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Articles 31 - 60 of 247
Full-Text Articles in Arabic Studies
Makna “Bodoh” Dalam Kitab Akhbar Al-Ḥamqa Wa Al-Mughafallin Karya Ibn Al-Jauzi, Sahla Nurul Saniyyah
Makna “Bodoh” Dalam Kitab Akhbar Al-Ḥamqa Wa Al-Mughafallin Karya Ibn Al-Jauzi, Sahla Nurul Saniyyah
Multikultura
The term “foolish” often appears in literary works and social interactions, but it is rarely the focus of academic study. This study departs from Md. Akbar Ali Biswas's (2007) Life and Works of Ibn al-Jawzi with Special Reference to His Book Akhbar al-Hamqa wa al-Mughaffilin, which asserts that the theme of foolishness in Ibn al-Jauzi's work is universal because it can be understood across cultures and eras. However, this study has not examined its relevance to the phenomenon of modern human foolishness. Based on this gap, this study aims to reexamine the forms of stupidity in Akhbar al-Hamqa and assess …
Ideologi Di Balik Pidato Kenegaraan Peringatan Masirat Al-Hadraa Ke-49, Muhammad Sidqon Siroj
Ideologi Di Balik Pidato Kenegaraan Peringatan Masirat Al-Hadraa Ke-49, Muhammad Sidqon Siroj
Multikultura
This study examines the 49th anniversary speech of the Green March (Masirat Al-Hadraa) as an ideological instrument within the political framework of the Kingdom of Morocco. The research reveals that the historical narrative of the Green March is reproduced not merely as collective memory, but as a strategic mechanism to consolidate monarchical legitimacy and assert territorial sovereignty over Western Sahara. Utilizing a qualitative methodology grounded in Fairclough’s Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), the findings demonstrate that King Mohammed VI’s discourse serves three primary functions: first, reinforcing the monarchy’s historical-religious and institutional authority amidst domestic and regional political pressures; second, …
Visual Word Recognition And The Role Of Diacritics: Evidence From Arabic Vowelization., Maram Alharbi
Visual Word Recognition And The Role Of Diacritics: Evidence From Arabic Vowelization., Maram Alharbi
Linguistics & TESOL Dissertations
This dissertation investigates the role of vowelization diacritics in Arabic visual word recognition and their contribution to early stages of lexical processing. Across writing systems, diacritical marks differ in their functional role and in whether they are part of letter identity, raising fundamental questions about how such features are encoded during word recognition. Arabic provides a particularly informative testing ground for these questions: vowelization diacritics in this language carry rich phonological information yet are systematically absent from the texts that skilled readers encounter daily. This interaction between the linguistic value of vowelization and its near-total omission in naturalistic reading positions …
Bridging Machine Learning And Islamic Scholarship: A Study In Hadith Translation And Similarity Analysis, Asiyah R. Speight
Bridging Machine Learning And Islamic Scholarship: A Study In Hadith Translation And Similarity Analysis, Asiyah R. Speight
Student Scholar Symposium Abstracts and Posters
Translation of Islamic religious texts poses unique challenges requiring both linguistic and theological expertise. This study explores the application of neural machine translation (NMT) models to Arabic-English hadith translation while analyzing semantic similarity patterns across different human translations. Using the complete Sahih Bukhari corpus (7,550 hadiths) as the primary dataset, we adopt a dual approach combining transfer learning and comprehensive neural network analysis to demonstrate the critical impact of corpus size on model performance.
First, we fine-tune a pre-trained MarianMT Arabic-English translation model on the full Sahih Bukhari corpus, comparing models trained on 40 hadiths versus 7,550 hadiths. Performance is …
Transmodern Cinema And Decolonial Film Theory: A Study Of Youssef Chahine’S Al Maṣīr, Joshua Polanski
Transmodern Cinema And Decolonial Film Theory: A Study Of Youssef Chahine’S Al Maṣīr, Joshua Polanski
Journal of Religion & Film
This is a book review of Robert K. Beshara, Transmodern Cinema and Decolonial Film Theory: A Study of Youssef Chahine’s Al Maṣīr (Bloomsbury, 2024).
