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Articles 1411 - 1440 of 1527
Full-Text Articles in Art and Design
Engaging With Competing Demands In Systems Through Design: Fostering A Paradox Lens, Rike Neuhoff, Olivia Harre, Luca Simeone, Lea Holst Laursen, Lene Nielsen
Engaging With Competing Demands In Systems Through Design: Fostering A Paradox Lens, Rike Neuhoff, Olivia Harre, Luca Simeone, Lea Holst Laursen, Lene Nielsen
DRS Biennial Conference Series
This paper aims to foster a paradox lens on competing demands to ensure their productive engagement in design. Competing demands are inevitable and ubiquitous features of today’s systems. Thus, being subject to competing demands is a pervasive and inherent feature of designerly work. Drawing from organizational studies, we first outline four main streams of competing demands underlying today’s systems; related to time, cognition, social interactions, and focus. We demonstrate the importance of a purposeful conceptualization of competing demands by exemplifying how different conceptualizations can lead to different responses. We suggest employing a paradox lens on competing demands, which stresses that …
Notions Of Designing Inclusively From Practitioner Perspectives, Maxim Lamirande, Katerina Alexiou, Rachael Luck
Notions Of Designing Inclusively From Practitioner Perspectives, Maxim Lamirande, Katerina Alexiou, Rachael Luck
DRS Biennial Conference Series
Even though inclusion is a well-researched subject in design, the numerous ways to describe and understand it are unsettled. The theoretical landscape often leads into paradoxes about how to best practice inclusion in design development processes. Instead, this study probes present-day understandings of designing inclusively from the perspective of practitioners who adopt an inclusive approach in their practice. A review of existing literature helped formulate preliminary notions that guide discussions with practitioners recruited across different domains. Iterative analysis of the data from these interviews reveals some differences between the original theoretical constructs and how they are perceived and used in …
Design And Cyberactivism On Social Media During Covid-19 In Brazil, Heloísa Oliveira, Suzete Venturelli
Design And Cyberactivism On Social Media During Covid-19 In Brazil, Heloísa Oliveira, Suzete Venturelli
DRS Biennial Conference Series
The article presented below addresses the presence of design, in its intersection with art and technology, in activist actions disseminated and organized through digital social media during the context of the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil. To this, four contemporary works of cyberactivism and art-activism in digital social media will be presented and analyzed to obtain a more in-depth insight into how these cases show design, as well as the respective strategies of action in this period, marked by political crises, hyperconnectivity in networks, and social distancing.
Backcasting As A Design Device To Support Grassroots System Change: Insights From A Case Study On Future Energy Pathways In Rural Kenya, Fiona Lambe, Anne Nyambane, Stefan Holmlid
Backcasting As A Design Device To Support Grassroots System Change: Insights From A Case Study On Future Energy Pathways In Rural Kenya, Fiona Lambe, Anne Nyambane, Stefan Holmlid
DRS Biennial Conference Series
The interlinked global crises of poverty, inequality and climate change call for transformative solutions. Transformative change requires local agency and long-term planning, but this is not easily accommodated in development programmes, which often rely on short-term thinking and top-down technological solutions. Design methods have proved useful for facilitating co-development of technological solutions with marginalised communities. This case study explores whether—and, if so, how—participatory design can support grassroots transformational change by facilitating community engagement around the challenge of energy access. We used backcasting to facilitate the co-design of a 10-year transition roadmap to electric cooking with 30 members of a rural …
Integrating Ecodesign In Food Packaging Solutions For Epr Compliance In Chile: Knowledge Transfer From Theory To Practice, Oscar Huerta, Catalina Cortés, Carolina Melo
Integrating Ecodesign In Food Packaging Solutions For Epr Compliance In Chile: Knowledge Transfer From Theory To Practice, Oscar Huerta, Catalina Cortés, Carolina Melo
DRS Biennial Conference Series
An extended producer responsibility legislation will operate in Chile, to help solve the problem of product post-consumer waste. Packaging is subject to the law, and waste management systems are being created to deal with post-consumer packaging waste. To enable products’ packaging for successful waste management in such systems, great changes will need to be made in new packaging solutions as opposed to existing ones. To help in this task, the course Packaging Ecodesign for EPR Compliance was created, for an audience of professionals in packaging companies. This article reports the design, implementation, and results of this course, focusing on final …
Manta And Cactaceae: Rehabilitative Smartphone Accessories For People With Chronic Mild Stroke Impairments, Mailin Lemke, Edgar Rodríguez Ramírez, Brian Robinson
