Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
Fiber, Textile, and Weaving Arts Commons™
Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Institution
-
- University of Nebraska - Lincoln (316)
- City University of New York (CUNY) (21)
- Rhode Island School of Design (11)
- Washington University in St. Louis (10)
- Virginia Commonwealth University (9)
-
- Southern Methodist University (5)
- DePaul University (4)
- James Madison University (4)
- University of Massachusetts Boston (4)
- University of Montana (4)
- Clemson University (3)
- Lesley University (3)
- University of Arkansas, Fayetteville (3)
- Winthrop University (3)
- Claremont Colleges (2)
- East Tennessee State University (2)
- Fordham University (2)
- LSU New Orleans (2)
- Louisiana State University (2)
- Macalester College (2)
- SUNY Geneseo (2)
- Bowling Green State University (1)
- California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo (1)
- Chapman University (1)
- Georgia Southern University (1)
- Hope College (1)
- Illinois State University (1)
- Kennesaw State University (1)
- Missouri State University (1)
- Rollins College (1)
- Keyword
-
- Sculpture (23)
- Art (22)
- Textiles (12)
- Painting (11)
- Craft (10)
-
- Installation (10)
- Memory (10)
- Ceramics (7)
- Queer (7)
- Textile (7)
- Archive (6)
- Landscape (6)
- Photography (6)
- Bodhisattvas (5)
- Feminism (5)
- Body (4)
- Buddhism (4)
- Fashion (4)
- Fiber (4)
- Fine art (4)
- Furniture (4)
- Grief (4)
- Guardians (4)
- Iconography (4)
- Labor (4)
- Lacquerwares (4)
- Monks (4)
- Performance (4)
- Porcelain (4)
- Printmaking (4)
- Publication Year
- Publication
-
- Textile Society of America: Symposium Proceedings (314)
- Theses and Dissertations (28)
- Masters Theses (11)
- Art Theses and Dissertations (5)
- Asian American Art Oral History Project (4)
-
- Bachelor of Fine Arts Senior Papers (4)
- Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers (4)
- Masters Theses, 2020-current (4)
- OER Textbooks (4)
- All Theses (3)
- Electronic Theses and Dissertations (3)
- Graduate School of Art Theses (3)
- Graduate Theses (3)
- Graduate Theses and Dissertations (3)
- MFA in Visual Art (3)
- Art History (2)
- CGU MFA Theses (2)
- LSU Master's Theses (2)
- LSU New Orleans Theses and Dissertations (2)
- MFA in Visual Arts Theses (2)
- School of Art, Art History, and Design: Theses and Student Creative Work (2)
- Art and Art History Honors Projects (1)
- College of Graduate Studies: Theses & Dissertations (1)
- Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects (1)
- Graduate Theses/Dissertations (1)
- Graduate Work – Art (1)
- Graphic Communication (1)
- Honors Program Theses (1)
- Honors Projects (1)
- Individually Designed Interdepartmental Major Honors Project (1)
- Publication Type
- File Type
Articles 31 - 60 of 428
Full-Text Articles in Fiber, Textile, and Weaving Arts
Fragmented Bodies, Lauren Careese Alexander
Fragmented Bodies, Lauren Careese Alexander
Art Theses and Dissertations
Through Memory Webs and fragmented ceramic vessels, I express what it feels like to grow up living in a biracial body. I utilize mixed media to emulate a mixed-race experience. My Memory Webs are fashioned by painting on scraps of canvas and attaching them with crocheted wire and ribbon to speak to how my memory has impacted my identity. My fragmented ceramic vessels are cut up and stitched back together to represent disjointedness and un-belonging. All of my work is contextualized through the novel Frankenstein by Mary Shelley and what the Monster may represent for people of color. I also …
Cliffhanger, Micah Mickles
Cliffhanger, Micah Mickles
MFA in Visual Art
I am Micah Mickles, a mixed-media visual artist in St. Louis, Missouri. My artwork is deeply rooted in my personal experiences and serves as a memorial and monument to counteract the enduring effects of grief and loss. What sets my work apart is the transformative impact of my everyday encounters, inspired by my 14 years of experience working at Trader Joe's. These encounters have led me to reflect on my profound connections with diverse communities. By delving into the hidden narratives of mundane materials encountered in the workplace, I prompt a reexamination of convenience and supply chain origins. Inspired by …
The J In Danger, Zachary Delamater
The J In Danger, Zachary Delamater
Theses and Dissertations
“The J in Danger” merges autobiographic and formal concerns in sculpture and installation to describe the existential hazards contemporary life poses to Queer and Disabled individuals. The paper utilizes silent letters as thematic device to connect notions of precarity to a broader sense of contemporary “doomerism.”
