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Articles 61 - 90 of 1794
Full-Text Articles in History of Art, Architecture, and Archaeology
The Metal Finds From ‘Akko, The Knights’ Hotel Site, Joppe Gosker
The Metal Finds From ‘Akko, The Knights’ Hotel Site, Joppe Gosker
'Atiqot
The 2007 excavation at the Knights Hotel Site yielded about 170 metal finds, mostly iron or copper alloy, though silver and gilded items were also found. Some objects associated with warfare may have been linked to the final battle of ‘Akko in 1291 CE, but most of the finds relate to daily life, encompassing activities such as horse keeping, dress, foodways, medicine and construction. The dominance of Eastern-type arrowheads indicates that local traditions were sometimes adopted, certainly for the arrows if not the bows. Concerning dress accessories, the overall impression is of European traditions. It seems that the Franks preferred …
Fragments Of A Crusader-Period Chancel Screen From ‘Akko, The Knights’ Hotel Site, Vardit R. Shotten-Hallel
Fragments Of A Crusader-Period Chancel Screen From ‘Akko, The Knights’ Hotel Site, Vardit R. Shotten-Hallel
'Atiqot
The phrase ‘where [or: when] least expected’ is rarely used in archaeology. In fact, when excavating a cesspit, the opposite is often true. Cesspits are precisely where archaeologists expect to uncover hoards of household artifacts, like pottery and glass, or sometimes valuables, dislocated sculptures and even skeletons. In this regard, the excavation at the Knights’ Hotel site in ‘Akko is no exception. Four richly decorated marble fragments were found in a cesspit, integrated in the shaft’s wall as part of repair work. A stylistic analysis, and consideration of the historical context of their deposition, revealed an unexpected possibility regarding their …
Stone Objects From ‘Akko, The Knights’ Hotel Site, Anastasia Shapiro
Stone Objects From ‘Akko, The Knights’ Hotel Site, Anastasia Shapiro
'Atiqot
Four stone objects were retrieved during the 2007 excavation season at the Knights’ Hotel site: three whetstones and one bead. Besides the routine registration of measurements and visual description, the specimens were examined under a binocular microscope at ×20 and ×40 magnifications, with the aid of 5% dilute hydrochloric acid and a steel needle. This procedure made it possible to define the lithology of the rock that the objects were made of and to trace use features like minor scratches, which usually receive little attention.
Crusader-Period Glass Finds From ‘Akko, The Knights’ Hotel Site, Yael Gorin-Rosen
Crusader-Period Glass Finds From ‘Akko, The Knights’ Hotel Site, Yael Gorin-Rosen
'Atiqot
This article discusses the glass finds uncovered during the 2007 excavation season at the Knights’ Hotel site and complements the report of the 1995 season. This collection of glass vessels is significant as it expands our knowledge concerning the variety of types produced in the local workshops and includes a variety of vessels from other production centers. Together, the finds from both seasons emphasize the richness and diversity of Crusader-period glassware and artifacts during the thirteenth century, before the fall of ‘Akko in 1291.
Tobacco Pipes From ‘Akko, The Knights’ Hotel Site, Anastasia Shapiro
Tobacco Pipes From ‘Akko, The Knights’ Hotel Site, Anastasia Shapiro
'Atiqot
The study of 111 Ottoman tobacco pipes and three nargile heads from the excavation of the Knights’ Hotel site in ‘Akko illuminates the smoking habits of the population of this quarter of the city between the early seventeenth and mid-nineteenth centuries. The dates, provenance and typology of the pipes are based on the results of previous studies. The latest date of most of the pipes in this corpus may be related to an explosion during the siege of 1840, after which the quarter remained unoccupied.
Petrographic And Microscopic Examination Of Crusader-Period Pottery From ‘Akko, The Knights’ Hotel Site, Anastasia Shapiro
Petrographic And Microscopic Examination Of Crusader-Period Pottery From ‘Akko, The Knights’ Hotel Site, Anastasia Shapiro
'Atiqot
A petrographic and microscopic study was undertaken for 14 Crusader-period vessels from the Knight’ Hotel site in ‘Akko. The petrographic analysis confirmed the presumed Egyptian origin of twelve vessels, while the microscopic examination of two pithoi suggested that their raw material originated within an ophiolitic complex found in Venice and its vicinity.
