East Texas, Timothy K. Perttula

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

The Musgano site (41RK19) is an important ancestral Caddo habitation site on Martin Creek in Rusk County in the Sabine River basin in the East Texas Pineywoods. The site was investigated by the Texas Archeological Survey at The University of Texas at Austin in 1972 and 1973 prior to the construction of Martin Creek Lake by Texas Utilities Services, Inc., and a Caddo house structure, midden deposits, features, and a large ceramic assemblage were documented from a component speculated to date between ca. A.D. 1400-1500 (Clark and Ivey 1974:14-41; McDonald 1972:10-11). Unfortunately, however, the results of the excavations and the …

The Hale And Keith Mounds In The Big Cypress Creek Basin In East Texas, Timothy K. Perttula

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

The L. A. Hale (41TT12) and George L. Keith (41TT11) sites are two important ancestral Caddo mound centers in the Big Cypress Creek basin in the Post Oak Savanna of East Texas. Between them, they appear to have been occupied by Caddo peoples between ca. A.D. 1000-1400, although they may not have been occupied contemporaneously. Key questions that I hope to answer in this publication are: (1) when were the sites occupied and when were the mounds on them constructed, and (2) what were the mounds and the sites used for? These questions are challenging because both sites were excavated …

Archaeological Studies Of The Hatchel Site (41bw3) On The Red River In Bowie County, Texas, Timothy K. Perttula

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

The Hatchel site (41BW3) is a major prehistoric and protohistoric Caddo village and mound center on a natural levee deposit in the floodplain of the Red River in Bowie County, Texas. The platform mound and the main part of the associated village overlooks two channel lakes of the river; these likely were part of the channel of the river when the site was occupied by the Caddo.

The site was occupied by the Caddo from at least A.D. 1040 to the late 17th century. The earliest end of this age range is based on 2-sigma calibrated ages from radiocarbon dates …

The Mitchell Site (41bw4): An Ancestral Caddo Settlement And Cemetery On Mckinney Bayou, Bowie County, Texas, Timothy K. Perttula

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

The Paul Mitchell site (41BW4) is an ancestral Caddo habitation site and cemetery in the larger ancestral and historic occupation of the Upper Nasoni Village on the Red River in Bowie County, in the northeastern corner of the present state of Texas. Extensive excavations were conducted at the site in the 1930s by both professional and avocational archaeologists. and in the 1940s by an avocational archaeologist, but the findings from these investigations have never been fully analyzed or reported to date, although several bioarchaeological studies have been published concerning the Mitchell site human remains. This monograph represents a renewed examination …

A Catalog Of Selected Caddo Ceramic Vessels In The Buddy Jones Collection At The Gregg County Historical Museum, Timothy K. Perttula, Robert Z. Selden Jr., Bo Nelson

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

This publications presents information and images of 420 Caddo ceramic vessels from several different parts of East Texas. These vessels are in the Buddy Calvin Jones collection at the Gregg County Historical Museum (GCHM) in Longview, Texas. They represent unassociated funerary objects under the provisions of the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA). Our purpose in producing this publication is to make this information available to those in the professional and avocational archaeological community with a serious interest in the native history of the Caddo Indian peoples; as well as to the Caddo Nation of Oklahoma; and to …

The Eli Moores Site, A 17th To Early 18th Century Caddo Site On The Red River, Bowie County, Texas, Timothy K. Perttula

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

The Eli Moores site (41BW2) is an important ancestral Caddo mound center and habitation site on the Red River in the East Texas Pineywoods, likely part of the Nasoni Caddo village visited by the Teran de los Rios entrada in 1691. The site may have been the residence of the caddi of the Nasoni Caddo when it was visited by the French and Spanish, and the Xinesi lived in a temple on the mound at the nearby Hatchel site. The site was investigated by the University of Texas in 1932, and in one of the mounds and in associated midden …

Analysis Of New Artifact Collections From Archaic To Ancestral Caddo Sites In The Saline Creek Basin In Northern Smith County, Texas, Timothy K. Perttula, Mark Thacker

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

This article concerns the continued documentation of prehistoric and/or historic artifacts from four sites in the Saline Creek drainage basin in the Post Oak Savannah in northern Smith County, Texas. Perttula and Walters discussed an earlier analysis of a set of collections from these same sites. Saline Creek is a northward-flowing tributary to the Sabine River. The sites are ca. 10 km south of the confluence of Saline Creek with the Sabine River. Saline Creek enters into the Sabine River about 6 km east (downstream) of the confluence of another major tributary, Lake Fork Creek, with the river.

Temporal Dynamics Of East Texas Caddo Sites With Nine Or Fewer Radiocarbon Dates, Robert Z. Selden Jr.

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

This article presents the specifics from the date combination process, and the subsequent production of summed probability distributions for radiocarbon (14C) assays from Caddo sites in East Texas. All 14C dates employed in this effort were collected from research and cultural resource management (CRM) reports and publications, were synthesized, and then recalibrated in version 4.2.2 of OxCal using IntCal09. These data are meant to augment those from previous analyses of radiocarbon samples from East Texas Caddo sites, assisting in refining these ideas further.

The Gardener Site (41cp55): A Late Caddo Settlement On Big Cypress Creek In East Texas, Timothy K. Perttula, Bo Nelson, Robert Z. Selden Jr.