From Homeland To Hostland: Language Ownership Of Heritage Dialect And Narratives Of Third Culture Kids Of The Gulf, Maryam Aref
From Homeland To Hostland: Language Ownership Of Heritage Dialect And Narratives Of Third Culture Kids Of The Gulf, Maryam Aref
Theses and Dissertations
The main purpose of this study is to examine Arab Adult Third Culture Kids’ sense of heritage language ownership and their identity constructions in relation to their transnational Arab Gulf context. The present study has three main aims: to ascertain their sense of ownership towards their heritage dialects, to understand the basis for their claimed or denied ownership, and to investigate the positions they ascribed to themselves and others in relation to their belonging and transnational and linguistic experiences. The study aims to fill the gap where there is a scarcity of sociolinguistic research around Arab Third Culture Kids in …
Japan’S Military Transformation In Abe Era: A Revolution Or Something Else?, Ganesh Aji Wicaksono, Tangguh Chairil
Japan’S Military Transformation In Abe Era: A Revolution Or Something Else?, Ganesh Aji Wicaksono, Tangguh Chairil
Journal of Strategic and Global Studies
After the World War II, Japan has been adopting a pacifist Constitution and established the Japan Self-Defense Forces (JSDF) for narrow self-defense operations. The JSDF are restricted from having offensive military weapons. However, Japan’s pacifism and restrained security policy have been evolving recently, especially during the term of Prime Minister Shinzo Abe (2012-2020). The latest example is Japan’s plan to enable forward defense and counterstrike. This paper explores the transformation of Japan’s military through the revolution of military affairs (RMA) concept. The findings suggest evolutionary transformation of Japan’s military rather than revolutionary. The factors explored include international and domestic factors. …
Unveiling The Shadows: Exploring The Roles Of The Dark Web And Encrypted Messaging Apps In Facilitating Online Terrorist Networks, Eziho Promise Ogele
Unveiling The Shadows: Exploring The Roles Of The Dark Web And Encrypted Messaging Apps In Facilitating Online Terrorist Networks, Eziho Promise Ogele
Journal of Strategic and Global Studies
The paper examines the pivotal roles of the Dark Web and encrypted messaging apps in enabling online terrorist networks. These platforms have become essential tools for extremist groups, empowering them to communicate, coordinate, and share intelligence securely. The Dark Web, a hidden portion of the internet, provides a secure conduit for terrorist organizations to emerge, operate, and coordinate activities anonymously. This digital haven enables terrorists to share resources, plan operations, and execute attacks as part of their secret operations strategy. Encrypted messaging apps, such as Telegram and WhatsApp, offer an additional layer of security, allowing terrorists to send messages anonymously …
Convergence Of Indonesia-South Korea Green Economy Strategy: A Case Study Of Hyundai Motor Group's Investment In The Ev Industry, Darynaufal Mulyaman, Dwi Agustina, Rudolf Davier Figo, Gabriel Alexander Mahameru Sipahutar, Abdullah Akbar Rafsanjani
Convergence Of Indonesia-South Korea Green Economy Strategy: A Case Study Of Hyundai Motor Group's Investment In The Ev Industry, Darynaufal Mulyaman, Dwi Agustina, Rudolf Davier Figo, Gabriel Alexander Mahameru Sipahutar, Abdullah Akbar Rafsanjani
Journal of Strategic and Global Studies
Hyundai Motor Group's investment in the electric vehicle (EV) industry in Indonesia reflects the convergence of green economy strategies between Indonesia and South Korea. The study aims to analyze the contribution of Hyundai investment in the development of the local EV ecosystem, including technology transfer, supporting infrastructure, and its impact on the bilateral relationship between the two countries. The research method used is a qualitative study with a case study approach. The results show that Hyundai Motor Group's investment supports Indonesia's green economy policy, despite challenges related to dependence on natural resources and infrastructure. This research contributes to academics and …
The Representation Of Indonesian National Identity In Syuhada Mosque, Kotabaru, Yogyakarta, Muthia Zahri Mardhiyah, Ali Akbar
The Representation Of Indonesian National Identity In Syuhada Mosque, Kotabaru, Yogyakarta, Muthia Zahri Mardhiyah, Ali Akbar
International Review of Humanities Studies