Manta And Cactaceae: Rehabilitative Smartphone Accessories For People With Chronic Mild Stroke Impairments, Mailin Lemke, Edgar Rodríguez Ramírez, Brian Robinson
DRS Biennial Conference Series
Stroke causes damage to the brain, often resulting in weakness or paralysis on one side of the body. Everyday objects such as smartphones can play an im-portant role after a stroke facilitating participation in daily activities. However, commercial smartphones can be challenging to use, and people with stroke of-ten adjust their behavior to minimize the affected arm and hand use. This study explores how an object attached to a smartphone could evoke behavior change and contribute to the initiation of use of the affected arm. As part of a design workshop, different ideas were envisioned to promote the use initiation …
Exploring The Roles Of Inclusive Design In Fulfilling Corporate Social Responsibility: A Multi-Case Study Of Three Large-Size Mhealth Corporations, Haiou Zhu, Cees De Bont, Thorsten Gruber, Hua Dong
Exploring The Roles Of Inclusive Design In Fulfilling Corporate Social Responsibility: A Multi-Case Study Of Three Large-Size Mhealth Corporations, Haiou Zhu, Cees De Bont, Thorsten Gruber, Hua Dong
DRS Biennial Conference Series
Large-size corporations play important roles in addressing social problems such as health disparity. The concept of corporate social responsibility (CSR) demonstrates the roles of corporations in society and argues for sustainable business development. Inclusive Design as a responsible design approach could contribute to developing inclusive products and services and creating sustainable value for businesses. This paper explores the opportunities to integrate Inclusive Design into business, with a focus on fulling corporate social responsibility. The literature review on CSR and Inclusive Design identifies the common objective of creating sustainable value and generating social value simultaneously. Subsequently, a multi-case study of three …
Creation And Characterization Of Design Spaces, John Gero, Julie Milovanovic
Creation And Characterization Of Design Spaces, John Gero, Julie Milovanovic
DRS Biennial Conference Series
Designers advance in the design processes by creating and expanding the design space where the solution they develop unfolds. This process requires the co-evolution of the problem and the solution space through design state changes. In this paper, we provide a methodology to capture how designers create, structure and expand their design space across time. Design verbalizations from a team of three professional engineers are coded into design elements from the Function Behavior Structure ontology to identify the characteristics of design state changes. Three types of changes can occur: a change within the problem space, a change within the solution …
Upcycling Discarded Hdpe Plastic Bags For Creative Exploration In Product Design, Himani Deshpande, Jin Yu, Akash Talyan, Noah Posner, Clement Zheng, Hyunjoo Oh
Upcycling Discarded Hdpe Plastic Bags For Creative Exploration In Product Design, Himani Deshpande, Jin Yu, Akash Talyan, Noah Posner, Clement Zheng, Hyunjoo Oh
DRS Biennial Conference Series
Upcycling enables new product production out of discarded materials. This paper presents a new structured process to support designers to use discarded HDPE plastic bags as useful and meaningful materials for creative exploration. The proposed process involves a four-step fabrication workflow using tools and machines widely available in design studios: (1) preparing a stack of plastic sheets, (2) fusing the stack of materials to create a new plastic sheet with intended thickness, (3) cutting and scoring the fused sheet to create parts, and (4) assembling the parts to build 3D artifacts. To assist the fabrication, we also present a custom …
Co-Creating Playful Learning Designs For Interprofessional Higher Education: Dialogic Perspectives On Design-Based Research, Kim Holflod
DRS Biennial Conference Series
This paper examines the co-creation of playful learning designs across educational and professional boundaries in teacher education and social education through dialogic theories. It focuses on the understandings and voices of playful learning and how dialogic co-creation is influenced by the presence of multiple voices and perspectives. The study is guided by Design-Based Research in developing, testing, evaluating, and iterating a playful learning design in higher education. The results expand on playful learning across boundaries as a polyphonic and heterogeneous phenomenon with diverse and dynamic voices interplaying with each other. It is conceptualised as both experimental, affective, and relational learning …
Bio-Based Plastics In Durable Applications: The Future Of Sustainable Product Design? A Design Review, Puck Bos, Conny Bakker, Ruud Balkenende, Benjamin Sprecher
Bio-Based Plastics In Durable Applications: The Future Of Sustainable Product Design? A Design Review, Puck Bos, Conny Bakker, Ruud Balkenende, Benjamin Sprecher
DRS Biennial Conference Series