Crusader-Period Ceramics From The Knights’ Hotel Site, ‘Akko, Edna J. Stern, Nohar Shahar
Crusader-Period Ceramics From The Knights’ Hotel Site, ‘Akko, Edna J. Stern, Nohar Shahar
'Atiqot
The Crusader-period ceramic assemblage unearthed in the Knights’ Hotel site in ‘Akko contains a large variety of daily wares. The assemblage consists of local and imported wares from various regions, some of which were identified through petrographic analysis. The imported wares indicate trade connections with Mediterranean port cities, and the petrographic analysis identified a new group of vessels from Egypt’s northern Nile region. The article outlines the pottery typology and quantification, and presents the ceramic distribution within the excavated urban area. The findings indicate changes in land use, as some residential and commercial areas were converted into dumps and cesspits. …
Daily Life And Industry In Crusader ‘Akko: The Knights’ Hotel Site, Danny Syon
Daily Life And Industry In Crusader ‘Akko: The Knights’ Hotel Site, Danny Syon
'Atiqot
This report details the second season of excavations at the Knights’ Hotel site, carried out in 2007, covering three areas (A–C) not excavated in the first season (1995). The excavations revealed domestic and public(?) architecture dating from the thirteenth century CE. The architectural features are mostly similar to the ones exposed in the first season and include an abundance of water and sanitary installations: cisterns, wells and cesspits. The mixed character of this neighborhood of the capital of the Crusader kingdom of Jerusalem, and the daily life of its residents is highlighted by the wealth of pottery and glass vessels …
Remains Of Two Iron Age Iib–C(?) Updraft Pottery Kilns At The Foot Of Tel Gamma (Tell Jemma), Davida Eisenberg-Degen, Ilana Peters, Svetlana Talis, Yael Abadi-Reiss, Emily Bischoff Bruintjes, Yotam Asscher
Remains Of Two Iron Age Iib–C(?) Updraft Pottery Kilns At The Foot Of Tel Gamma (Tell Jemma), Davida Eisenberg-Degen, Ilana Peters, Svetlana Talis, Yael Abadi-Reiss, Emily Bischoff Bruintjes, Yotam Asscher
'Atiqot
An excavation southwest of Tel Gamma exposed two Iron Age II updraft pottery kilns and a refuse pit. The eastern kiln was only partially preserved; its fill contained workshop debris and storage-jar wasters. The better-preserved western kiln retained an almost intact, elongated combustion chamber with two sets of mud-brick flues and evidence of periodic upkeep. An activity layer was identified between and around the kilns, from which a mixed Iron IIA–C ceramic assemblage and a few stone artifacts were collected. The stone artifacts likely served in fine grinding and burnishing. In the refuse pit, potsherds, vitrified bricks, animal bones and …
A Middle Bronze Iia Pottery Production Site On The Northern Bank Of NaḥAl Soreq, Near Yavne-Yam, Lily Singer-Avitz, Yossi Levy, Etan Ayalon
A Middle Bronze Iia Pottery Production Site On The Northern Bank Of NaḥAl Soreq, Near Yavne-Yam, Lily Singer-Avitz, Yossi Levy, Etan Ayalon
'Atiqot
A Middle Bronze Age IIA pottery production site was uncovered on the northern bank of Naḥal Soreq, near Yavne-Yam. Excavations revealed installations, including pits, an oven, a stone pavement and a two-story pottery kiln. The discovery of a potter’s wheel and petrographic analysis confirm local ceramic production using nearby ḥamra and kurkar materials. Stone anchors found on-site suggest the transport of vessels via small boats along the stream, connecting the site with nearby settlements such as Nabi Rubin and Yavne-Yam.
