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2020

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Full-Text Articles in Arts and Humanities

Far-Right Extremism In America: A Geospatial Analysis Of Incident Distribution, Meredith Leann Lerma Jul 2020

Far-Right Extremism In America: A Geospatial Analysis Of Incident Distribution, Meredith Leann Lerma

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

There has been little empirical research on the spatial relationship of violent far-right extremism. Previous studies have only focused on portions of far-right violent incidents, such as homicides, or amalgamated all far-right extremist activity, including legal incidents. This study uses data from the Extremist Crime Database (ECDB) and Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) in a temporal frame of 2000 to 2018 to test the relationship of violent incidents against geographic and social factors. The goal is to explore the relationships between macro-level factors and violent far-right extremist incident. The research determines that the presence of hate groups, higher immigrant populations, …


The Shallow End Of The Deep South: Civil Rights Activism In Arkansas, 1865-1970, Sarah Riva Jul 2020

The Shallow End Of The Deep South: Civil Rights Activism In Arkansas, 1865-1970, Sarah Riva

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

On April 7, 1968, Governor Winthrop Rockefeller claimed that “Arkansas today stands at the threshold of leading the nation...for a better America,” The Republican Arkansas Governor spoke on the steps of the state capitol at a memorial for the beloved civil rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr. who had been assassinated three days earlier. Rockefeller’s claim that Arkansas could lead the nation came just two years after the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) formally ended its work in the state to improve racial equality. Their efforts had seen widespread acceptance of integrated public facilities, increased voter registration and more meaningful …


The Impacts Of Incarceration On The Wellbeing Of Family Members Of African American Males Who Experience The U.S Prison System: A Phenomenological Study, Tremaine N. Leslie Jul 2020

The Impacts Of Incarceration On The Wellbeing Of Family Members Of African American Males Who Experience The U.S Prison System: A Phenomenological Study, Tremaine N. Leslie

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

African Americans encounter a high rate of imprisonment, and the social, economic, mental and other effects of imprisonment are extended to their families and communities (Roberts, 2004). In addition to separating individuals from their families and communities, incarceration maximizes the probability for fractured relationships, fragmented communities, and encumbers the public service systems (DeHart, Shapiro & Clone, 2018).Therefore, the purpose of this phenomenological inquiry was to explore the mental health effects of incarceration on the family members of African American males who experience the U.S prison system.

The theoretical framework utilized for this study was the critical race theory (CRT) immersed …


The Formation Of Ottoman Sufism And Eşrefoğlu Rumi: A 15th Century Shaykh Between Popular Religion And Sufi Ideals, Baris Basturk Jul 2020

The Formation Of Ottoman Sufism And Eşrefoğlu Rumi: A 15th Century Shaykh Between Popular Religion And Sufi Ideals, Baris Basturk

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

This dissertation evaluates a transformative period in the history of the Ottoman State in which the processes of Islamization and Turkification coincided with the expansion and imperialization of the Ottoman polity. This study focuses on an Ottoman Sufi figure, Eşrefoğlu Rumi (?-1469), who benefited form this context, embarked upon a mystical path, and authored seminal works that shaped Ottoman Sufism for generations. This dissertation discusses Eşrefoğlu Rumi’s role in the construction of Islamic orthodoxy based in his Sufi ideals which he disseminated to an Anatolian and Balkan Turkish-speaking Ottoman audience. The significance of this dissertation is that it emphasizes the …


Labor's Unsettled Vagrancy: The Rise And Fall Of The Hobo Labor Movement, 1865-1929, Laura Kathryn Carpenter Jul 2020

Labor's Unsettled Vagrancy: The Rise And Fall Of The Hobo Labor Movement, 1865-1929, Laura Kathryn Carpenter

Dissertations and Theses @ UNI

The historiography of the hobo labor movement analyzes the impact of collective activities on the performance of traveling work with particular attention paid to the responsive organizing of the International Brotherhood Welfare Association (IBWA) from 1865 to 1929. Through the application of social theory, the inclusion of representative objects from the National Hobo Museum, narratives of hobos, government-sponsored investigations, and the consideration of prior scholarly works, hoboing nonwork is best understood as an anti-modern, reactionary counterculture to the working-class that managed to deflect the drastic changes in class and economy at the turn of the twentieth century until its gradual …