This design review evaluates the use of bio-based plastics in durable consumer products. The main question is: how does the use of bio-based plastics influence the product’s design, functionality, marketing & communication, and sustainability? Although higher material prices would lead one to expect that higher value applications would be targeted, research shows bio-based plastics are mainly used in short-lived applications like packaging. This study investigates their use in durable consumer products through a design review. The results indicate that bio-based plastic usage is still in its early days in durable products. Bio-based plastics appear to be utilized as straightforward replacement …
Embodiments Of Compassion In Caring And Non-Caring Products: Exploring Design For Values With A Multisensory Approach, Benedetta Lusi, Geke Ludden, Randy Klaassen, Charlotte Marie Van Lotringen, Matthijs Noordzij
Embodiments Of Compassion In Caring And Non-Caring Products: Exploring Design For Values With A Multisensory Approach, Benedetta Lusi, Geke Ludden, Randy Klaassen, Charlotte Marie Van Lotringen, Matthijs Noordzij
DRS Biennial Conference Series
This paper explores how to design for the value of compassion by means of multi-sensory design. It reports on a study with 77 university students, carried out in the context of a design master course. The study, divided in two phases, focuses on: 1) identifying sensory qualities as requirements to design for the value of compassion; 2) embedding these requirements in caring and non-caring products. To describe the design process, we present a student-led case study. Subsequently, we analyse the results of the study and critically reflect on the different expressions of compassion and competing values. This paper provides methodological …
How Actor-Network Mapping Informs The Early Stages Of System Innovation: A Case Study, Lucy Johanna Stuyfzand, Julie Bregenov Jönsson, Amalia De Götzen
How Actor-Network Mapping Informs The Early Stages Of System Innovation: A Case Study, Lucy Johanna Stuyfzand, Julie Bregenov Jönsson, Amalia De Götzen
DRS Biennial Conference Series
This paper discusses how the participatory mapping of an actor-network map can inform the early stages of system innovation as described in the approach adopted by the Rockwool Foundation. It argues that mapping actors with an external expert at the beginning of a design process allows to explore not only the macro, meso and micro levels of a given complex system, but also the different key components of it, such as relations, resources, power and purpose. The Mental Health Initiative carried out at the Rockwool foundation, will be used as a case study to present and analyse the actor-network mapping …
Anatomy Of A “Technology”: Proposing A Meta-Design Framework For Sustainability Literacy That Addresses The Issue Of Efficacy In Modern Socio-Technical Cultures, Nicole Sacchetti
Anatomy Of A “Technology”: Proposing A Meta-Design Framework For Sustainability Literacy That Addresses The Issue Of Efficacy In Modern Socio-Technical Cultures, Nicole Sacchetti
DRS Biennial Conference Series
In the era of the Anthropocene, where the climate crisis forces humankind to rethink its values and systems of production, sustainability literacy becomes crucial for any design practitioner. This paper aims to contribute to the extensive literature that regards meta-design as a reflexive practice for the study of design purposes, processes, methods, and outputs by outlining a meta-design framework to tackle the modern artificial environments in which humankind has become naturalized. Specifically, by inscribing modern “technologies” within Simondon’s concept of “technical object”, it delineates the preliminary guidelines of a research approach for design education that, drawing from Lemonnier’s chaîne opératoire …
Curb Your Enthusiasm: The Dissonances Of Digitising Personal Finance, Belen Barros Pena, Bailey Kursar, Rachel Clarke, John Vines
Curb Your Enthusiasm: The Dissonances Of Digitising Personal Finance, Belen Barros Pena, Bailey Kursar, Rachel Clarke, John Vines
DRS Biennial Conference Series
Financial technologies are often credited with empowering the consumer-citizen. The discourse that surrounds them is overwhelmingly positive, emphasising their contribution to speed, efficiency, availability, competition, quality and affordability. These very same technologies, however, also clash against the meanings that we attach to money, and against the things we value in our interactions with it. Through a review of the design literature on moneywork, and our own research with people experiencing both mental illness and financial difficulty, we discuss a list of dissonances that result from digitising our personal finances. We hope this discussion will encourage designers to reflect and think …
Design For Public Policy: Embracing Uncertainty And Hybridity In Mapping Future Research, Lucy Kimbell, Liz Richardson, Ramia Mazé, Catherine Durose
Design For Public Policy: Embracing Uncertainty And Hybridity In Mapping Future Research, Lucy Kimbell, Liz Richardson, Ramia Mazé, Catherine Durose
DRS Biennial Conference Series
