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2024

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Articles 91 - 120 of 208

Full-Text Articles in Other History of Art, Architecture, and Archaeology

Coins In Niches: Enigmatic Coin Deposits In The Southern Church Of Shivta, Yotam Tepper, Yoav Farhi Nov 2024

Coins In Niches: Enigmatic Coin Deposits In The Southern Church Of Shivta, Yotam Tepper, Yoav Farhi

'Atiqot

Three churches are known in Shivṭa: the Northern, the Central and the Southern. All three were fully excavated by the Colt expedition in 1934–1938. Recently, a full documentation of the exposed walls was undertaken, recording the remains of paintings, engravings and inscriptions. When the Transfiguration scene on the southern apse of the Southern Church was re-examined in this project, three coin deposits were revealed. In this paper we will present the data and offer an interpretation thereof.

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A Treasure From Nahal Shalva: Exquisite Jewelry And A Coin Hoard From The Days Of The Bar Kokhba Revolt, Yael Abadi-Reiss, Gabriela Bijovsky, Shua Amorai-Stark, Naama Sukenik, Shoshana Israeli, Emil Aladjem Nov 2024

A Treasure From Nahal Shalva: Exquisite Jewelry And A Coin Hoard From The Days Of The Bar Kokhba Revolt, Yael Abadi-Reiss, Gabriela Bijovsky, Shua Amorai-Stark, Naama Sukenik, Shoshana Israeli, Emil Aladjem

'Atiqot

A female skeleton adorned with unique jewelry items, and accompanied by a sword and cosmetic tools, was discovered within a pit at the site of Naḥal Shalva. Near the skeleton was a hoard of silver and gold coins from the days of the Bar Kokhba Revolt, which were kept in at least two linen purses. The hoard and its owner are the focus of this article, discussed in relation to the nearby settlement and the possible circumstances that led to their deposition at the site in the Early Roman period.

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Lots Of Pots: Cooking-Pot Deposits In Early Roman Jerusalem, Tehillah Lieberman, Barak Monnickendam-Givon, Salome Dan-Goor Nov 2024

Lots Of Pots: Cooking-Pot Deposits In Early Roman Jerusalem, Tehillah Lieberman, Barak Monnickendam-Givon, Salome Dan-Goor

'Atiqot

Extensive excavations over the last few decades in and around Jerusalem have yielded large quantities of cooking vessels, including instances of intentional cooking-pot deposits. Since not all concentrations of cooking pots can be grouped as a single phenomenon, this article aims at categorizing and defining the different categories of cooking-pot deposits in Early Roman Jerusalem to better understand each occurrence and to offer a refined interpretation thereof. This allows us to trace and evaluate different processes and behaviors prevalent in Jerusalem during the Early Roman period. It also sheds light on the dynamics of interaction between the local population, visitors …

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Hoard Of Ptolemaic Coins Found In Murabba‘At Cave Ii In The Judean Desert, Eitan Klein, Gabriela Bijovsky, Amir Ganor, Hagay Hamer, Oriya Amichay, Chaim Cohen, Esther Eshel, Mark Cavanagh, Dafna Langgut, Eitan Kremer, Yigal Sitry, Naama Sukenik Nov 2024

Hoard Of Ptolemaic Coins Found In Murabba‘At Cave Ii In The Judean Desert, Eitan Klein, Gabriela Bijovsky, Amir Ganor, Hagay Hamer, Oriya Amichay, Chaim Cohen, Esther Eshel, Mark Cavanagh, Dafna Langgut, Eitan Kremer, Yigal Sitry, Naama Sukenik

'Atiqot

Murabba‘at Cave II is situated in the cliffy area on the northern bank of Naḥal Darga, about 2 km west of the Dead Sea. It is a complex cave formed by the dissolution of Shivṭa-Formation limestone below the water table. Its total length is approximately 90 m and it has three levels. Previous excavations have shown the cave to be one of the richest in the Judean Desert in terms of finds from various periods. Among the many finds was an ancient wooden box containing a Ptolemaic coin-hoard from the reign of Ptolemy VI, which was discovered in a crevice …

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A Cache Of Astragali From Tel Nagila, Lidar Sapir-Hen, Joe Uziel, Aren M. Maeir, David Ilan, Matthew Susnow Nov 2024

A Cache Of Astragali From Tel Nagila, Lidar Sapir-Hen, Joe Uziel, Aren M. Maeir, David Ilan, Matthew Susnow

