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Articles 7471 - 7500 of 20727
Full-Text Articles in Arts and Humanities
Sounds That Satisfy: Describing The Relationship Between Sound And Need Fulfilment, Gijs Louwers, Elif Özcan, Jasper Van Bommel, Sylvia Pont
Sounds That Satisfy: Describing The Relationship Between Sound And Need Fulfilment, Gijs Louwers, Elif Özcan, Jasper Van Bommel, Sylvia Pont
DRS Biennial Conference Series
Psychological needs of users as a basis for design are at the core of design practice, yet the importance of fundamental human needs when designing soundscapes has not been studied specifically. This paper investigates the relationship between nine fundamental human needs and the affective qualities and categories of soundscapes. In a free-labeling survey study, we collected descriptions of imagined sound environments for the fulfilment of the needs, as well as ratings of the perceived affective quality of these environments. We found that needs were associated with pleasant soundscapes, while their eventfulness varied. ‘Human’ sounds were a common category for each …
Out Of Isolation: Designing Reusable Ppe Gowns Based On An Understanding Of Healthcare Workers’ Lived Experiences, Katherine Townsend, Sonja Sterman, Eloise Salter, Karen Harrigan
Out Of Isolation: Designing Reusable Ppe Gowns Based On An Understanding Of Healthcare Workers’ Lived Experiences, Katherine Townsend, Sonja Sterman, Eloise Salter, Karen Harrigan
DRS Biennial Conference Series
The paper reports on an AHRC-funded project aimed at mitigating the personal and environmental impact of PPE isolation gowns, as worn by healthcare workers treating patients with COVID-19. The enquiry was devised in collaboration with NHS and industry partners and is informed by empirical investigations into procured gowns and the lived experiences the health professionals’ wearing them. The development of an industry standard ‘reusable gown system’ requires negotiating various proximities: between safety and disease trans-mission; sustainability and medical waste; the needs of end users, regulation and cost; public and private stakeholders. The article contextualises the research problem and methodology, incorporating …
Spatialized Video Communication Platforms: Applications In Design Education And Conferencing, Bjorn Sommer, Ayn Sayuti, Zidong Lin, Shefali Bohra, Emre Kayganaci, Jenny Hu, Caroline Yan Zheng, Chang Hee Lee, Seán O'Donoghue, Ashley Hall, Paul Anderson
Spatialized Video Communication Platforms: Applications In Design Education And Conferencing, Bjorn Sommer, Ayn Sayuti, Zidong Lin, Shefali Bohra, Emre Kayganaci, Jenny Hu, Caroline Yan Zheng, Chang Hee Lee, Seán O'Donoghue, Ashley Hall, Paul Anderson
DRS Biennial Conference Series
During the pandemic, the impact of video communication platforms drastically increased. But in front of a screen, flexible and serendipitous interactions known from real-life settings were reduced to a minimum. Zoom fatigue occurred very quickly and early on developments were started to provide more flexible alternatives to video-focused platforms. Spatialized Video Communication Platforms (SVCP) reintroduce more flexibility, serendipity and improved dynamic group forming by providing game-like environments. After a brief review on SVCPs, we are focusing here on the highly-customizable Gather.town platform. We developed an Open-Source pipeline to create 3D-based environments that meet the demand for visual requirements from design-engineering …
Promoting Climate Awareness Through The Design Of Interactive Moving Posters, Ricardo Gonçalves, Sérgio M. Rebelo, Daniel Lopes, Artur Rebelo
Promoting Climate Awareness Through The Design Of Interactive Moving Posters, Ricardo Gonçalves, Sérgio M. Rebelo, Daniel Lopes, Artur Rebelo
DRS Biennial Conference Series
Nowadays, the ubiquity of digital media has promoted the establishment of novel Graphic Design practices that seek to better catch the audience’s attention. In the Poster Design scenario, we observed the appearance of moving posters, digital-based artefacts that include animated elements; nevertheless, as moving posters get increasingly common, the search for more effective communication approaches should be conducted. This paper studies the impact of interactivity on poster design. Computational and Artificial Intelligence approaches have been employed to design a set of interactive moving posters which can adapt according to the viewer’s actions and the surrounding environment. The current environmental issues …
Diving In: What Will It Take For Consumers To Transition To A Circular Economy Ready-To-Cook Fish Product? Insights From The Uk, Hayley Alter, Emmanuel Tsekleves, Serena Pollastri
Diving In: What Will It Take For Consumers To Transition To A Circular Economy Ready-To-Cook Fish Product? Insights From The Uk, Hayley Alter, Emmanuel Tsekleves, Serena Pollastri
DRS Biennial Conference Series