Threads Of Connection: An Offering To Re-Tangle Humanity And Nature With The Patterns Of Our World, Emily Shelton
Threads Of Connection: An Offering To Re-Tangle Humanity And Nature With The Patterns Of Our World, Emily Shelton
Graduate Theses
In our world there are patterns of self-similarity that serve as evidence of the interconnectedness between humankind and the rest of the natural world. They are reflected in our bodies, behaviors, and environments, both natural and manmade, and can be found throughout systems at every scale, micro through macro. These organic, linear motifs branch into smaller iterations that seem to shape our existence on this planet as we gravitate towards experiences that echo these patterns. During everyday acts like shopping in a grocery store or a crowd at a concert, we unconsciously participate in self-similar collective movements as we navigate …
Pillowfort Logic, Victoria Barquin
Pillowfort Logic, Victoria Barquin
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
I use textiles, everyday objects, and my own studio archive to create assemblages that are both abstract and familiar. I follow my body, operating without preconceived notions as to what the materials are or how they should act, creating a liberatory practice of working intuitively, embracing play, and challenging my own conceptions of what’s possible. In my thesis exhibition, Pillowfort Logic, this methodology of reimagining what already exists is fundamental. The construction of these pieces mimic the act of building a fort in the living room where chairs are walls and blankets are roofs. The parts may return to work …
Unveiling Existentialism And Self-Expression: Utilizing The Arts, Raquel Eduardo Nunez
Unveiling Existentialism And Self-Expression: Utilizing The Arts, Raquel Eduardo Nunez
Undergraduate Honors Theses
This analysis is an exploration of identity through the examination of art as a means of self-expression and societal critique. It delves into existentialism to explain the impacts of art on both positive societal experiences and negative interactions unique to the immigrant and Mexican American community. The artist, Raquel Eduardo Nuñez, examines their own art to dissect their position in life as a Mexican-born individual living in a foreign country. This method was chosen to allow a space of self-reflection and awareness to explore the components that shape identity and reveal art as a medium for interpretation of links between …
From Field To Fashion: A Journey In Sustainable Design And Regional Understanding, Lily Turner
From Field To Fashion: A Journey In Sustainable Design And Regional Understanding, Lily Turner
Individually Designed Interdepartmental Major Honors Project
As the fashion industry became globalized over the past century, it has become a major environment polluter and exposed laborers to hazardous conditions. This honors project considers sustainability in the textile industry at large and at the regional scale of the Upper Midwest. Its scholarly component offers an overview of the current textile production, details how the industry may become sustainable, and suggests practices of environmentally-conscious and ethical design. The creative component is a soil-to-soil seasonless capsule collection titled From Field View that incorporates biomimicry and interrogates the concept of place by referencing the Midwest’s flora, wool, and linen fibers.
Creating An Index To Graduate Theses To Support Their Discoverability, Ellen Petraits
Creating An Index To Graduate Theses To Support Their Discoverability, Ellen Petraits
Transforming Libraries for Graduate Students
As a Research and Instruction Librarian, one of the most frequent questions I'm asked is how to find past theses on a particular topic or theme. There is an active thesis culture at RISD that goes beyond writing and binding a text. An exhibition is held in the graduate gallery to celebrate a curated selection of theses at the beginning of the academic year. (See Book of Thesis Books) Theses can range in format from an artist book to a loose-leaf portfolio. Many emphasize the visual and are a bridge to the student’s studio work. They may include unusual or …
Strands Of Repair: Textile Treasures As Sustainable Pathways To Reconnect With The Lost Past, Sareekah Agarwaal, Ruby Kashyap Sood
Strands Of Repair: Textile Treasures As Sustainable Pathways To Reconnect With The Lost Past, Sareekah Agarwaal, Ruby Kashyap Sood
Textile Society of America: Symposium Proceedings
Textiles, fundamental to all human experiences, are meaning-laden objects that possess a remarkable ability to evoke emotions and memories, serving as powerful mnemonic devices.