Middle Bronze Age Human Skeletal Remains From Nahal Rimmonim, Yossi Nagar
Middle Bronze Age Human Skeletal Remains From Nahal Rimmonim, Yossi Nagar
'Atiqot
The excavation at Nahal Rimmonim yielded the remains of seven individuals interred in jar burials and a grave dating, respectively, to Middle Bronze Age I–II and III. The MB I–II storage-jar burials were uncovered in a residential area, comprising three infants—a well-documented trait of the period. The MB III remains include the primary burial of four individuals in stone-built graves: three adults and a child aged three–four years.
The Faunal Assemblage From Nahal Rimmonim, An Intermediate And Middle Bronze Age Site In The Jezreel Valley, Zohar Turgeman-Yaffe
The Faunal Assemblage From Nahal Rimmonim, An Intermediate And Middle Bronze Age Site In The Jezreel Valley, Zohar Turgeman-Yaffe
'Atiqot
The rural site of Naḥal Rimmonim yielded 421 identifiable animal bones that originated in well-stratified loci from five strata dating to the Intermediate and Middle Bronze Ages. The site’s economy seems to have been independent, or production-based, with residents providing most of their own needs while also trading with other groups. The economy was based on animal husbandry, with some hunting, mostly of gazelles, alongside the production of secondary products, such as milk, wool and labor, with a preference for wool. Pigs were the most common species in all domestic levels, including a unique pig burial. The faunal assemblage from …
The Flint Assemblage From Nahal Rimmonim, Ariel Vered
The Flint Assemblage From Nahal Rimmonim, Ariel Vered
'Atiqot
The excavation at Naḥal Rimmonim yielded flint items dating to the Intermediate and Middle Bronze Ages, alongside intrusive highly patinated Middle Paleolithic artifacts. The Intermediate Bronze Age assemblage represents a local, expedient industry that produced simple flake tools from locally available lithic resources and long, regular blades, probably imported as blanks, continuing the Canaanean blade industry of the Early Bronze Age. The Middle Bronze Age assemblage attests to the production of flakes on which simple ad hoc tools were manufactured on locally available raw materials. The production of Canaanean blades ceased abruptly, probably when the Second Urban Revolution took place …
Petrographic Examination Of The Intermediate And Middle Bronze Age Vessels From Nahal Rimmonim, Anastasia Shapiro
Petrographic Examination Of The Intermediate And Middle Bronze Age Vessels From Nahal Rimmonim, Anastasia Shapiro
'Atiqot
This paper presents petrographic data retrieved from samples taken from pottery found in the context of a Middle Bronze Age pottery workshop and from a domestic pottery assemblage dating from the Intermediate Bronze Age. The results for both periods mostly point to on-site and local production, contributing to our knowledge concerning pottery production and trade in the Jezreel Valley and adjacent areas.
Nahal Rimmonim: An Intermediate–Middle Bronze Age Village And Pottery Workshop In The Jezreel Valley, Karen Covello-Paran, Yotam Tepper
Nahal Rimmonim: An Intermediate–Middle Bronze Age Village And Pottery Workshop In The Jezreel Valley, Karen Covello-Paran, Yotam Tepper
'Atiqot
The excavations at Naḥal Rimmonim exposed a stratified rural settlement spanning the Intermediate and Middle Bronze Age III. Stratified remains—including domestic structures, installations, a pottery workshop and burials—demonstrate diachronic shifts in site function and organization. The Intermediate Bronze Age strata exhibit substantial domestic activity with evidence of localized adaptation to marshy conditions. In the Middle Bronze Age I–II phases, a specialized potters’ workshop and later domestic structures highlight evolving intrasite spatial planning and craft production, likely tied to economic interactions with nearby Tel Megiddo. Elite tombs with prestige goods from the Middle Bronze Age III, signal socioeconomic ties to urban …
A Major Pottery-Production Center At Yavne, Israel, Liat Nadav-Ziv, Jon Seligman
A Major Pottery-Production Center At Yavne, Israel, Liat Nadav-Ziv, Jon Seligman
'Atiqot
In several periods between the Middle Bronze Age and the Umayyad period, Yavne was a major center of pottery production in the southern coastal plain of the Levant. The location of the site next to Naḥal Soreq, where replenishable clay sources were easily accessible, was a significant factor in the development of the large-scale ceramic industry. The almost 100 updraft kilns from several periods exposed in the extensive excavations carried out at Yavne, and the kilns uncovered at other sites in the southern coastal plain, enable tracing the development of kiln technology and the continuity of pottery production in the …
“Shihin Fr” Oil Lamps: Technology From Scratch, Yehoshua Dray, Ilana Gonen
“Shihin Fr” Oil Lamps: Technology From Scratch, Yehoshua Dray, Ilana Gonen
'Atiqot