To balance production needs with the need to sustain or regenerate the health of ocean ecosystems, stakeholders in the European fish and seafood sector are calling for transition to a circular economy. New industry methods will produce fish-based foods that consumers are not accustomed to eating so we ask, what will it take for consumers to adopt these industrial circular economy foods? Taking the Seafood Age consortium product prototype as a basis, we have created a design method for would-be consumers to reflect on their fish consumption practices and possible adoption of the fish product prototype prompted by a de-sign …
Fuzzy Logic Evaluation Of Customer Loyalty In Local, Community, And International Cafes In Hong Kong, Bharati Das, Sylvia Xihui Liu
Fuzzy Logic Evaluation Of Customer Loyalty In Local, Community, And International Cafes In Hong Kong, Bharati Das, Sylvia Xihui Liu
DRS Biennial Conference Series
It is a company’s paramount goal to achieve customer loyalty and expand its business. The effectiveness of these business strategies is relative to customer loyalty which is often pursued through a binary approach. This paper primarily focuses on a non-binary approach using Mamdani Fuzzy logic to measure customer loyalty and compares the outcomes with a binary approach. Also, the customer loyalty factors, including repeat patronage and relative attitude, are explored. Further, a comparison of loyalty towards various cafe categories in Hong Kong is presented. Customer Loyalty Matrix has been used to classify the above cafes based on the loyalty factors. …
Systemic Assessment As A Tool For The Design Process, Juan De La Rosa
Systemic Assessment As A Tool For The Design Process, Juan De La Rosa
DRS Biennial Conference Series
This paper introduces the idea of a systemic issue of misrepresentation of certain factors in the design process that could lead to ignoring the complexity and pos-sible impact of some design actions and artefacts in the system. By analyzing dif-ferent cases from literature, professional practice, and design research, a frame-work of initial analysis of the different factors that can assess some of the com-plexity of a project is presented, and a reflection is made regarding their signifi-cance and the elements they could evaluate from different cases.
A Product-Service System Design Approach For The Frame Innovation Of Food And Beverage On Board Of Civil Aviation Aircraft, Paola Maria Trapani, Jiao Mo, Ke Ma
A Product-Service System Design Approach For The Frame Innovation Of Food And Beverage On Board Of Civil Aviation Aircraft, Paola Maria Trapani, Jiao Mo, Ke Ma
DRS Biennial Conference Series
A multidisciplinary research team from the College of Design and Innovation, Tongji University in Shanghai, in collaboration with Boeing, developed research on the future of in-flight Food & Beverage (F&B). The goal was to outline four possible scenarios, illustrating distinct product-service systems and highlighting how Boeing could help airlines create value for passengers. The research addresses three questions: How to guarantee F&B health and safety while reducing disposable packaging and food waste? How to optimize the aisle use during service without making the cabin crew's work more cumbersome? How to meet passengers' demands while staying on a budget? Dorst's (2015) …
A Community-Based Learning Program To Improve Wellbeing And Design Student Success, Marie Van Den Bergh, Mieke Van Der Bijl-Brouwer, Rebecca Price
A Community-Based Learning Program To Improve Wellbeing And Design Student Success, Marie Van Den Bergh, Mieke Van Der Bijl-Brouwer, Rebecca Price
DRS Biennial Conference Series
While the Pandemic has increased awareness towards student wellbeing in higher education (HE), it also exacerbated existing challenges. Specifically, students pursuing their master graduation thesis often find themselves isolated and overwhelmed due to the individualistic nature of their project and the pressure to create a ‘masterpiece’. In this paper, we provide insight into how designing for community can positively impact thesis design students’ motivation, sense of community and wellbeing, which we identify as drivers of student success. We discuss and evaluate a community-based learning (CBL) program we designed and implemented to improve student success during the master thesis journey of …
Regeneration In Action: Toward A New Path For Sustainable Research Projects, Caroline Nowaki, Marguerite Foissac
Regeneration In Action: Toward A New Path For Sustainable Research Projects, Caroline Nowaki, Marguerite Foissac
DRS Biennial Conference Series