'Atiqot

This paper presents a cache of 31 astragali from the site of Tel Nagila, dating to the Middle Bronze Age. This is the earliest known cache of astragali from the Southern Levant outside tombs, and may be the forebearer of the later caches found in cultic contexts in the Late Bronze and Iron Ages. This paper presents the context in which the cache was found, adjacent to a tower that functioned as part of the site’s fortifications; the social mechanisms behind the use of astragali; their deposition in a cache; and how the cache may have related to the function …

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A Hoard By Any Other Name? Near-Synonyms And Word Choice In Archaeological Discourse, Gabriela Bijovsky, Rachel Kudish-Vashdi Nov 2024

A Hoard By Any Other Name? Near-Synonyms And Word Choice In Archaeological Discourse, Gabriela Bijovsky, Rachel Kudish-Vashdi

'Atiqot

In archaeological discourse, mainly in the field of numismatics, many terms are used to describe groups of valuable artifacts found in a specific archaeological context. This study discusses the main synonymous nouns comprising the semantic field of the word hoard, with the aim of determining the differences between the lexical items and presenting a comprehensive rendering of their meaning. The results of this study stress the pragmatic, context-sensitive stance of synonymity, highlighting the importance of word-choice in the interpretation of archaeological finds.

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Front Matter & Editorial, The Editorial Board Nov 2024

Front Matter & Editorial, The Editorial Board

'Atiqot

Table of contents and Editorial

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The Mollusks From Et-Ṭuweiri, Inbar Ktalav Nov 2024

The Mollusks From Et-Ṭuweiri, Inbar Ktalav

'Atiqot

The mollusk remains retrieved from eṭ-Ṭuweiri serve as evidence of food consumption, trade and the sources of construction material in Western Galilee in the Byzantine and Umayyad periods.

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Late Byzantine And Early Islamic Glass From Et-Ṭuweiri: A Rural Site In Western Galilee, Yael Gorin-Rosen Nov 2024

Late Byzantine And Early Islamic Glass From Et-Ṭuweiri: A Rural Site In Western Galilee, Yael Gorin-Rosen

'Atiqot

The glass assemblage from the 2007 excavation at eṭ-Ṭuweiri, was studied in comparison to the previously published assemblage from the 2004 excavation at the site. Most of the finds from the 2007 excavation were retrieved from the winepress in Area A, whereas only a few items were discovered in Area B. The assemblage consists mainly of wineglasses, bottles and oil lamps, alongside decorated vessels, windowpanes, a stirring rod and glass tesserae. Both excavations yielded the remains of glass production, likely associated with a local manufacturer that may have been involved with the construction of the nearby church uncovered in 2004. …

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Excavations At Et-Ṭuweiri And The Boundary Between The Dioceses Of Tyre And ‘Akko-Ptolemais In The Byzantine Period, Danny Syon, Nimrod Getzov, Zohar Daniel Nov 2024

Excavations At Et-Ṭuweiri And The Boundary Between The Dioceses Of Tyre And ‘Akko-Ptolemais In The Byzantine Period, Danny Syon, Nimrod Getzov, Zohar Daniel

'Atiqot

A winery complex uncovered at eṭ-Ṭuweiri, Western Galilee, joins only three published, and several unpublished wineries established in northern Israel in the Roman period. The winery continued to operate in the Byzantine period and went out of use late in the Umayyad period. The article presents the history of research of the site, the excavation and the finds, including pottery, coins and metal objects, as well as inscriptions found at the site in the excavation and in the past. An inscription set in the mosaic floor of one of the treading floors of the winery was dated by the era …

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Glass Finds From The Roman-Period Burial Caves Near Nein, Yael Gorin-Rosen Nov 2024

Glass Finds From The Roman-Period Burial Caves Near Nein, Yael Gorin-Rosen

'Atiqot

Excavations conducted near the village of Nein have unearthed some thirty glass vessels and two lumps of glass waste that were associated with local glass production at Nein. These vessels were discovered in several clusters within Burial Caves A, B and C, and are similar to types found in burial sites located in the vicinity of the site, as well as across a wider geographical area. The vessels date to the period spanning the late first and early third centuries CE.