Recent excavations at Shiḥin, near ancient Ẓippori (Sepphoris) in Lower Galilee (Isarel), have revealed evidence of a Roman-period ceramic oil-lamp production workshop. The findings include a pottery kiln, lamp molds and industrial waste, prompting a reevaluation of oil-lamp production technologies and introducing new research questions. These questions were explored through experimental archaeology aimed at reconstructing manufacturing methods. This article focuses on the production technology of the Shiḥin FR oil lamps, distinguished by their unique designs and limited production period (70–135 CE). These chalk-mold-designed lamps were examined through high-resolution 3D scanning, reverse engineering and experimental archaeological practices, including mold carving, lamp …
The Jewish Chalk-Vessel Industry In Galilee And The Golan, Yonatan Adler
The Jewish Chalk-Vessel Industry In Galilee And The Golan, Yonatan Adler
'Atiqot
This study explores archaeological remains of the Jewish chalk-vessel industry in Galilee and the Golan during the Early Roman period. It examines recent excavations at ‘Einot Amitai, Reina and Lower Wadi es-Sufera, focusing on raw materials, manufacturing techniques and typologies of vessels produced at these sites. The study also looks at the chronology of this industry, exploring when chalk-vessel production in the north first began and when it ended. Throughout the paper, the archaeological remains from the northern sites are compared and contrasted with findings from Jerusalem-area workshops. Finally, the study investigates what the archaeological remains analyzed here may indicate …
Perfume-Making And Craft-Knowledge Transmission In The Middle Assyrian Period, Yu Song
Perfume-Making And Craft-Knowledge Transmission In The Middle Assyrian Period, Yu Song
'Atiqot
This paper examines the art of perfume making during the Middle Assyrian period, focusing on the perfume recipes unearthed in the Temple of Aššur. These recipes serve as a lens through which we can observe the evolution of crafting knowledge, transitioning from practical application to written documentation, facilitated by the intermediary role of perfumers. Concurrently, the perfumed oils detailed in these recipes bear connections to royal rituals, shedding light on the consecration of Assyrian royal power. I argue that the transmission of craft knowledge and techniques is intricately linked to the ascent of the Assyrian Empire and the evolution of …
Khirbat Khudash (Bet Arye): A Royal Olive Oil Production Center In The Kingdom Of Israel, David Eitam
Khirbat Khudash (Bet Arye): A Royal Olive Oil Production Center In The Kingdom Of Israel, David Eitam
'Atiqot
Khirbat Khudash (Ḥudaš; modern-day Bet Arye), a small planned and fortified Iron Age IIB site with numerous oil presses, was discovered during a survey of the southwest Samaria Highlands by the author in 1979–1980 and subsequently excavated. The discovery and study of Khirbat Khudash, along with the nearby similar sites of Qla‘, Khirbat Deir Daqla and Kurnet Bir et-Tell—and their comparison to other Iron Age II rural settlements in southwest Samaria—illuminates a little-known but significant economic activity of mass-produced olive oil controlled by the Israelite Kingdom in the eighth century BCE. The site and pressing installations are described here, with …
Secondary Use Of Textiles For Wick Production In Light Of The Finds From The Intermediate Bronze Age Cemetery At Newe Efrayim, Naama Sukenik, Yonah Maor, Yaniv Agmon, Yossi Elisha, Gilad Itach
Secondary Use Of Textiles For Wick Production In Light Of The Finds From The Intermediate Bronze Age Cemetery At Newe Efrayim, Naama Sukenik, Yonah Maor, Yaniv Agmon, Yossi Elisha, Gilad Itach
'Atiqot
Three Intermediate Bronze Age wicks discovered in the Newe Efrayim cemetery constitute some of the earliest known archaeological evidence of wick use, an essential object for lighting, yet lacking distinctive features, as it was intended to be burned, making it a rare find. The exceptional preservation of the wicks sheds light on both preservation issues and the technological aspects of wick production in antiquity. The wicks were made from textiles, indicating the maximal reuse of a valuable raw material after it had served its original purpose. These finds offer evidence of material recycling in the ancient world. It is likely …
The Development Of Tin Bronze In The Southern Levant During The Bronze Age, Ilana Peters, Yotam Asscher, Naama Yahalom-Mack
The Development Of Tin Bronze In The Southern Levant During The Bronze Age, Ilana Peters, Yotam Asscher, Naama Yahalom-Mack
'Atiqot
The paper surveys the development of the use of tin bronze in the Southern Levant, outlining its emergence in the late Early Bronze Age until its eventual predominance in the Late Bronze Age. As there are no tin or arsenical copper sources in the region, the paper discusses the potential sources based on archaeological and textual evidence, including recent analytical data, reflecting a possible correlation between the changes in metal sources and the shift from arsenical copper to tin bronze.