As COP26 just ended with moderate commitments from governments to keep global warming under 1.5°C, how can designers contribute to fight climate change? Systemic design has proposed to change design perspective from the user to the system in which the user and the designer operate to envision better our social and environmental impact. Regenerative design adds that we should aim for positive instead of net-zero impact and change our mindset and practices to create the conditions for all forms of life to thrive. If regenerative guidelines exist in urban design, it is unclear how UX-UI designers should change their practices …
Value-Drive Design Approach To Envision Speculative Futures, Yihyun Lim, Bumjin Kim
Value-Drive Design Approach To Envision Speculative Futures, Yihyun Lim, Bumjin Kim
DRS Biennial Conference Series
This paper presents a design approach that brings together speculative design, value-sensitive design, and emotion-based ethnographic method to identify value-experiences for the design of value-driven speculative futures. The paper discusses the approach in five steps; 1) emotion-based design ethnography, 2) visual mapping and value-extraction, 3) secondary research of technology and socio-cultural trends and filtering of technologies based on its interpreted value-experiences, 4) design of value-driven future scenarios, 5) materializing scenarios as discursive prototypes. We explore COVID19 pandemic as a context of research-through-design inquiry in developing this approach.
Designing For What? Approaching Necessary Production And Consumption For A Circular Economy, Isaac Arturo Ortega Alvarado, Ida Nilstad Pettersen
Designing For What? Approaching Necessary Production And Consumption For A Circular Economy, Isaac Arturo Ortega Alvarado, Ida Nilstad Pettersen
DRS Biennial Conference Series
Circular economy (CE) is currently a 'hot topic' in design discourse. The focus of these discourses has centered on product design, which is a core aspect of material circularity. However, CE is more than products. This assumption is the base for a research question: what should be the intention in designing for a CE? The recognition of CE as a systemic transition opens up opportunities for other forms of design. These forms should contribute to societal goals concerning why and what is produced –more than the profit-making. We contend that a CE should not be approached from the perspective of …
Musings On Vocabulary Choices When Proposing Design Towards Profound Systems Change, Gwendolyn Kulick
Musings On Vocabulary Choices When Proposing Design Towards Profound Systems Change, Gwendolyn Kulick
DRS Biennial Conference Series
The search for an imaginative vocabulary that encourages mind and behaviour shifts is not an easy task in processes of formulating design trajectories towards profound systems change. At the same time many design concerns are embedded in larger ecological, social, economical or political systemic crises and call for generating systems change across multiple dimensions. A prolonged terminology search when describing the theoretical and practical results of a PhD research into Pakistan’s craft sector through the systems lens triggered the interest in penning this paper about the entanglements of language and expanded design horizons and methods. While it can only offer …
Birds, Bees And Bats: Exploring Possibilities For Cohabitation In The More-Than-Human City, Ferne Edwards, Ida Maria Corsepius Melen, Anna Caroline Syse, Ida Nilstad Pettersen
Birds, Bees And Bats: Exploring Possibilities For Cohabitation In The More-Than-Human City, Ferne Edwards, Ida Maria Corsepius Melen, Anna Caroline Syse, Ida Nilstad Pettersen
DRS Biennial Conference Series
Urbanization pressures are creating conditions for greater urban density. However, cities are home for both humans and a diversity of nonhuman natures, where heightened proximity between species can cause friction and conflict. This paper explores possibilities for convivial multispecies cohabitation in more-than-human cities. It grounds more-than-human theory through the application of three case studies – birds, bees and bats – based in the city of Trondheim, Norway. Drawing on three related studies, these creatures help illuminate what kind of spaces, needs and considerations are required beyond a human-centric focus in the urban environment. Issues to consider include disease, insecure land …
Investigating The Sound Design Process: Two Case Studies From Radio And Film Production, Rod Selfridge, Sandra Pauletto
Investigating The Sound Design Process: Two Case Studies From Radio And Film Production, Rod Selfridge, Sandra Pauletto
DRS Biennial Conference Series
This paper presents two case studies in which the sound design processes of two professional sound designers, from radio and film, are examined. Through a study procedure that uses techniques such as interviews, observations and a novel set of design briefs, the sound designers' unique approaches and primary concerns are revealed. Results from these studies aim to inform and consolidate the link between professional sound designers´ practices in media production and the field of sonic interaction design.