Almost everyone experiences unplanned encounters with textiles in their lifetime and in different contexts. Hence, most every piece is loaded with personal, cultural, or historical data, fostering a deep emotional connection between the owner and the object. Consequently, these textiles are cared for, preserved, and often repurposed. But not much literature exists on how textiles and their stories can be used to augment the understanding of the identity of an individual, a group, a region, or …
Negro Cloth: African American Textile Design History, Karen Baker
Negro Cloth: African American Textile Design History, Karen Baker
Textile Society of America: Symposium Proceedings
Negro cloth is American history. Filled with the contributions to free and enslaved African Americans, this history has gone untold. Even within the narratives and historical archives on African Americans' history with cotton, this conversation goes beyond suffering, pain, and separation. The research reveals how African Americans contributed to indigo and cotton agriculture, weaving, and manufacturing from 1745 to 1865. The historical and narrative research has revealed the buried history of African American textile history, the American Civil War in Federal Writers' Project: Slave Narrative Project. The narratives reveal that enslaved African Americans were weavers who carded, spun, dyed, and …
Inhabiting Numbers: Weaving, Polyphony, And Embodied Mathematics, Kristine Barrett
Inhabiting Numbers: Weaving, Polyphony, And Embodied Mathematics, Kristine Barrett
Textile Society of America: Symposium Proceedings
Inhabiting Numbers: Polyphony as Woven Sound explores connections between vocal polyphony and textile practices, specifically weaving and spinning. Rather than consider music and weaving as separate from one another, the following paper presents the ways in which they are deeply intertwined and mutually constitutive forms of cultural expression. The technical modes of thinking produced through repetition inherent in both—particularly as practices utilizing complex mathematical structures—produce ways of thinking unique to each. Through practice, I suggest these technical modes of making transit across different materials and mediums—in both explicit and implicit ways. The music created through the interweaving of multiple voices …
Handwoven Drawings, Lynn Bennett Carpenter
Handwoven Drawings, Lynn Bennett Carpenter
Textile Society of America: Symposium Proceedings
In my Handwoven Drawings series, I developed an innovative method that unifies drawing and weaving. I draw and paint on the surface of soft wood, hand cut the wood into thin strips, and then weave the painted strips back together on a floor loom. The Handwoven Drawings teeter between drawing and textile and beg categorization. The drawing on wood could be thought of as traditional cartoons that instead of guiding a tapestry become the textile itself. The horizontal cuts across the wood articulate lines of weft undulating across the work creating a new sensibility within a woven structure and a …
Chiapas Maya Project - Weaving Community, Lori Benson, Helena Rojas Lopez
Chiapas Maya Project - Weaving Community, Lori Benson, Helena Rojas Lopez
Textile Society of America: Symposium Proceedings
The Chiapas Maya Project (CMP), https://chiapasmayaproject.org/, was conceived in 2018 to create a virtual archive of the material culture of the Highland Maya of Chiapas, Mexico. The archive includes objects, images, recordings, and written records documenting a rapidly changing culture. Over time, it has become a more comprehensive project, connecting museum collections, weaving cooperatives, collectives, weavers, artists, intellectual property specialists, and academics. The partners and friends involved with the project focus on conversing and documenting - digitizing collections, if they have them.