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Bronze Age Winepresses And Roman-Period Burial Caves Near Nein, Giv‘At Ha-More, Eyad Bisharat, Yardenna Alexandre Nov 2024

Bronze Age Winepresses And Roman-Period Burial Caves Near Nein, Giv‘At Ha-More, Eyad Bisharat, Yardenna Alexandre

'Atiqot

An excavation carried out near Nein, a village located between Jezreel Valley and Galilee, exposed a concentration of 10 simple rock-cut winepressing installations, possibly dating to the Middle Bronze Age. Three Roman-period burial caves with kokhim, whose vertical access shafts cut through the pressing installations, were partially excavated, yielding stone ossuaries and accompanying grave goods, comprising a variety of pottery vessels including many lamps, and a few glass and metal artifacts. The pottery assemblage dates from the first to the third century CE and is composed of vessels, some characteristic of Jewish Galilee and others, of the Jezreel valley and …

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Grapevine Variety Identification—Methodological Aspects: Sample Preparation, Three-Dimensional Positioning And Morphological Comparison, Michal David, Yekaterina Shapira, Avshalom Karasik, Elyashiv Drori, Ehud Weiss Nov 2024

Grapevine Variety Identification—Methodological Aspects: Sample Preparation, Three-Dimensional Positioning And Morphological Comparison, Michal David, Yekaterina Shapira, Avshalom Karasik, Elyashiv Drori, Ehud Weiss

'Atiqot

The grapevine (Vitis vinifera) is one of the most significant fruits in global economy, today as in the past. The international modern wine industry, traditional agriculture and wild populations encompass thousands of grapevine varieties, the differences between them often imperceptible to the naked eye and therefore, necessitating the application of digital technologies. This study aimed at establishing a methodology for analyzing grapevine pips using a 3D scanner, including an optimal protocol for removing the pips’ tissue to improve the botanical identification of recent and ancient specimens. The study presents mechanical, chemical and biochemical methods used to prepare the pips for …

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The Identification Of Ancient Wine Through Organic Residue Analysis Of Ceramic Vessels, Ayala Amir Nov 2024

The Identification Of Ancient Wine Through Organic Residue Analysis Of Ceramic Vessels, Ayala Amir

'Atiqot

Wine was a primary commodity in antiquity and prevalent in the Southern Levant Mediterranean-basin regions and Mesopotamia. Therefore, its identification in archaeological artifacts by chemical analysis is of great importance. Many studies of wine residues were conducted on pottery from Mediterranean and Near Eastern sites, using a wide range of approaches to extract and detect organic compounds. This article will evaluate and compare these methods and raise consequent considerations for the interpretation of results to arrive at a historic picture.

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Changes In Wine Consumption In Palestine, C. 600–1100 Ce: The Ceramic Evidence, Itamar Taxel Nov 2024

Changes In Wine Consumption In Palestine, C. 600–1100 Ce: The Ceramic Evidence, Itamar Taxel

'Atiqot

This study provides an updated picture of the seventh- to eleventh-century CE production and distribution of local and imported wine jars and amphorae across Palestine, which—together with selected data on pottery production sites and winepresses—reflect changes in habits of wine consumption by the country’s population. Beginning in the seventh century CE, a gradual decline occurred in the manufacturing of Gaza jars, simultaneously with an increasing use of southern coast bag-shaped jars. Wine import to Palestine also declined from the seventh century CE on. From the eighth century CE onward, Palestinian wine, whose production gradually diminished, was designated predominantly for local …

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From Gat To Bet-Gitot: Wine Production In The Southern Levant, Yehoshua Dray Nov 2024

From Gat To Bet-Gitot: Wine Production In The Southern Levant, Yehoshua Dray

'Atiqot

This article summarizes many years of field research and resultant insights into the technology of wine production and the function of various winemaking installations in antiquity in the Southern Levant. A concise overview is given of the evolution of the ancient winemaking installations in the region, the Gat and the Bet-Gitot, with examples representing the main stages of development. Established theories are reexamined and challenged in light of recent discoveries. An algorithm outlining the wine production process is presented, and a methodology is proposed for the field identification of wine production installations, defining their various components and reconstructing their mode …

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Wine Production In The Byzantine Winepresses Of Southern Israel: Insights From A Statistical Analysis, Matan Chocron, Oren Ackermann, Ilan Stavi, Boaz Zissu Nov 2024

Wine Production In The Byzantine Winepresses Of Southern Israel: Insights From A Statistical Analysis, Matan Chocron, Oren Ackermann, Ilan Stavi, Boaz Zissu

'Atiqot

This paper focuses on various technological aspects of Byzantine winepresses. The Byzantine period presents a unique point in time when the increased demand for wine from the Southern Levant is attested by the introduction of new elements in the architecture and design of the winepress. Whereas past studies have stressed the importance of the introduction of the screw-press, it is shown here that this is but one of numerous features that helped increase the yield. Other elements, such as the addition of a second collecting vat and the integration of fermentation cells contributed significantly to local wine production in the …

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Transport Wine Amphorae And The Economic System In Southern Phoenicia During The Achaemenid Regime, Yiftah Shalev Nov 2024

Transport Wine Amphorae And The Economic System In Southern Phoenicia During The Achaemenid Regime, Yiftah Shalev