From Explanations To Shared Understandings Of Ai, Iohanna Nicenboim, Elisa Giaccardi, Johan Redström
From Explanations To Shared Understandings Of Ai, Iohanna Nicenboim, Elisa Giaccardi, Johan Redström
DRS Biennial Conference Series
A key challenge in the design of AI systems is how to support people in understanding them. We address this challenge by positioning explanations in everyday life, within ongoing relations between people and artificial agents. By reorienting explainability through more-than-human design, we call for a new approach that considers both people and artificial agents as active participants in constructing understandings. To articulate such an approach, we first review the assumptions underpinning the premise of explaining AI. We then conceptualize a shift from explanations to shared understandings, which we characterize as situated, dynamic, and performative. We conclude by proposing two design …
How Might We Evaluate Co-Design? A Literature Review On Existing Practices, Zixuan Wang, Tingting Jiang, Jiawen Huang, Yixuan Tai, Paola Maria Trapani
How Might We Evaluate Co-Design? A Literature Review On Existing Practices, Zixuan Wang, Tingting Jiang, Jiawen Huang, Yixuan Tai, Paola Maria Trapani
DRS Biennial Conference Series
Background: In recent years, co-design has seen exponential adoption in response to complex socio-technical transitions. However, the appraisal around co-design still lacks development, making its quality, effect, and value ambiguous. Aim: This study aims to encourage more research and practice in co-design evaluation by summarizing existing attempts. Method: We first conducted an integrative literature review in Scopus by analyzing and comparing existing methods used for assessing co-design. Then we iteratively coded the reviewed articles in ATLAS.ti following grounded theory. Through critical reflection and synthesis of the codes, we formed higher-level themes describing different aspects of co-design assessment. Based on these, …
Material Metaphors: An Approach To Collaborative Knowledge Production In Transdisciplinary Sustainability Research, Daniela Peukert
Material Metaphors: An Approach To Collaborative Knowledge Production In Transdisciplinary Sustainability Research, Daniela Peukert
DRS Biennial Conference Series
The integration of different forms of knowing and bodies of knowledge, as well as collaborative forms of knowledge production, seems particularly significant for the core of scientific work and in inter- and transdisciplinary processes in sustainability research. Nevertheless, collaborative knowledge production in heterogeneous teams brings up specific challenges. This is where existing methods for group negotiation processes, strongly based on language and text, reach their limits. To fill this gap, design-based methods can be used. They expand the mode of language and text to include the visual-haptic dimension, which allows access to other levels of thinking as it appeals to …
Plagiarism Or Reference? Exploring The Detection Criteria And Solutions Of Visual Design Plagiarism, Shenglan Cui, Fang Liu, Yinman Guo, Wei Wang
Plagiarism Or Reference? Exploring The Detection Criteria And Solutions Of Visual Design Plagiarism, Shenglan Cui, Fang Liu, Yinman Guo, Wei Wang
DRS Biennial Conference Series
Visual plagiarism occurs frequently and is often controversial. This paper conducts an exploratory study to discuss detection criteria and solutions for visual plagiarism. Since visual design involves many fields, considering the ubiquity and diversity of posters, we explore plagiarism based on poster design. We summarize the eight main elements which compose a poster artwork and discuss eight factors that influence plagiarism evaluation from two aspects of “Evaluation Standard” and “Evaluation Method.” We discussed possible solutions based on technology and tools to detect visual plagiarism better and track artwork, supporting a good online design sharing environment.