What is the most critical information that should be searchable? How do the communities want to access …
Plying Together Knowledges: Revitalization Of Indigenous Textile Knowledge Through Language, Jennifer Byram, Eveline Battiest Steele
Plying Together Knowledges: Revitalization Of Indigenous Textile Knowledge Through Language, Jennifer Byram, Eveline Battiest Steele
Textile Society of America: Symposium Proceedings
When studying textiles for which few records exist, where does one turn? For archaeologists studying textiles in non-ideal preservation contexts, the approach often turns to indirect sources of evidence. This paper presents a research project conducted between a textile artist and archaeologist, Jennifer Byram and a basket weaver and Choctaw first-speaker, Eveline Steele, from the Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma. They approached research into Southeastern United States Indigenous textiles by drawing on Choctaw language documents from the 19th century to elucidate past textile knowledge. In doing so, the project has brought forth knowledge about weaving processes and material preparation that is …
Weaving Community: The Manual Loom As Metaphor For Rupture And Repair, Farrah Cato, Prerana Choudhury
Weaving Community: The Manual Loom As Metaphor For Rupture And Repair, Farrah Cato, Prerana Choudhury
Textile Society of America: Symposium Proceedings
The manual loom anchors women’s community and creative life in rural Assam. We explore this apparatus by extending definitions of the ‘digital’ and reconsidering the loom’s role as metaphor for both (dis)rupture and repair within the culturally diverse and bioculturally rooted lives of indigenous women in Assam. Our methods are based primarily on participatory research, community living, and slow travel undertaken by Prerana to remote parts of this northeastern state of India, juxtaposed with Farrah’s practical and theoretical approaches to technology. United by the recognition of how significant women’s lived histories and material production are, we reconsider the loom’s liminal …
The Touch And Breath Of Cloth: Folding And Unfolding Bedsheets With María Magdalena Campos-Pons, Theresa Downing
The Touch And Breath Of Cloth: Folding And Unfolding Bedsheets With María Magdalena Campos-Pons, Theresa Downing
Textile Society of America: Symposium Proceedings
María Magdalena Campos-Pons’ Spoken Softly with Mama (1998) is an immersive installation she created to commune with her enslaved Nigerian ancestors and extended family in Cuba, when she was living in the U.S. but separated from family due to the embargo. A monumental work in the artist’s oeuvre with slave ship motifs, glass clothes irons, ironing boards, video projection, and sound, the dream-like installation transmits Campos-Pons’ thoughts like a letter written in cotton and silk. The installation centers her female family members, who worked as domestic laborers, with portraits projected or printed upon the means of their employment: bedsheets and …
Draped In History: Unveiling Vijayanagar's Social Tapestry Through Lepakshi Portrayals, Ashima Gupta, Dimple Bahl, Vandana Bhandari
Draped In History: Unveiling Vijayanagar's Social Tapestry Through Lepakshi Portrayals, Ashima Gupta, Dimple Bahl, Vandana Bhandari
Textile Society of America: Symposium Proceedings
The Veerabhadra Temple in Lepakshi, Andhra Pradesh, India has some of the finest mural paintings created during the Vijayanagar Empire, one of South India’s most powerful dynasties in the 16th century. This paper will look at one of the frescoes depicting the costumes worn by the people during that time period. The artists generally recreate current trends and the world as they see around them. In Lepakshi, painters expressed a strong interest in depicting contemporary dresses, jewelry, hairdos, and so on, which mirrored not only the prevailing fashion trends of the time but also the socio-cultural fabric of the Vijayanagar …
Queen Victoria, The Sultan And The Adventurer: Weaving Strands Of The History Of The Kashmir Shawl, Joan Hart
Queen Victoria, The Sultan And The Adventurer: Weaving Strands Of The History Of The Kashmir Shawl, Joan Hart
Textile Society of America: Symposium Proceedings
Tipu Sultan, William Moorcroft, and Queen Victoria owned Kashmir shawls from Kashmir, India dating from 1780 to 1880. Rare provenance for these shawls reveals the troubled strands of Kashmir production and the shifting political fate of the Kashmiri people.