Lexical Borrowings In The Use Of Singlish By Bloggers, K. Panneerselvam Vilashiiney Jul 2020

Lexical Borrowings In The Use Of Singlish By Bloggers, K. Panneerselvam Vilashiiney

Student Works (2020-2029)

Singapore English is among the many new Englishes which have emerged across the world. It is divided into two forms; Standard Singapore English and Colloquial Singapore English also known as Singlish. The colloquial variety of this English is viewed as crippling the Standard English and has led to the initiation of the Speak Good English Movement by the Singapore government. Recently, linguists such as Wee (2014) have stated that Singlish should be allowed to be used as it reflects the true cultural identity of Singaporeans and this has led to the initiation of the Speak Good Singlish Movement. Singapore’s bilingual …


Chinese Temple Networks In Southeast Asia: A Webgis Digital Humanities Platform For The Collaborative Study Of The Chinese Diaspora In Southeast Asia, Yingwei Yan, Kenneth Dean, Chen-Chieh Feng, Guan Thye Hue, Khee-Heong Koh, Lily Kong, Chang Woei Ong, Arthur Tay, Yi-Chen Wang, Yiran Xue Jul 2020

Chinese Temple Networks In Southeast Asia: A Webgis Digital Humanities Platform For The Collaborative Study Of The Chinese Diaspora In Southeast Asia, Yingwei Yan, Kenneth Dean, Chen-Chieh Feng, Guan Thye Hue, Khee-Heong Koh, Lily Kong, Chang Woei Ong, Arthur Tay, Yi-Chen Wang, Yiran Xue

Research Collection School of Social Sciences

This article introduces a digital platform for collaborative research on the Chinese diaspora in Southeast Asia, focusing on networks of Chinese temples and associations extending from Southeast China to the various port cities of Southeast Asia. The Singapore Historical Geographic Information System (SHGIS) and the Singapore Biographical Database (SBDB) are expandable WebGIS platforms gathering and linking data on cultural and religious networks across Southeast Asia. This inter-connected platform can be expanded to cover not only Singapore but all of Southeast Asia. We have added layers of data that go beyond Chinese Taoist, Buddhist, and popular god temples to also display …


Violators, Virtuous, Or Victims? How Global Newspapers Represent The Female Member Of Parliament, Devin K. Joshi, Meseret F. Hailu, Lauren J. Reising Jul 2020

Violators, Virtuous, Or Victims? How Global Newspapers Represent The Female Member Of Parliament, Devin K. Joshi, Meseret F. Hailu, Lauren J. Reising

Research Collection School of Social Sciences

Previous research finds mass media often frames female members of parliament (FMPs) as novelties, violators, or deviants intruding in a masculine domain. However, most of these studies have focused on a small number of primarily Western nations. Inspired by new research on the normalization of women in politics, intersectionality, and violence against women in politics, this study undertakes a broad examination of how global newspapers represent FMPs to the public. Taking an inductive approach and drawing on a collection of 772 articles drawn from 265 newspapers in 48 countries over thirty years (from 1985 to 2014), we assess how media …


Current Efforts In Sustaining Peranakan Chinese Music In Melaka, Zin Guan Goh Jul 2020

Current Efforts In Sustaining Peranakan Chinese Music In Melaka, Zin Guan Goh

Student Works (2020-2029)

Peranakan Chinese (Straits-born Chinese) music such as dondang sayang may not be a familiar folk music to the modernized Malaysian community, however, there are associations and organisations that thrived on to sustain the musical culture in Melaka. In the advanced influence of popular culture and modernity, efforts of sustaining local culture and Peranakan Chinese music becomes more challenging. Thus, this study aims to investigate the various efforts put on in sustaining the musical culture and its consequences in terms of authenticity in present Melaka. The past literatures reveal scholarship on Peranakan Chinese music in Malaysia came to a halt in …