Pragmatism, Design And Public Sector Innovation: Reflections On Action, Rodger Watson, Kees Dorst
Pragmatism, Design And Public Sector Innovation: Reflections On Action, Rodger Watson, Kees Dorst
DRS Biennial Conference Series
This reflective paper explores the intersection of Pragmatism, Design Research and Public Sector Innovation through the lens of a body of work undertaken at a public sector innovation, design research center between 2010-2018. This center drew explicitly on the work of Donald Schön and Charles Sanders Peirce in the development of its research methodology and practice. The paper includes an illustrative case study that demonstrates the application of Peirce’s model of Innovative Abduction, draws on recent interview data that demonstrates engagement with Deweyan Analysis of Reflective Thinking and reflects on the possibilities that may come from further engagement with the …
Mutant In The Mirror: Queer Becomings With Ai, Grace Leonora Turtle
Mutant In The Mirror: Queer Becomings With Ai, Grace Leonora Turtle
DRS Biennial Conference Series
This paper contributes to scholarly discourse on design and AI by using queerness as a theoretical grounding to explore potentialities for design to interface with and imagine artificial intelligence (AI) differently. The paper does so by reporting on an autotheoretical experiment in which I pose the questions: What if we understood AI as queer, a kind of mutant, in a state of becoming; a dynamic, relational, non-binary gender variant? How then might AI show up in and act on the world (with us humans) differently? The experiment uses a Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) to unsettle how AI is understood today, …
New Perspectives In Fashion Sustainability Through The Use Of Bacterial Cellulose, Patrizia Bolzan, Daria Casciani, Arianna Regaglia
New Perspectives In Fashion Sustainability Through The Use Of Bacterial Cellulose, Patrizia Bolzan, Daria Casciani, Arianna Regaglia
DRS Biennial Conference Series
Fashion constitutes a sector with a high environmental impact, particularly because of shorter product life cycles and an exponential increase in the speed of production and in the number of goods created, sold, or unconsumed and thrashed. This paper aims to explore new perspectives of design and production processes toward environmental, social, and cultural sustainability through bio-fabrication. After an analysis of the context of reference and a review of existing literature, the research focuses on experimentation with bacterial cellulose (BC) to investigate the limits and potentials of controlled growth, waste processing and integration, accessories creation and recyclability, and the assembly/disassembly …
Designing With Chemical Haptics, Jasmine Lu
Designing With Chemical Haptics, Jasmine Lu
DRS Biennial Conference Series
Designers have developed a vast array of rich interactions to stimulate the mind and body. While much of the focus has been on creating visual systems (such as in VR), there is increasing interest in developing ways to reproduce touch sensations. This turn suggests a desire to create interactive experiences that involve our whole bodies and not solely our visual senses. However, a major part of the human sensorium has been neglected: our chemosensory systems, the sensory pathways that respond to chemical stimuli. Chemical receptors exist all throughout our body and are embedded throughout our skin. In this paper, I …
Is This Alive? Towards A Vocabulary For Understanding And Communicating Living Material Experiences, Hazal Ertürkan, Elvin Karana, Ruth Mugge
Is This Alive? Towards A Vocabulary For Understanding And Communicating Living Material Experiences, Hazal Ertürkan, Elvin Karana, Ruth Mugge
DRS Biennial Conference Series
Living materials are a nascent material class where living organisms are embedded and kept alive in the design outcome to achieve novel functionalities, expressions, and interactions. Experiential characterisation studies with potential end-users will provide insights for developing these novel materials for meaningful material applications. Nevertheless, the current literature lacks a vocabulary to communicate and discuss living materials in user studies. To bridge this gap, our paper presents the development of a “Living Materials Vocabulary” consisting of 45 descriptive items. Through a term frequency analysis of relevant literature and in-depth interviews with eight biodesigners, we identified a set of descriptions which …
Envisioning Personal Finance And Expense Tracking For A Sustainable Future, Young-Ae Hahn, Jiyoun Lee, Minhyuk Kim
Envisioning Personal Finance And Expense Tracking For A Sustainable Future, Young-Ae Hahn, Jiyoun Lee, Minhyuk Kim
DRS Biennial Conference Series
Young Koreans who are financially inexperienced and unconcerned about environmen-tal and social issues cannot achieve balanced goals—economic self-sufficiency, envi-ronmental-health sustainability and ethical consumption—for a sustainable future. Although current personal finance apps provide daily, weekly and monthly spending trends, they do not effectively raise awareness of these goals. In response, we envi-sioned an alternative expense tracking app UI with two reference points against which a user can compare his/her current spending: (1) the user’s peer age/household/income group spending averages and (2) expert recommendations on the appropriate savings rate, energy consumption limits and ethically manufactured products. According to a survey questionnaire that …