'Atiqot

This paper explores the economic system of the Achaemenid Empire in southern Phoenicia through the study of transport wine amphorae, as well as other ceramic vessels, to show that local trade was primarily conducted in an open, free economic system, with minimum intervention of the empire. Furthermore, structures previously unearthed along the coast and defined as fortresses used to monitor trade, are reconsidered in light of their plan, function and date. It was found that the Persian regime focused on taxation and periodic inspection, attesting that the imported Greek wine transported in amphorae flowed freely into the beakers and goblets …

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Iron Age Ii And Persian-Period Wine Production In Southern Samaria: New Data From Archaeological Surveys, Aharon Tavger Nov 2024

Iron Age Ii And Persian-Period Wine Production In Southern Samaria: New Data From Archaeological Surveys, Aharon Tavger

'Atiqot

New evidence for Iron Age II and Persian-Period wine production in southern Samaria, including many winepresses and bell-shaped winery pits, has recently come to light, expanding our knowledge and revising some of our understandings concerning this phenomenon. While it was widely accepted that industrial wine production during these periods was confined to central Judah, in Jerusalem’s environs, it is now clear that wine was also produced throughout the southern Samaria region, particularly on the desert fringes. Some of these wine-production sites seemingly functioned already during Iron Age IIB, under Northern Kingdom control, while some of the sites also operated under …

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Identifying The (Royal) Winepresses In The “Valley Of The King”, Benyamin Storchan, Nathan Ben-Ari, Neria Sapir, Oded Lipschits Nov 2024

Identifying The (Royal) Winepresses In The “Valley Of The King”, Benyamin Storchan, Nathan Ben-Ari, Neria Sapir, Oded Lipschits

'Atiqot

This paper presents four Iron Age winepresses discovered at ‘Emeq Lavan, Rogem Gannim and Mordot Arnona in Jerusalem. The winepresses located along ‘Emeq Refa’im share a uniform industrial plan featuring three treading surfaces, settling vats and a central collection chamber. The installations date to the late eighth–seventh centuries BCE, when the subjugation of Judah to Assyria created a need for a centralized royal economy. The newly identified winepresses attest to the high degree of standardization of wine production in the region. We suggest that the location and implementation of a standardized plan indicate that these installations were part of a …

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Front Matter & Editorial, The Editorial Board Nov 2024

Front Matter & Editorial, The Editorial Board

'Atiqot

Wine consumption is an ongoing social act practiced on domestic, religious and state level, and as such, it defines social status, cultural affiliation and identity. The current volume presents a varied range of studies that broadly consider wine, wine production and trade in the Southern Levant.

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The Faunal Assemblage From Ḥorbat Sahar, Zohar Turgeman-Yaffe Oct 2024

The Faunal Assemblage From Ḥorbat Sahar, Zohar Turgeman-Yaffe

'Atiqot

The faunal assemblage from Ḥorbat Sahar was associated with the three periods of activity identified at the site. Two bones were attributed to the Iron Age and include a chicken femur—a rare find in this period, possibly attesting to the use of chicken in cockfighting rather than for consumption. The small late Byzantine–Early Islamic assemblage comprised domesticated livestock animals, dominated by adult cattle, supporting an economic system based mostly on livestock animals and not on hunting. The largest assemblage dates to the Crusader–Mamluk period, mainly including livestock and animals used for transportation and burden, possibly brought to the site by …

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The Coins From Ḥorbat Sahar, Helena Sokolov, Lior Sandberg Oct 2024

The Coins From Ḥorbat Sahar, Helena Sokolov, Lior Sandberg

'Atiqot

The coin finds retrieved from the excavation areas at Ḥorbat Sahar range in date from the Roman to the Mamluk periods, partially aligning with the settlement periods identified at the site. A bronze coin of Elagabalus, struck in Abila, depicts on its reverse a sanctuary with a hexastyle facade flanked by two towers with a large altar in the center. This is an important addition to our limited knowledge of this coin-type’s circulation in sites west of the Jordan River.