Addressing contemporary public policy challenges requires new thinking and new practice. Therefore, there is a renewed sense of urgency to critically assess the potential of the emerging field of ‘design for policy’. On the one hand, design approaches are seen as bringing new capacities for problem-solving to public policy development. On the other, the attendant risks posed to effective and democratic policy making are unclear, partly because of a limited evidence base. The paper synthesises recent contributions in design research, policy studies, political science and democratic theory which have examined the uses of design for public policy making. Mapping out …
A Case Study Of Medicalized Wellness Clinic Design Process And Result In The Context Of An Emerging Wellness Service Market, Jinoh Park, Damhui Kim
A Case Study Of Medicalized Wellness Clinic Design Process And Result In The Context Of An Emerging Wellness Service Market, Jinoh Park, Damhui Kim
DRS Biennial Conference Series
This study presents a comprehensive design process of a medicalized wellness service clinic design project aligned with the emerging wellness service market. The project designer, who has a background in design research, design management, and interior design, utilized an evidence-based design framework to integrate the intangible wellness service provision sequence into the tangible design language. In addition, the project client, who is familiar with the evidence-based medicine framework, participated in the programming and schematic design phases of the evidence-based design framework. As a result, the project designer and client implemented a medicalized wellness service space that integrates concepts of Hospitality, …
Co-Designing The Future In Complex Systems, Aaron Davis, Niki Wallace, Ian Gwilt, Anna Ledtischke, Richie Khoo
Co-Designing The Future In Complex Systems, Aaron Davis, Niki Wallace, Ian Gwilt, Anna Ledtischke, Richie Khoo
DRS Biennial Conference Series
The face-to-face co-design workshop has been the default mode for designers to collaborate with stakeholder groups to solve complex challenges. However, the disruption associated with COVID-19 led to practitioners exploring alternative modes of collaboration that opened an array of new possibilities. The aim of this paper is to present the case study of Reboot STEMM, a distributed co-design process that combined live and asynchronous modes of contribution, and explored how digital technologies could be used to scale-up co-design processes, while also prioritising accessibility, and promoting empowerment. The case demonstrates the success of using an augmented version of the Multi-Level Perspective …
Why Would I Ever Fry And Eat My Scoby? It Would Be Like Murder! Attuning To Nonhumans Through Kombucha Fermentation Practices, Aybars Senyildiz, Emilija Veselova
Why Would I Ever Fry And Eat My Scoby? It Would Be Like Murder! Attuning To Nonhumans Through Kombucha Fermentation Practices, Aybars Senyildiz, Emilija Veselova
DRS Biennial Conference Series
Kombucha fermentation is a multispecies activity guided by human-microbe interactions. This study investigates kombucha fermentation practices as a platform to recognize relationality with nonhuman microbes. For this, relational theories enable reframing human-microbe relations by focusing on reciprocity and interconnectedness within multispecies relations. The empirical research consists of interviews, a design probing task, and a collective reflection workshop with kombucha brewers. The empirical research delivers insights into the agency of microbes, sensory experiences, and embodied knowledge in kombucha fermentation practices. Findings investigate how humans attune to the needs of microbes, and the role of embeddedness in ethical doings. In this way, …
Framing Resilience In Public Transportation Systems, Inspired By Biomimicry, Garoa Gomez Beldarrain, Camilo Andrés Carvajal Ortega, Alisha Baan, Euiyoung Kim
Framing Resilience In Public Transportation Systems, Inspired By Biomimicry, Garoa Gomez Beldarrain, Camilo Andrés Carvajal Ortega, Alisha Baan, Euiyoung Kim
DRS Biennial Conference Series
Resilience is a concept that describes the capability to be restored after unprecedented events, originally emerged from biology and human sciences. This paper aims to explore what a resilient public transportation system is and how nature’s wisdom can be used as an inspiration for the creation of resilience in the area of mobility, by linking public transportation systems, biomimicry and resilience together. To this end, qualitative co-creative workshops were conducted with eleven domain experts from public transportation, biomimicry, and biology. The experts addressed several factors contributing to resilience in public transport that could be categorized into four aggregated dimensions: resilience …
Designing And Worlding: Prototyping Equivocal Encounters, Pablo Hermansen, Martín Tironi
Designing And Worlding: Prototyping Equivocal Encounters, Pablo Hermansen, Martín Tironi
DRS Biennial Conference Series
To sustainably coexist with other ontologies, human beings must overcome the perception of being the center of the world. This article describes how a video log refuted the initial – anthropocentric – hypothesis explaining the breakdown of an experiment with Judy and Gombe, chimpanzees that inhabit the National Zoo of Chile. This shows that it is wrong to ascribe human affects and reactions to other ontologies, and also that there is a long way to go to apprehend, comprehend, and sustainable coexist with other ontologies in more-than-human ecosystems.