Deep Listening: A Framework For Collaborative Climate Adaptation, Eric Gordon, Yihyun Lim, James Paradis, Tomas Guarna, Gabriela Degetau, Mona Vijaykumar
Deep Listening: A Framework For Collaborative Climate Adaptation, Eric Gordon, Yihyun Lim, James Paradis, Tomas Guarna, Gabriela Degetau, Mona Vijaykumar
DRS Biennial Conference Series
This article introduces Deep Listening, a novel transdisciplinary research agenda and framework for collaborative climate adaptation. It argues for the urgency to develop a communication approach in understanding how frontline communities interact with mediating institutions. Deep Listening is presented in five components: 1) knowledge sharing (mutually agreed upon protocols for data production and use); 2) holding space (co-creating spaces where institutional actors and communities can exchange, learn from each other and discuss); 3) the production and sharing of climate imaginaries (where local or Indigenous knowledge and community values are respected); 4) sensemaking with a diversity of perspectives and scientific data; …
Digital Toys As Tangible, Embodied, Embedded Interactions, Nicole Vickery, Dannielle Tarlinton, Yuehao Wang, Alethea Blackler
Digital Toys As Tangible, Embodied, Embedded Interactions, Nicole Vickery, Dannielle Tarlinton, Yuehao Wang, Alethea Blackler
DRS Biennial Conference Series
Our research aims to explore the potential that tangible, embedded, embodied interactions (TEIs) has in enabling children’s (age 3-5 years old) active play. This paper describes our study of 66 commercially available digitally augmented toys that have the potential to get children moving, and how these digital toys may be conceptualised as TEIs. During our analysis, the type and persistence of digital feedback from the toys was an important factor in our conceptualisation of these toys as tangible and embodied. We also encounter issues when conceptualising children’s toys, particularly toys for pretend play, as embedded interaction. These findings offer the …
Playful Co-Creation In Urban Space: Igniting Activation, Closeness, And Collective Intervention Of Residents In Neighbourhoods, Nicole Arthur, Liridona Sopjani
Playful Co-Creation In Urban Space: Igniting Activation, Closeness, And Collective Intervention Of Residents In Neighbourhoods, Nicole Arthur, Liridona Sopjani
DRS Biennial Conference Series
How public space is designed, who it is designed by, and the events embedded within it can have a huge impact on the lived experiences in a city. Traditional ways of developing urban space have been generating an increasing distance between citizens, the spaces they inhabit, and the processes for creating these spaces. This can be seen in the reduced interactions between people in public space, the little use of public space and the disengagement of citizens from existing development processes. In view of this a playful co-creation approach of temporary urban spaces is explored within a community in Sweden …
Exploring Diversity Perceptions In A Community Through A Q&A Chatbot, Peter Kun, Amalia De Götzen, Miriam Bidoglia, Niels Jørgen Gommesen, George Gaskell
Exploring Diversity Perceptions In A Community Through A Q&A Chatbot, Peter Kun, Amalia De Götzen, Miriam Bidoglia, Niels Jørgen Gommesen, George Gaskell
DRS Biennial Conference Series
While diversity has become a debated issue in design, very little research exists on positive use-cases for diversity beyond scholarly criticism. The current work addresses this gap through the case of a diversity-aware chatbot, exploring what benefits a diversity-aware chatbot could bring to people and how do people interpret diversity when being presented with it. In this paper, we motivate a Q&A chatbot as a technology probe and deploy it in two student communities within a study. During the study, we collected contextual data on people's expectations and perceptions when presented with diversity. Our key findings show that people seek …
Towards A Heuristic Model For Experiential Ai: Analysing The Zizi Show In The New Real, Drew Hemment, Martin Zeilinger, Matjaz Vidmar, Jake Elwes, Holly Warner, David Sarmiento, Robin Hill
Towards A Heuristic Model For Experiential Ai: Analysing The Zizi Show In The New Real, Drew Hemment, Martin Zeilinger, Matjaz Vidmar, Jake Elwes, Holly Warner, David Sarmiento, Robin Hill
DRS Biennial Conference Series
Based on the rapid pace of evolving creative practice in AI arts, we identify an urgent need to develop frameworks for analysing the critical dimensions (including social/political) of this emerging field. This paper offers a comprehensive case study of The Zizi Show, by Jake Elwes, developed as part of The New Real and Experiential AI programme at the Edinburgh Futures Institute within the University of Edinburgh. Based on this case study analysis, we propose the structuring of distinct project characteristics into four categories (socio-cultural and institutional aspects; technology and media; artistic experience and affect; and audience and staging) which form …