Researching Chalcolithic Ivories From The Southern Levant: Craft Items For Ritual, Prestige And Exchange, Harel Shochat, Liora Kolska Horwitz, Avishay Levi-Hevroni, Martin D. Pasternak, Pablo Betzer, Daniel Varga, Yael Abadi-Reiss, Olga Negnevitsky, Ilan Naor, Ianir Milevski
Researching Chalcolithic Ivories From The Southern Levant: Craft Items For Ritual, Prestige And Exchange, Harel Shochat, Liora Kolska Horwitz, Avishay Levi-Hevroni, Martin D. Pasternak, Pablo Betzer, Daniel Varga, Yael Abadi-Reiss, Olga Negnevitsky, Ilan Naor, Ianir Milevski
'Atiqot
The Late Chalcolithic period in the Southern Levant, mainly the Ghassulian culture (mid-fifth–mid-fourth millennia BCE), heralded a new and unique trajectory in craft specialization, with ivory objects, including figurines, tools and vessels, among the outstanding ones. Hippopotamus and elephant ivory, probably of varied geographic provenience, were the raw materials employed. This paper presents two recently excavated ivory caches from the Late Chalcolithic sites of Ḥorbat Raqiq and Yavne (East), and reviews Chalcolithic ivories from this region. Additionally, a systematic microscopic analysis to determine the taxonomic identification of raw material and typological classification of each artifact is presented, offering novel perspectives …
Khallat Abu Ḥalaḥ: The Shells / ח'לת אבו חלאח: ממצא הקונכיות, Inbar Ktalav
Khallat Abu Ḥalaḥ: The Shells / ח'לת אבו חלאח: ממצא הקונכיות, Inbar Ktalav
Qadum: Journal of Excavation Reports from Israel
The excavations at Khallat Abu Halah uncovered 24 shells, including 14 marine shells from the Mediterranean Sea, two freshwater bivalves—one local and the other originating from the Nile—and eight terrestrial snails. Most of the shells were dated to the Byzantine period but were not found in situ, making it difficult to interpret their use. The Mediterranean shells indicate a connection to the Mediterranean coast, whereas the freshwater bivalve from the Nile suggests connections with Egypt, likely via Caesarea. The terrestrial species are similar to those found in the region today, indicating that the environmental conditions in the area during the …
Khallat Abu ḤAlaḥ: The Coins, Gabriela Bijovsky
Khallat Abu ḤAlaḥ: The Coins, Gabriela Bijovsky
Qadum: Journal of Excavation Reports from Israel
A modest number of coins was discovered during the excavations at Khallat Abu Ḥalaḥ, dating from the fourth to the mid-seventh centuries CE. Most of the coins belong to common types that deserve no special discussion. Noteworthy is a rare Alexandrian dodecanummium of Maurice Tiberius. The latest coin is a very worn follis of Heraclius, dated to 624/628 CE.