Narrating Ecological Grief And Hope Through Reproduction And Translations, Li Jönsson, Kristina Lindström
Narrating Ecological Grief And Hope Through Reproduction And Translations, Li Jönsson, Kristina Lindström
DRS Biennial Conference Series
The Swedish government has decided that Sweden will become carbon neutral by 2045. What are the implications for us as citizens in such a transition? What formats allow us to favour careful transformation over progress through radical innovation? In this paper, we attempt to understand grief and hope in the context of this transition. We describe a designerly format of re-production and translation aimed at collectively working through potential future changes, uncertainties and loss. Influenced by plaster moulding techniques used at a closed-down pottery, we invite participants to reproduce and translate original animal and plant motifs into present circumstances. These …
Internship As A Child: What Designers Can Learn Through Play With Children, Karen Feder
Internship As A Child: What Designers Can Learn Through Play With Children, Karen Feder
DRS Biennial Conference Series
When designing for children’s play, designers need to understand the people and the context for which they are designing. This paper studies what designers can learn through play when completing an internship as a child, meaning spending time with children in their everyday lives without a predefined agenda. The data material involves reflective letters written by former design students who participated in an internship four years ago, as part of a Master’s course in child-centred design for play. The analysis of the letters shows how designers learn about play, children, designers, the method, and reflection when doing an in-ternship as …
Artifacts In The Co-Production Of Knowledge In Social Design, Eva Knutz, Thomas Markussen
Artifacts In The Co-Production Of Knowledge In Social Design, Eva Knutz, Thomas Markussen
DRS Biennial Conference Series
Abstract: Social Design Research is a design and research approach that is charac-terised by an attempt to make a difference for marginalized, underprivileged or vulnerable groups in society through participatory processes and the use of knowledge artifacts. This article demonstrates how knowledge is generated co-productively and shows the interplay between different types of tacit or explicit forms of knowledge and models the knowledge exchange between design re-searchers, practitioners and the participating citizens.