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

The Gardener site (41CP55) in Camp County, Texas, was first recorded by Sullivan prior to construction of Lake Bob Sandlin on Big Cypress Creek. A surface collection of sherds and daub suggested that the site was the locus of a Late Caddo period (ca. A.D. 1450-1680) settlement and burned house. However, no further archaeological work was done at the site before it was inundated by Lake Bob Sandlin in the late 1970s.

Recently, because of lower flood pool levels at Lake Bob Sandlin due to East Texas drought conditions, archaeological materials from the Gardener site have been exposed along the …

Additional Caddo Vessels From The Henry Spencer Site (41ur315), Timothy K. Perttula, Bo Nelson

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

Perttula documented 184 ceramic vessels from 39 burials at a Late Caddo Titus phase (ca. A.D. 1450-1680) cemetery at the Henry Spencer site (41UR315) in the Little Cypress Creek basin in the East Texas Pineywoods. Subsequently, two additional vessels from the site, one from Burial 23 and one from Burial 34, have been identified in the collections of the Gregg County Historical Museum in Longview, Texas. These two new vessels are documented below.

Burial 23 had six ceramic vessels placed with the deceased Caddo individual. There were seven ceramic vessels placed as funerary offerings with Burial 34.

Caddo Ceramic Vessels From The Mrs. Martin Farm, Harrison County, Texas, Timothy K. Perttula, Bo Nelson

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

The Mrs. Martin Farm site is a Caddo site in the community of Darco, in south central Harrison County, in the Sabine River basin of the East Texas Pineywoods. The farm was investigated by C. W. Bailey in March 1941, and two Caddo ceramic vessels recovered in this work at depths of ca. 36 and 76 cm bs are now curated at the Gregg County Historical Museum. These vessels are likely funerary offerings from two different burials at the site.

The Millsey Williamson (41rk3), Bead Burial, And L. N. Morwell Farm Sites On Martin Creek: Historic Caddo Settlements Along Trammels Trace, Rusk County, Texas, Timothy K. Perttula, Bo Nelson

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

There are collections of ceramic vessels and other artifacts from the Millsey Williamson (41RK3), Bead Burial, and L. N. Morwell sites in the Buddy Jones collection at the Gregg County Historical Museum. The purpose of this article is to put the documentation of these collections on record, as this documentation provides previously unavailable detailed information on the material content of probable 18th century Nadaco Caddo/Kinsloe phase historic sites in East Texas.

Based on the limited available information from the Bead Burial and L. N. Morwell Farm sites, it is probable that all three sites are different names for the same …

A Whole Vessel From The Henry Brown #2 Site (41hs262), A Historic Nadaco Caddo Site In Harrison County, Texas, Timothy K. Perttula, Bo Nelson

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

The Henry Brown #2 site is a poorly known Historic Caddo site (dating after ca. A.D. 1685) affiliated with the Nadaco Caddo on Potters Creek in Harrison County, Texas. It is a cemetery site located about 0.5 miles from the J. O. and Henry Brown (or Brown #1) site (41HS261), another Historic Caddo cemetery. A single fragmentary ceramic vessel from the Henry Brown #2 site has been identified in the collections of the Gregg County Historical Museum in Longview, Texas, and we recently documented this vessel in July 2013.

The Sipes' Home Site (41rk603): A Late 18th To Early 19th Century Caddo Site On Martin Creek In Rusk County, Texas, Timothy K. Perttula

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

The Sipes' Home site (41RK603) is an Historic Caddo site on Martin Creek, near Trammel's Trace, about 20 km from its confluence with the Sabine River. It is ca. 2 km downstream from the Martin Lake dam. This site was found and investigated by Buddy C. Jones in the 1950s or early 1960s. He obtained surface collections of historic and aboriginal artifacts from the site; there are no available notes concerning this work.

Caddo Ceramic Vessels From The Sipes Hill Site (41rk602) Along Martin Creek In The Sabine River Basin In East Texas, Timothy K. Perttula, Robert Z. Selden Jr., Bo Nelson

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

The Sipes Hill site (41RK602) is an ancestral Caddo site on Martin Creek, near Trammel's Trace, about 20 km from its confluence with the Sabine River. It is ca. 2 km downstream from the Martin Lake dam. The Sipes' Home site (41RK603) is about 100m to the northeast.

This site was found and investigated by Buddy C. Jones in the 1950s or early 1960s. He did an unknown amount of excavations at the site, and ended up excavating at least one Caddo burial at the site; there are no available notes concerning these excavations or the burial feature, however. Whole …

The Caddo Ceramics From Three Sites On Hawkins Creek In The Sabine River Basin, Gregg County, Texas, Timothy K. Perttula

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

Buddy Jones collected ceramic sherds from Caddo sites across the mid-Sabine River basin, in Gregg, Harrison, and Rusk counties, in the 1950s and 1960s. With only a few exceptions, however, did Jones complete analyses or publications on his collecting activities, and in most cases his general collections have not been fully inventoried or analyzed. In an attempt to remedy that, and in the process gather important information on the technological and stylistic character of Caddo ceramics found in Caddo settlements in the mid-Sabine River basin, this article discusses the ancestral Caddo ceramic assemblages from three sites in the Hawkins Creek …