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The Effects Of Encouragement, Praise, And Discouragement On Internally And Externally Oriented Children, Judith A. Anderson

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The primary aim of this study was to investigate three types of parent communication--encouragement, praise, and discouragement--with regard to feelings elicited and perceived helpfulness, as reported by fifth- and sixth-grade subjects grouped according to high, medium, or low locus of control. Subjects for the study were 37 male and 47 female volunteers. Bialer•s Children•s Locus of Control Scale was used to classify males and females into a high (internal), medium (middle range), or low (external) group. Encouragement, praise, and discouragement were operationally defined as those responses receiving total agreement from a panel of experts as representing the Adlerian concepts under …