Learning Music Composers' Styles: To Block Or To Interleave?, Sarah Shi Hui Wong, Amanda Chern Min Low, Sean H. K. Kang, Stephen Wee Hun Lim Jul 2020

Learning Music Composers' Styles: To Block Or To Interleave?, Sarah Shi Hui Wong, Amanda Chern Min Low, Sean H. K. Kang, Stephen Wee Hun Lim

Research Collection School of Social Sciences

The ability to recognize and distinguish among varying musical styles is essential to developing aural skills and musicianship. Yet, this task can be difficult for music learners, particularly nonexperts. To address this challenge and guide music education practice, this study drew on cognitive psychological principles to investigate the effect of interleaved presentation of music pieces by various classical music composers on learning to identify these composers’ styles. Participants with 4 or fewer years of musical experience were presented with music pieces from six composers in an interleaved manner (alternating between listening to different composers’ works) and music pieces from another …


Knowledge Of Breast Cancer And Screening Methods Among Rural Women In Southwest Nigeria, Rowland Edet, Oluwayimika Ekundina Jul 2020

Knowledge Of Breast Cancer And Screening Methods Among Rural Women In Southwest Nigeria, Rowland Edet, Oluwayimika Ekundina

Department of Sociology: Faculty Publications

The objective of this study was to assess the awareness of rural women on breast cancer and its screening methods in Southwest Nigeria. Descriptive cross-sectional survey design with the aid of a semi-structured questionnaire was used to generate data among 422 rural women in selected communities in Egbeda local government area of Ibadan. The qualitative data was generated through in-depth interviews among rural women and key informant interviews among health workers in the communities. The study revealed that only 63.7% were aware of breast cancer screening methods compared to 31.6% who were not aware. The commonly known screening method among …


The Expressive Forms Of Xu Bing’S Neo English Calligraphy, Jinfu Xie Jul 2020

The Expressive Forms Of Xu Bing’S Neo English Calligraphy, Jinfu Xie

Student Works (2020-2029)

Xu Bing is active in the contemporary art world and a famous calligraphy artist and painter who held many individual art exhibitions in New York New Art Museum, Czech National Museum and other famous international art institutions. In 1999, he was the recipient of a MacArthur Fellowship in recognition of his "significant contribution to society, particularly in printmaking and calligraphy". Xu Bing created a kind of new square character which combined English alphabets with Chinese calligraphy strokes and named it Neo English calligraphy. A series of Neo English calligraphy artwork was produced which theoretically influenced by the Chinese traditional philosophy …


The Effects Of Song Singing Patterns On The Vocal Singing Achievement Among Primary Level Students, Januarius Catherine Marie Jul 2020

The Effects Of Song Singing Patterns On The Vocal Singing Achievement Among Primary Level Students, Januarius Catherine Marie

Student Works (2020-2029)

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of song singing patterns on the vocal achievement skills of Year 3 and Year 4 students in the primary level of music education. The participants for this study comprised of 60 students (n=60) from Year 3 and Year 4 primary levels for this study. Some students have been subjected to prior singing lessons but do not possess a systemised training in interval recognition, expression and stylistic singing and vocal singing techniques. This study employed a control group design compared to treatment group in a pre-test and post-test exercise to measure …


Kodaly Teachers’ Perception On Aural And Musicianship Training In Malaysia, Siew Moon Low Jul 2020

Kodaly Teachers’ Perception On Aural And Musicianship Training In Malaysia, Siew Moon Low

Student Works (2020-2029)

This study investigated the perception of three experienced music teachers in Malaysia who apply Kodály method in their music teaching. A qualitative research approach was employed to investigate how aural and musicianship training in Kodály method being carried out in Malaysia. Narrative interviews were conducted for interviewees to share their teaching experiences using Kodály method. There are six core philosophies in Kodály method as follows: (1) Music literacyis the right for everyone, (2) The most authentic instrument is human voice, (3) Music education should start as young as possible, (4) Singing is the basis for all music, (5) Folk songs …