Khallat Abu ḤAlaḥ: The Ceramic Assemblage, Neer Lect Ben Ami
Khallat Abu ḤAlaḥ: The Ceramic Assemblage, Neer Lect Ben Ami
Qadum: Journal of Excavation Reports from Israel
This report details the ceramic assemblage recovered from excavations at Khallat Abu Ḥalaḥ. The pottery spans from the first to the tenth centuries CE, with the majority dating to the Late Roman and Byzantine periods. The assemblage includes various vessel types, mostly from unstratified contexts. The pottery indicates strong commercial ties with other Southern Levantine coastal and inland sites. The variety of finds suggests the site was a domestic structure, possibly a farmstead, within the economic sphere of Byzantine Caesarea.
Khallat Abu ḤAlaḥ: A Byzantine-Period Structure At Ramot Menashe / ח'לת אבו חלאח: מבנה מן התקופה הביזנטית ברמות מנשה, Ron Be'eri
Qadum: Journal of Excavation Reports from Israel
The excavation at Khallat Abu Ḥalaḥ uncovered part of a Byzantine-period structure comprising several rectangular rooms, corresponding to five construction phases. One of these rooms may have functioned as a bathhouse. Remains of another nearby structure decorated with a cross were also revealed, along with the upper fragment of a small chalkstone altar incised with a cross; a road paved with small stones and flanked by two walls that led to the site and continued toward Naḥal Dalia; and several field walls, one of which may have served as an enclosure. The finds from the site—including a fragment of a …
Eshta’Ol: The Lithic Assemblages, Omry Barzilai
Eshta’Ol: The Lithic Assemblages, Omry Barzilai
Qadum: Journal of Excavation Reports from Israel
This report presents four lithic assemblages recovered from Areas B–F at the site of Eshta’ol. All assemblages primarily utilize locally available flint types, notably brecciated Campanian and semitranslucent Eocene/Senonian flints. The technological organization is dominated by flake and flakelet industries, with evidence of local knapping activities and the reuse of older tools across periods. Diagnostic tools and technologies indicate distinct occupational phases associated with the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB), Pottery Neolithic (Yarmukian), Early and Late Chalcolithic (Wadi Rabah, Ghassulian) and Early Bronze Age. Despite prolonged occupation, formal tool frequencies remain low, particularly during the Early Bronze Age, suggesting that Eshta’ol …
Eshta’Ol: Faunal Remains From The Chalcolithic Period And Bronze Age, Edward F. Maher
Eshta’Ol: Faunal Remains From The Chalcolithic Period And Bronze Age, Edward F. Maher
Qadum: Journal of Excavation Reports from Israel
This article presents a zooarchaeological study of a small faunal assemblage recovered from Areas B, D and E at Eshta’ol, dating to the Late Chalcolithic period (Stratum IV), Early Bronze Age IB (Stratum III) and Intermediate Bronze Age (Stratum II). A total of 250 bone fragments were analyzed, with 86 identifiable specimens representing eight species, primarily from the EB IB stratum. The assemblage is dominated by domestic animals—especially caprines, cattle and pigs. Mortality profiles based on epiphyseal fusion and dental wear indicate a preference for secondary products—such as wool, milk and dung—over meat consumption. Small-scale farming and agricultural activity may …
Eshta’Ol: A Protohistoric And Bronze Age Site In The Judean Shephelah, Amir Golani, Benyamin Storchan
Eshta’Ol: A Protohistoric And Bronze Age Site In The Judean Shephelah, Amir Golani, Benyamin Storchan
Qadum: Journal of Excavation Reports from Israel
This report presents the results of several excavations at Eshta’ol, which revealed occupation remains from six strata, dating from the Neolithic period to the Intermediate Bronze Age. These excavations were the first to identify occupational horizons dating to the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B and Pottery Neolithic periods (Jericho IX/Lodite cultures), including significant flint and ceramic assemblages. The Early (Wadi Rabah) and Late Chalcolithic remains at Eshta’ol indicate a small settlement with two occupation phases. The large Early Bronze Age settlement at the site comprised at least four occupational phases, all associated with EB IB, reflecting a long-lived, preplanned rural village that …