This article examines the concept of national identity as embodied by the Syuhada Mosque, located in Kotabaru, Yogyakarta. Completed in 1952, the mosque was established as a monument to the independence of the Republic of Indonesia. This research addresses whether Syuhada Mosque genuinely represents national identity. The study aims to describe the architectural form of Syuhada Mosque and elucidate the representations of national identity embedded within its structure. The research methodology aligns with the framework proposed by Sharer and Ashmore, encompassing formulation, implementation, data collection, data processing, analysis, interpretation, and publication. Based on its historical background, the foundational ideas and …
Compilation As Narrative Art In Medieval Islam: The Redemption Of Kuthayyir In The Book Of Songs, Kirsten Beck
Compilation As Narrative Art In Medieval Islam: The Redemption Of Kuthayyir In The Book Of Songs, Kirsten Beck
CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture
This article examines the narrative art of Abū ‘l-Faraj al-Iṣbahānī’s Kitāb al-Aghānī through a close reading of the chapter on the poet Kuthayyir ibn ʿAbd al-Raḥmān (d. 723). Though Kuthayyir is mocked throughout for his short stature, unorthodox beliefs, and supposed insincerity, the chapter ends with a surprising scene: his death is mourned by the people of Medina in a large public funeral, suggesting a reevaluation of his character. I argue that this tonal shift is not incidental but the result of Iṣbahānī’s deliberate narrative arrangement. By analyzing the structure of the chapter—including the juxtaposition of genealogical accounts, the gradual …
Digital Literature: A Modern Concept Of Contemporary Literature, Dala Jamal
Digital Literature: A Modern Concept Of Contemporary Literature, Dala Jamal
Al Jinan الجنان
Since the earliest eras of his existence on this Earth, man has attempted to document his daily experiences using various available means: from carving on rocks and stones to drawing in caves, then documenting on animal skins after the invention of letters, and later writing on paper. In our modern era, we have reached documentation on computers, which represents a significant shift in the way we document due to its advanced features that surpass human intellect. In this research, I aimed to shed light on a new literary genre that emerged from the computer two decades ago and can only …
Pre-Islamic Poetic Evidence In The Book “Islah Al-Khalal” By Ibn Al-Sayyid Al-Batalyusi, Jaziba Saleh
Pre-Islamic Poetic Evidence In The Book “Islah Al-Khalal” By Ibn Al-Sayyid Al-Batalyusi, Jaziba Saleh
Al Jinan الجنان
This research delves into the pre-Islamic poetic evidence in the book «Islah al-Khalal» (Fixing the Defect) by Ibn al-Sayyid al-Batliusi. In this research, we learn about the meaning of the pre-Islamic poetic witness in general and the pre-Islamic witness in particular, about the reasons it is used in grammar and about its sources. We also learn about the book «Islah al-Khalal» (Fixing the Defect) and its author Ibn Al-Sayyid Al-Batliusi adopting the descriptive-analytical and statistical approaches, in addition to the historical approach, thus reviewing the pre-Islamic poetic witness and the grammatical issue in which it was presented. The research ends …
Consequences Of The Absence Of The Grammatical Course On The Arabic Language Program In Secondary Education In The Kingdom Of Morocco, Abdellatif Elabidi
Consequences Of The Absence Of The Grammatical Course On The Arabic Language Program In Secondary Education In The Kingdom Of Morocco, Abdellatif Elabidi
Journal of the Arab American University مجلة الجامعة العربية الامريكية للبحوث
This article monitors the reality of the grammatical course at the Moroccan secondary school, in the countries of the Arab East it's called general secondary school, in which the student graduates with the baccalaureate certificate that allows him to move to university. The study revealed that grammatical courses were completely absent from Arabic language courses in the literary pathways in the three years of this qualification level, while they were poorly attended in the scientific pathways in a manner that seemed to be unprejudiced and did not meet the targeted educational goals. The objective of this analytical and descriptive study …
The Communal Lyric: Poetry In Devotional And Oppressed Communities, Michael N. Yacoub
The Communal Lyric: Poetry In Devotional And Oppressed Communities, Michael N. Yacoub
Theses and Dissertations