Tipu Sultan is a hero in India, having conducted successful military campaigns against the British East India Company (1782-1799). Tipu gave a valuable Kashmir shawl to a captive British surgeon in 1784, probably the earliest shawl to enter Britain. Revealing a rare moment when the fate of India was not yet sealed for the British, Tipu still had empathy by honoring …
‘Within The Reach Of Everyone’: Tracing The Global Strands Of Herrman, Sternbach & Co.’S 1880s Imitation Furs, Laura Johnson
‘Within The Reach Of Everyone’: Tracing The Global Strands Of Herrman, Sternbach & Co.’S 1880s Imitation Furs, Laura Johnson
Textile Society of America: Symposium Proceedings
Long before faux furs became trendy, vegan-friendly materials, weavers and textile designers in eighteenth and nineteenth century Europe developed a range of woven goods that offered the haptic qualities of animal pelts. Surprisingly, given their popularity, little research has focused on imitation fur production and consumption at the turn of the twentieth century and its earlier roots. This paper traces the strands linking a group of textile samples donated by New York merchant H. Herrman, Sternbach & Co. in 1884 to (what is today) the Smithsonian National Museum of American History through connecting threads of global production, innovation, and consumption. …
“Muy Curiosa Y Muy Diestra”: Bobbin Lace Making In Eighteenth-Century Mexico, Elena Kanagy-Loux
“Muy Curiosa Y Muy Diestra”: Bobbin Lace Making In Eighteenth-Century Mexico, Elena Kanagy-Loux
Textile Society of America: Symposium Proceedings
Although bobbin lace was introduced in Mexico through colonization, its local styling—both through making and end use—was by no means a facsimile of its Spanish origins. The appreciation for this “curious and skilled” trimming grew from a long Indigenous history of valuing skilled textile production in the Americas, and lace was quickly interpreted in new ways. Grounded in extant 18th-century objects such as metallic bobbin lace fragments and colchas (or coverlets) with polychrome wool bobbin lace edgings, this project poses the question: what untold stories of the lives of women and girls can these objects reveal? And can this method …
Dung Dkar Cloak: Exploring Soft Interfaces For Sonic Interactions, Judit Eszter Kárpáti, Esteban De La Torre
Dung Dkar Cloak: Exploring Soft Interfaces For Sonic Interactions, Judit Eszter Kárpáti, Esteban De La Torre
Textile Society of America: Symposium Proceedings
The importance of crossmodal interaction within the contemporary cultural, technological and scientific panorama has evidently gained significant attention due to its remarkable advantages in creating a meaningful, interwoven, and integrated experience. The use and recontextualization of textiles in such exploratory quest into the human senses has proven to be critical. Computational science, algorithmic logic and digital devices have always been rooted and closely interwoven with textile crafts and practices. Recent technological advancements have further combined technology and textile, generating interactive textile surfaces, constructing endless possibilities for multisensorial experiences. In this presentation we will examine how we can weave a sensitive …
Incursive Heritage: Socio-Digital Mediations Of Mediterranean, Maria Ida De Ioanni
Incursive Heritage: Socio-Digital Mediations Of Mediterranean, Maria Ida De Ioanni
Textile Society of America: Symposium Proceedings
Drawing upon the ongoing research endeavors within my doctoral program, this paper articulates a dual objective. Firstly, it undertakes the recognition and systematic delineation of collaborative repositories hosted on social media platforms, which serve to revitalize and perpetuate textile traditions through the curation of oral histories and diverse forms of visiotextual materials. The focal point of this inquiry encompasses social media accounts that reconfigure and contest prevailing heritage narratives by foregrounding hitherto marginalized personal and communal accounts surrounding textiles and fabrics. Functioning as dynamic digital repositories, these accounts subvert conventional heritage discourses by not only archiving and structuring knowledge but …
Copyright For Imitations: Looking At The Registered Design Book Of William Stirling & Sons, Isabel Monseau
Copyright For Imitations: Looking At The Registered Design Book Of William Stirling & Sons, Isabel Monseau
Textile Society of America: Symposium Proceedings
The design and production of printed cotton in the United Kingdom underwent great changes through the nineteenth century. However as the industry grew, many manufacturers became concerned about a perceived decline in the quality of textile design. An attempt made to regulate this industry, the Copyright of Design Act of 1842, proposed to improve the quality of British production by enabling designers and proprietors to register their textile designs and thus prohibit other firms from pirating those original designs.