Latinos In Massachusetts: Guatemalans, Phillip Granberry, Krizia Valentino Jul 2020

Latinos In Massachusetts: Guatemalans, Phillip Granberry, Krizia Valentino

Gastón Institute Publications

The Gastón Institute’s 2020 Latinos in Massachusetts series focuses on the ten largest Latino populations located throughout the state. In order of size, these Latino populations are Puerto Ricans, Dominicans, Brazilians, Salvadorans, Guatemalans, Mexicans, Colombians, Cubans, Hondurans, and Ecuadorans. This report analyzes Public Use Microdata Sample (PUMS) data from the 2017 American Community Survey (ACS) conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau. Economic factors have historically affected the migration patterns of Central Americans such as Guatemalans. Prior to the 1980s, Central American migration to the United States showed a marked bipolarity. The majority of migrants were upper- and middle-class individuals who …


Latinos In Massachusetts: Mexicans, Phillip Granberry, Krizia Valentino Jul 2020

Latinos In Massachusetts: Mexicans, Phillip Granberry, Krizia Valentino

Gastón Institute Publications

The Gastón Institute’s 2020 Latinos in Massachusetts series focuses on the ten largest Latino populations located throughout the state. In order of size, these Latino populations are Puerto Ricans, Dominicans, Brazilians, Salvadorans, Guatemalans, Mexicans, Colombians, Cubans, Hondurans, and Ecuadorans. This report analyzes Public Use Microdata Sample (PUMS) data from the 2017 American Community Survey (ACS) conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau. Our descriptive analysis uses both household- and individual-level data to estimate population size and percentages and to compare Mexicans to Other Latinos and Non-Latinos in the state.


Latinos In Massachusetts: Cubans, Gaston Institute, University Of Massachusetts Boston, Phillip Granberry, Krizia Valentino Jul 2020

Latinos In Massachusetts: Cubans, Gaston Institute, University Of Massachusetts Boston, Phillip Granberry, Krizia Valentino

Gastón Institute Publications

The Gastón Institute’s 2020 Latinos in Massachusetts series focuses on the ten largest Latino populations located throughout the state. In order of size, these Latino populations are Puerto Ricans, Dominicans, Brazilians, Salvadorans, Guatemalans, Mexicans, Colombians, Cubans, Hondurans, and Ecuadorans. This report analyzes Public Use Microdata Sample (PUMS) data from the 2017 American Community Survey (ACS) conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau. Our descriptive analysis uses both household- and individual-level data to estimate population size and percentages and to compare Cubans to Other Latinos and Non-Latinos in the state.


Helping Nsu's Multilingual And International Students Overcome Language Limitations: A Recommendation Report, Ana Theresa Benavidez Hernandez Jul 2020

Helping Nsu's Multilingual And International Students Overcome Language Limitations: A Recommendation Report, Ana Theresa Benavidez Hernandez

All HCAS Student Capstones, Theses, and Dissertations

For decades, scholars in Rhetoric and Composition, like Matsuda, Braine, Lieb, Ferris, and Hedgecock, among others, have argued the importance of second language learners in heterogeneous college writing classrooms. This thesis, in the form of a recommendation report, examines the best practices for multilingual international students in the college writing classroom and the current institutional efforts of Nova Southeastern University to help them. The study identifies the importance of multilingual learners in the international community of NSU, and looks at how the OIA (Office of International Affairs), QEP (Quality Enhancement Plan), the School of Communication, Media, and the Arts (SCMA) …


Sonic Rhetoric And Meaning Making In Video Game Sound Design, Adam Deross Jul 2020