This thesis investigates the interaction between lyric and community; it asks what a communal lyric is, how it functions, and to what ends. In Chapter One, I compare Jonathan Culler’s performative model of lyric with the theory of Takhyīl as expounded by Arab philosopher-critics al-Farabi, Ibn Sina, and al-Qartajanni to argue that a communal lyric is a form of audience-oriented public discourse distinguished by formal features that prompt the poem’s (re-)iteration and establish an interpersonal relationship with the audience in order to influence them and make shareable value claims about the world. In Chapters Two and Three I provide close-reading …
Negotiating The Canon: Arab Women Romantic Poets Jamila Al-ʿAlayli And Zahra Al-Hurr, Osama Amer
Negotiating The Canon: Arab Women Romantic Poets Jamila Al-ʿAlayli And Zahra Al-Hurr, Osama Amer
Theses and Dissertations
This thesis examines the engagement of two Arab romantic women poets, Jamila al-ʿAlayli and Zahra al-Hurr, with the Arabic literary canon, focusing on how they negotiated their positions within the canon. Despite being active contributors to the Arabic romantic movement, their works remain overlooked in literary histories and anthologies. The study explores the modes of canonization, such as gender essentialism, exceptionalism, and socio-political engagement, by which the canon operates. Through a feminist lens, this research analyzes selected poems, autobiographical texts, articles, interviews, and critical writings by both poets, highlighting their distinct strategies for challenging and reshaping their literary status. Al-ʿAlayli …
Syrian Perspectives On The U.S. Intervention Against Isis: Analysis Of Youtube Videos, Nelson Cleveland
Syrian Perspectives On The U.S. Intervention Against Isis: Analysis Of Youtube Videos, Nelson Cleveland
Honors Theses
This thesis investigates Syrian public opinion surrounding the 2014 U.S.-led military intervention against ISIS through critical discourse analysis of Arabic-language YouTube videos. In light of the renewed interest and continued presence of U.S. troops in Syria following the Assad regime’s collapse in 2024, the study examines how Syrians originally responded to the coalition strikes and political context in which they occurred. Drawing on four primary videos including street interviews, protest recordings, and discussions from expert panelists, the analysis uncovers recurring themes of distrust towards the U.S. and other states who engaged in intervention, condemnation of perceived collusion and exploitation, and …
A Voice For The People: Hybrid Arabic In The Political Oratory Of Gamal Abdel Nasser, Tate E. Bell
A Voice For The People: Hybrid Arabic In The Political Oratory Of Gamal Abdel Nasser, Tate E. Bell
Honors Theses
This thesis examines the political oratory of Gamal Abdel Nasser through the lens of Arabic sociolinguistics, arguing that his speeches are best understood not as simple alternations between Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) and Egyptian Colloquial Arabic (ECA), but as instances of hybridization—a strategic and fluid interweaving of registers across a linguistic continuum. While earlier studies by Clive Holes and Nathalie Mazraani have identified register variation and code-switching in Nasser’s rhetoric, this project expands upon their findings by applying El-Said Badawi’s five-level framework to track intra-utterance blending of MSA and ECA. Drawing on a transcription and linguistic analysis of a key …
Arabizi (Franco) In Egypt: A Study Of Features, Reasons, Attitudes, And Educational Influence Among Youth In Online Communication, Muhammad Wafa
Arabizi (Franco) In Egypt: A Study Of Features, Reasons, Attitudes, And Educational Influence Among Youth In Online Communication, Muhammad Wafa
Theses and Dissertations
This study explores the phenomenon of Arabizi (Franco) as it is employed by Egyptian youth in online communication, focusing on the sociolinguistic factors that influence language choice, particularly educational background. Through a mixed-methods approach, including quantitative analysis of an online questionnaire using inferential statistics and qualitative examination of text samples, this study investigates the most common language varieties used by Egyptian youth, the underlying reasons for Arabizi's adoption, attitudes towards its usage, and the salient features of this variety of online communication. The findings reveal that Arabizi is widely used among Egyptian youth from all educational backgrounds. It is especially …
Repositioning North Atlantic Treaty Organization (Nato): The New Security Dilemma On Trans–Atlantic Relations Amid Shifting Global Geopolitics, Daniel C. George, Indra Alverdian