Yet imitations were crucial to the development and success of Britain’s cotton printing industry. By the 1870s, up to 60% of …
Textiles, Memory, And Cultural Crossroads: A Personal Journey Through Material Practice, Ai Kijima
Textiles, Memory, And Cultural Crossroads: A Personal Journey Through Material Practice, Ai Kijima
Textile Society of America: Symposium Proceedings
extiles, Memory, and Cultural Crossroads: A Personal Journey Through Material Practice
Henri De Châtillon (1906-1972): A French Milliner In Mexico City, Celine Khawam
Henri De Châtillon (1906-1972): A French Milliner In Mexico City, Celine Khawam
Textile Society of America: Symposium Proceedings
Several designers who made significant contributions to Paris fashions throughout the 1930s have disappeared from the record of fashion history. Among them was French milliner Henri Frank Hutchinson, alias Henri de Châtillon (1906-1972), who was celebrated for his innovative hats, accessories, and dresses. He fled his native France with the outbreak of World War II. He then settled in Mexico City in 1942, where he opened his millinery salon on Paseo de la Reforma, the capital’s broad boulevard. He was part of the numerous French émigrés (immigrants) who had found refuge in the United States and Latin America during wartime, …
Effect Of Project Based Learning On Achievement In Handwork Among Pupils In Lekki Schools, Lagos State, Elizabeth Okeyele-Olatunji
Effect Of Project Based Learning On Achievement In Handwork Among Pupils In Lekki Schools, Lagos State, Elizabeth Okeyele-Olatunji
Textile Society of America: Symposium Proceedings
Project-based learning is Always implemented with the goal of “improving Student achievement and student engagement within the class room. This presentation covers an action research involving 100 pupils in a knitting and crochet class that participated in project-based learning activities.
As a handwork teacher, I have noticed children discover creative ways of doing things and come to class ready to experiment. I noticed that pupils who have their interest ignited by having
· Meaningful experiences thereby promoting meaningful learning
· Are motivated to put in the hard work of learning and recalling
· Ability to start conversations about their learning …
Bridging Traditions And Innovations In Japanese Kimono Fashion -After Wwii To The Present-, Keiko Okamoto
Bridging Traditions And Innovations In Japanese Kimono Fashion -After Wwii To The Present-, Keiko Okamoto
Textile Society of America: Symposium Proceedings
After the Meiji Restoration (1868 - ), there were three major Westernization periods in Japanese clothing history. The first was the period when Japan re-opened its ports to the West, the second was when the Great Kanto Earthquake hit eastern Japan (1912). During the first and the second periods, Western style clothing was added to the existing upper- to mid-class kimono culture. The third period was post-World War II period when the Japanese lost most of their clothing during the war as they were burnt in bombings, bartered for foods, or forced to alter the shape.
This presentation will focus …
Woven Life Systems, Melanie Olde
Woven Life Systems, Melanie Olde
Textile Society of America: Symposium Proceedings
What is it like to be at the intersection between the natural and technological? I see plants as living cloth – can we build cloth using human-evolved technology (weaving) and natural life systems? In this practice-as-research, I take growth models from plants such as algae, then process these codes on a loom to exploring the emergence and narrative that develop.
Looms are tools and technology evolved with humans to organise systems of strands, connecting in myriad ways to form something new. Plants are systems of organised cells, dividing and branching creating functional entities. The commonalities are individual elements and rules …
Perception And Prospects Of Art Of Clothing Maintenance As A Sustainable Fashion, Boiso Maria Owodiong-Idemeko, Adetona Sekinat Ajoke, Udom Owodiong
Perception And Prospects Of Art Of Clothing Maintenance As A Sustainable Fashion, Boiso Maria Owodiong-Idemeko, Adetona Sekinat Ajoke, Udom Owodiong
Textile Society of America: Symposium Proceedings
The study focused on the perception of the art of clothing maintenance and its prospects as a sustainable fashion for consumers in Lagos state. 250 respondents were involved. The study adopted descriptive survey design. Two hypotheses were formulated and a thirty-one (31) item questionnaire was the main instrument used to collect data for the study. The statistical tools used were, percentages, mean and Friedman’s test. The result revealed that, 200 (80%) perceived ripped clothes bring dismay to the wearer, 198 (79%), perceived ripped clothes needed to be reconstructed, 200 (80%) perceived consumers lack practical ability to repair clothes. 241 (96%) …
Multiweave–Ambitions And Inspirations, Kadi Pajupuu, Matthias-Jakob Sildnik
Multiweave–Ambitions And Inspirations, Kadi Pajupuu, Matthias-Jakob Sildnik
Textile Society of America: Symposium Proceedings
MultiWeave is a textile technique for creating three-dimensional structures. It enables layered and net-like forms using just warp and weft, yet resembles additive manufacturing more than traditional weaving. Originally inspired by 3D printing, MultiWeave has evolved through collaboration—starting at hackathons, then developed into a university research project and craft technique. This paper explores how MultiWeave has grown through peer networks, interdisciplinary teamwork, and student engagement, showing its creative and educational potential.