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Ḥorbat Sahar On Giv‘At Ha-More: A Byzantine–Early Islamic Rural Samaritan(?) Settlement, Revisited In The Crusader–Mamluk Period, Yardenna Alexandre Oct 2024

Ḥorbat Sahar On Giv‘At Ha-More: A Byzantine–Early Islamic Rural Samaritan(?) Settlement, Revisited In The Crusader–Mamluk Period, Yardenna Alexandre

'Atiqot

This article presents building remains uncovered at the site of Ḥorbat Sahar, on the Giv‘at Ha-More ridge, which formed part of a house and a large building comprising several rooms, a pathway, a small part of a plastered installation (miqveh?), and other installations, all dated by the pottery and other finds to the late Byzantine–Early Islamic period. The presence of Samaritan-type lamps, and the absence of LRRW bowls in the pottery assemblage, may hint to a Samaritan presence at the site following their suppression in the Samaria heartland. The large building was resettled in the Crusader–Mamluk periods, without architectural changes. …

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The Coins From Naṣr Ed-Din, Near Tiberias, Danny Syon Oct 2024

The Coins From Naṣr Ed-Din, Near Tiberias, Danny Syon

'Atiqot

The coins found in the excavation at Naṣr ed-Din tell of two peaks of settlement at the site: in the second century BCE and in the second century CE. The coins suggest that the site became Jewish in the first century BCE, was reduced or abandoned in the first century CE and revived in the second century CE, still as a Jewish village. The numismatic evidence does not support the identification of the site with Bet Ma‘on, mentioned by Josephus and in the Talmud; however, one must consider that the site is large and the data presented here pertain only …

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A Decorated Basalt Door From Naṣr Ed-Din (Bet Ma‘On), Near Tiberias, Yosef Stepansky Oct 2024

A Decorated Basalt Door From Naṣr Ed-Din (Bet Ma‘On), Near Tiberias, Yosef Stepansky

'Atiqot

Three fragments of a basalt door were retrieved from the excavation at Naṣr ed-Din, which belong to a large group of about 25 stone doors discovered in the city of Tiberias. Such doors are known to have originated in burial contexts, their facades usually adorned in a manner that resembled wooden doors of residences. The door from Bet Ma‘on is the first to be found outside Tiberias, and it probably belonged to a contemporary mausoleum mentioned in the Talmud.

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The Glass Finds From Naṣr Ed-Din, Near Tiberias, Natalya Katsnelson Oct 2024

The Glass Finds From Naṣr Ed-Din, Near Tiberias, Natalya Katsnelson

'Atiqot

An interesting group of 60 glass fragments was retrieved from a Roman-period Jewish rural settlement near Tiberias. The assemblage, dating mostly to the first–early second centuries CE, comprises simple, undecorated containers for every-day use, which may be clearly identified with a Jewish population in Lower Galilee.

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A Microscopic Examination Of Fresh Breaks Of Selected Roman-Period Potsherds From Naṣr Ed-Din, Near Tiberias, Anastasia Shapiro Oct 2024

A Microscopic Examination Of Fresh Breaks Of Selected Roman-Period Potsherds From Naṣr Ed-Din, Near Tiberias, Anastasia Shapiro

'Atiqot

The microscopic examination of the fresh breaks of selected Roman-period pottery vessels from the excavation at Naṣr ed-Din aimed at identifying their possible provenance. The examination revealed seven fabric groups, each of which was correlated with pottery production sites in Galilee. Furthermore, the examined vessels demonstrate a noticeable relationship between form and fabric

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Naṣr Ed-Din (Bet Ma‘On), Near Tiberias: Village And City In Roman-Period Galilee, Dina Avshalom-Gorni, Uzi Leibner, Haya Ben Nahum Oct 2024

Naṣr Ed-Din (Bet Ma‘On), Near Tiberias: Village And City In Roman-Period Galilee, Dina Avshalom-Gorni, Uzi Leibner, Haya Ben Nahum

'Atiqot

A large domestic complex comprising six dwelling units with courtyards was uncovered in the village of Naṣr ed-Din overlooking Roman-period Tiberias. The site dates mainly to the Middle Roman period, spanning the beginning of the second century and the first decades of the third century CE. It seems that the complex was abandoned abruptly, as many finds were left in place on the floors. The good preservation of the dwellings and the wealth of the small finds shed light on the nature of domestic-rural construction in Roman Galilee, its material culture and household organization. This report describes the excavation of …

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A Hellenistic-Period Farmhouse At Aderet In The Judean Shephelah, Jon Seligman, Ora Yogev Oct 2024

A Hellenistic-Period Farmhouse At Aderet In The Judean Shephelah, Jon Seligman, Ora Yogev

'Atiqot

The excavation at Aderet, located south of Ha-Ella Valley, revealed a farmhouse with an olive-oil press, which operated under the administrative control of Idumea during the Hellenistic period. Based on the numismatic evidence and the pottery assemblage, the Aderet farmhouse was dated to the second half of the third century BCE, possibly extending into the beginning of the second century BCE. The firmly dated regional ceramic assemblage of the third century BCE expands our knowledge of Hellenistic rural society. The chronology of the Aderet farmhouse is considered in light of Yogev’s suggestion to identify a late Iron Age occupation phase …

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