Development Of Eco-Friendly Bubble Tea Take-Away Cups, Shun-Yuan Cheng, Meng-Dar Shieh
Development Of Eco-Friendly Bubble Tea Take-Away Cups, Shun-Yuan Cheng, Meng-Dar Shieh
DRS Biennial Conference Series
The plastic straws negative impact on marine life has led to increasingly strict legislation. In-deed, plastic straws will be banned by 2030 in Taiwan, where three billion non-biodegradable plastic straws are consumed every year. We propose an innovative design for an eco-friendly take-away cup with a focus on the functionality required for bubble tea. The design process was based on scenario analysis using the black box approach and direct observation of the suppliers, retailers, and consumers of bubble tea. The proposed design comprises a removable lid and four different types of filters. Using morphological charts, we made mock-ups of the …
Biosensor Measures Of Human Emotion, Brodie Kershaw, Stuart Favilla, David Sly
Biosensor Measures Of Human Emotion, Brodie Kershaw, Stuart Favilla, David Sly
DRS Biennial Conference Series
There is clear potential for consumer-grade wearable biosensors in future emotional state research because they are cheap, portable, and accessible. In this study, biosensor measures of valence and arousal, calculated from Electroencephalography and Apple Watch were correlated with self-reported valence and arousal measured by the EmojiGrid. We establish requirements for the use of biosensors, specifically the Muse 2 and Apple Watch in future emotion research applications and passive real-time analysis of participant emotional states. When compared to the IAPS & OxVoc, mean dataset valence and arousal values for visual and auditory stimuli, the EmojiGrid recorded significant correlations for valence but …
Can Ritual Experience Be The Jam To Stick Consumers And Service Provider? The Case Study Of Ritual Experience In Disney Experience As Service Design Application, Derrick Yang, Tseng-Ping Chiu, Min-Yuan Ma
Can Ritual Experience Be The Jam To Stick Consumers And Service Provider? The Case Study Of Ritual Experience In Disney Experience As Service Design Application, Derrick Yang, Tseng-Ping Chiu, Min-Yuan Ma
DRS Biennial Conference Series
Service design has dominated the marketing strategies in recent years. This study proposes a conventional ritual sandwich model that explores the ritual patterns hidden in service and the intermediate interaction between consumer and industry, enhancing user engagement and long-term recurring consumption. The study took Disneyland as an example and extracted the interaction model between consumers and industry, further interviewed for preliminary verification, found out that the core value of ritual experience is generating unique meaning to consumers through experience the script provided by the service provider, further transform to the internal trigger and participatory motivation into the next cycle. Hoped …
Three Degrees Of Influence In Virtual Workshops: Towards An Understanding Of Co-Creative Facilitation Practice In Technologically Mediated Settings, Ollie Hemstock, Mark Bailey, Nick Spencer, Helen Simmons, Sophie Coombs, Justine Carrion-Weiss, Charles Richardson
Three Degrees Of Influence In Virtual Workshops: Towards An Understanding Of Co-Creative Facilitation Practice In Technologically Mediated Settings, Ollie Hemstock, Mark Bailey, Nick Spencer, Helen Simmons, Sophie Coombs, Justine Carrion-Weiss, Charles Richardson
DRS Biennial Conference Series
Virtual workshops look here to stay, however much of the recent discourse focuses on methods, tools, techniques and routines in abstraction from practice and practitioner. Collaborations in virtual space are necessarily changed and shaped by their technologically mediated nature. Therefore, it is imperative to enter into reflective dialogue to effectively develop future participatory and co-creative design practice in virtual settings. Several significant phenomena, occurring within virtual workshops, have been identified through focused co-reflection by expert facilitators. Duality is used as a rhetorical device to explore these phenomena as complex elements that are expressions of dynamic and intertwined influences within the …
Co-Design As Healing: A Multi-Level Analysis Based On A Project With People Facing Mental Health Problems, Erika Renedo-Illarregi, Katerina Alexiou, Theodore Zamenopoulos
Co-Design As Healing: A Multi-Level Analysis Based On A Project With People Facing Mental Health Problems, Erika Renedo-Illarregi, Katerina Alexiou, Theodore Zamenopoulos
DRS Biennial Conference Series
The present paper explores the notion of co-design as healing by focusing on a project with participants facing mental health problems, who met once a week, guided by open design processes. Reflecting on semi-structured interview data, as well as relevant literature from different disciplines, the paper offers a conceptual framing of how co-design can be considered as a healing practice, at a systems, social and individual level. At a systems level, co-design allows working with complexity, and approaching mental health problems holistically. At a social level, co-design empowers collectives to negotiate what realities to change and how. At an individual …
Systematic Review Of Community-Led Initiatives Fighting The Opioid Crisis And Opportunities For Design, Sebastian Ramirez-Loaiza, Claudia Rebola
Systematic Review Of Community-Led Initiatives Fighting The Opioid Crisis And Opportunities For Design, Sebastian Ramirez-Loaiza, Claudia Rebola
DRS Biennial Conference Series
The opioid epidemic has been declared a health emergency in the US. This crisis has been addressed from multiple perspectives and by different stakeholders, like communities that have participated in self-organizing and mobilizing to fight back the crisis from a bottom-up approach. Community-led initiatives have been fundamental in tackling the opioid epidemic with education, service linkage, and distributing Naloxone, an overdose-reversing medicine. They are also the perfect space for social innovation because they can strengthen social relationships, however, little has been written about the role of Design in these organizations. The purpose of this paper is to conduct a systematic …