Repositioning North Atlantic Treaty Organization (Nato): The New Security Dilemma On Trans–Atlantic Relations Amid Shifting Global Geopolitics, Daniel C. George, Indra Alverdian
Journal of Strategic and Global Studies
The shifting global geopolitics have led to a new security dilemma in Europe, especially in trans–Atlantic relations. NATO as the vanguard of the trans–Atlantic defense pact is faced with transitional conditions of non-conventional threats that return to conventional threats. Due to the shift in the new global order, these threats require a repositioning for NATO to counter the new security dilemma amidst shifting global geopolitics. By referring to the three asserted pillars–the return of conventional warfare on the European continent; a more assertive Russia in the European continent under Vladimir Putin; and the geopolitical of China's rise impacted trans–-Atlantic …
The History And Manifestations Of The Metaverse In Contemporary Literature, Marlon Semuel Contantin Kansil, Wanting Sun
The History And Manifestations Of The Metaverse In Contemporary Literature, Marlon Semuel Contantin Kansil, Wanting Sun
Journal of Strategic and Global Studies
The metaverse, an interactive and immersive virtual world, has emerged as a critical theme in contemporary literature, significantly impacting narratives and character development. This paper explores the history and literary manifestations of the metaverse, investigating its influence on identity, space, and social interactions. We find that the metaverse supports flexible and individualistic identities, reshaping how characters and readers understand themselves. The digital space of the metaverse provides a dynamic setting for moral and emotional conflicts, enriching the literary aesthetics of space. Furthermore, literature plays a crucial role in both shaping and reflecting the concept of the metaverse, employing symbolism and …
Evaluation Of The Accuracy Of Instagram Translation Feature In Interpreting Islamic Arabic Poetry, Falen Hamzah Al-Agil, Basuni Imamuddin
Evaluation Of The Accuracy Of Instagram Translation Feature In Interpreting Islamic Arabic Poetry, Falen Hamzah Al-Agil, Basuni Imamuddin
International Review of Humanities Studies
This study focuses on evaluating the capabilities of Instagram translation feature in translating Arabic Islamic poetry, a literary genre rich in linguistic nuances and cultural context. Employing a qualitative methodology, this research conducts a comprehensive comparative analysis between the automatic translations produced by Instagram and manual translations done by experts. The findings reveal that, despite being useful, Instagram's translation feature often fails to fully capture the essence of Arabic Islamic poetry, with significant errors in understanding context and language nuances. These errors include inaccuracies in translating key words and difficulties in interpreting deeper meanings often closely tied to cultural and …
Revealing Students’ And Teachers’ Perceptions Of Challenges And Strategies In Arabic Reading Comprehension, Osama Othman
Revealing Students’ And Teachers’ Perceptions Of Challenges And Strategies In Arabic Reading Comprehension, Osama Othman
Theses and Dissertations
This thesis investigates the perceptions of Arabic as a Foreign Language (AFL) students and teachers regarding the influence of eight textual features on reading comprehension. These features are: vowelization, word patterns, roots, vocabulary, case endings, word order, punctuation marks, and text organization. It also investigates reading comprehension strategies employed by both groups to overcome comprehension challenges associated with these features. Data were collected from 102 AFL students and 26 AFL teachers through questionnaires, and semi-structured interviews were conducted with 6 students and 11 teachers. Results revealed that students generally rated the influence of these features more highly than teachers. The …
Rhetorical Figures In Image: A Semiotic And Argument Approach, Youness Laghouibi
Rhetorical Figures In Image: A Semiotic And Argument Approach, Youness Laghouibi
Journal of the Arab American University مجلة الجامعة العربية الامريكية للبحوث
Based on the principle that every image carries a narrative; we relied in this study on the narrative semiotics to decipher its meanings. This led us through the extended arguments to uncover a variety of rhetorical figures such as comparison, metaphors, meronymy, and metonymy – the common figures of speech used in linguistic discourse to influence the addressee and direct them towards the intended destination.
The Effectiveness Of Using Al Hodhud Application To Teach Reading Skills In Arabic As A Second Language In The International Baccalaureate System For Kindergarten Students, Samaa Bassem Haroun, Mohammad M. T. Habib Samkari
The Effectiveness Of Using Al Hodhud Application To Teach Reading Skills In Arabic As A Second Language In The International Baccalaureate System For Kindergarten Students, Samaa Bassem Haroun, Mohammad M. T. Habib Samkari
Journal of the Association of Arab Universities for Research in Higher Education مجلة اتحاد الجامعات العربية للبحوث في التعليم العالي
هدفت الدراسة التعرف إلى فاعلية تطبيق "الهدهد" في تنمية مهارات القراءة باللغة العربية كلغة ثانية لدى طلبة رياض الأطفال في برنامج البكالوريا الدولية، وقد أجريت الدراسة في مدرسة المواهب الإنجليزية في محافظة العاصمة عمان في الأردن خلال الفصل الدراسي الثاني من العام الدراسي 2022-2023. ولتحقيق أهداف الدراسة تم استخدام المنهج شبه التجريبي، وتم اختيار مجموعة الدراسة عمدياً، وتألفت المجموعة من (40) طفلاً من مرحلة رياض الأطفال، وتألفت العينة من مجموعة واحدة درست استخدام تطبيق الهدهد، وتم تطبيق الاختبار القبلي والبعدي، وبعد تطبيق الدراسة وإجراء التحليل الإحصائي أظهرت نتائج فاعلية تطبيق الهدهد في تنمية مهارات القراءة باللغة العربية كلغة ثانية، وأظهرت …
Nothing Gets In The Way Of A Good Argument, Kai Fine
Nothing Gets In The Way Of A Good Argument, Kai Fine
CMC Senior Theses
For much of Western history, the prevailing process of creating a proof for the existence of a thing (often suggested to be God) outside the causal chain was done by following that very causal chain. One of the most well known of these theories was created by Avicenna. Through following his classification of objects, one was thought to be able to “prove” the necessity for a thing that was necessary in and of itself, and separate from all other things. In this paper I outline the strongest section of Avicenna’s argument, illustrating his classifications. I then turn to Graham Priest’s …
الرمز غير الإنساني في شعر عُمر ابو ريشة, Ibrahim Bayati
الرمز غير الإنساني في شعر عُمر ابو ريشة, Ibrahim Bayati
Al Jinan الجنان
أدى الرمز دورا مهما في الشعر العربي لكونه يتكئ على جزء من التراث الإنساني لا يُستهان به، ويمنح التجربة بٌعدا جديدا، فيخرج من اجترار الصور المكررة والمبتذلة ويكتسب النص الشعري نوعا من الموضوعية والعمق الفني ، وويبتعد الشاعر عن المبالغة الذاتية.
الثنائيّات الضدّيّة ودلالاتها السيميائيّة في قصيدة المعجزة للشاعر عبد الوهاب البياتي, Mohamad Hassan
الثنائيّات الضدّيّة ودلالاتها السيميائيّة في قصيدة المعجزة للشاعر عبد الوهاب البياتي, Mohamad Hassan
Al Jinan الجنان
The opposite dualities and their semiotic connotations in the poem (The Miracle) are the main detail in highlighting Abdul Wahab Al-Bayati’s poetry, and in presenting it to the recipient. He is creative in the use of words and dual opposites, and the emotional charges they carry within them, and the ability to reveal new things, especially since he is always willing to innovate and innovate, and opens up advanced horizons until he makes his word malleable in his hands in presenting his visions. The world inside the text is different from what it is in reality, as it belongs to …
Comparative Study Between “Mughnee-Llabeeb” And “Shuzur-Elzahab, Jaziba Saleh
Comparative Study Between “Mughnee-Llabeeb” And “Shuzur-Elzahab, Jaziba Saleh
Al Jinan الجنان
I present to the honorable reader a brief research in which I compared two books of the arabic grammarian "Ibn Hisham Al-Ansari", which are "Mughni Al-Labib" and "Sharh Shudour Al-Dhahab", in which I explained his arrangement of chapters and his focus in Al-Mughni on sentences and expression after he elaborated in the first chapter on the interpretation of vocabulary and its provisions, while he was brief in explaining "Sharh Shudour", and categorized the book according to the state of the word (nominative, accusative, or inclined) bringing the grammar closer to the mind for both the novice and the skilled alike.
The Phenomenon Of Speech Acts In Popular Literature: A Deliberative Approach For “Sindibad’S Trips”, Jalal Itawi
The Phenomenon Of Speech Acts In Popular Literature: A Deliberative Approach For “Sindibad’S Trips”, Jalal Itawi
Al Jinan الجنان
This research aims to reveal the pragmatics in the popular literature, by the speech acts in Sindibad’s trips. This study has followed the speech acts, and display its illocutionary force, accredited on Searle’s division for the types of the five verbs: Assertives, Directives, Commessives, Declarations, and Expressives by displaying speech models and analyzing it.