Sonic Rhetoric And Meaning Making In Video Game Sound Design, Adam Deross

All HCAS Student Capstones, Theses, and Dissertations

This thesis examines the rhetorical impact of sound in video games from an interdisciplinary perspective. By synthesizing game studies research with rhetorical theory, the thesis puts the works of notable game scholars, such as Karen Collins, Ian Bogost, Iain Hart, and Paul Cairns in conversation with research on sonic rhetoric by scholars such as Tanya K. Rodrigue et. al and Steph Ceraso. The thesis uses a ludomusicological lens to analyze several video games in which sound and music are heavily emphasized elements within the gameplay experience, such as Banjo-Kazooie (Rare, 1998) and Night in the Woods (Infinite Fall, 2015). Through …


Calling For Peace, Preparing For War: The Revolutionary Voice Of Saint Genevieve During The Fronde, Carrie F. Klaus Jul 2020

Calling For Peace, Preparing For War: The Revolutionary Voice Of Saint Genevieve During The Fronde, Carrie F. Klaus

Global Language Studies Faculty publications

Propagandists on both sides of the French civil wars known as the Fronde drew upon religious symbols and traditions to rally their readers to condemn or support the rebellion against Queen Anne d’Autriche, regent for young King Louis XIV, and her chief minister Cardinal Jules Mazarin. The cult of the saints remained strong during the Fronde. After a spectacular procession of the relics of Saint Genevieve, patron saint of Paris, failed to bring peace to the kingdom in June 1652, multiple writers gave voice to this legendary figure. This essay examines four Mazarinades (the political pamphlets of the Fronde) in …


Beyond The Infinite Interpretations: The Reception Of 2001: A Space Odyssey And The Reframing Of Stanley Kubrick's Authorial Reputation, Seth Friedman Jul 2020

Beyond The Infinite Interpretations: The Reception Of 2001: A Space Odyssey And The Reframing Of Stanley Kubrick's Authorial Reputation, Seth Friedman

Communication & Theatre Faculty Publications

2001: A Space Odyssey (1968) cemented Stanley Kubrick's reputation as Hollywood's most visionary director. Many accounts attribute its success to Kubrick's calculated artistic decisions and the film's countercultural appeal; however, 2001's production and reception histories as well as archival evidence reveal that collaborators intervened to bolster its performance after shaky theatrical premieres. This essay charts how MGM and other partners employed strategies to mitigate initial frustrations with 2001's unconventional properties. These improvised efforts gradually helped audiences contend with the film's ambiguities. This ultimately fostered Kubrick's enduring brand and aligned him with European art-cinema auteurs and proto-transmedia storytelling.


Technology Attributes, Organizational Learning Attributes, Service Attributes, And Electronic Health Record Implementation Success, Anuradha Rangarajan Jul 2020

Technology Attributes, Organizational Learning Attributes, Service Attributes, And Electronic Health Record Implementation Success, Anuradha Rangarajan

All-Inclusive List of Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Electronic Health Record (EHR) is a technology innovation which has the potential to offer valuable benefits to the healthcare industry such as improved quality of patient care and safety, optimization of healthcare workflow processes and availability of electronic data for clinical research. The implementation success of EHR is therefore significant to the healthcare industry in the United States and around the world. Prior studies in research literature have considered the impact of technology attributes, organizational learning attributes, and service attributes on information technology implementations in various other domains based on theories such as Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA), Theory of …


Retaining Moroccan Millennials To The Workplace, Omaima Hajjami Jul 2020

Retaining Moroccan Millennials To The Workplace, Omaima Hajjami

All-Inclusive List of Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The focus of this present study is to understand the factors that influence Moroccan millennial employees to stay at or to leave their organizations. To reach this purpose, the study followed a qualitative phenomenological research design, using interviews as a data collection type. Interviews were conducted with ten Moroccan millennials who have worked or still work in a private organization based in Casablanca, the economic capital of Morocco. Findings of this study discovered five factors that influenced Moroccan millennials to stay, including links with co-workers, good leadership style, responsibilities and tasks, training opportunities, and career advancement. Additionally, five factors were …


Using The Myers-Briggs Type Inventory As A Discipleship Tool In Marriage, Marcy Gail Ripberger Jul 2020

Using The Myers-Briggs Type Inventory As A Discipleship Tool In Marriage, Marcy Gail Ripberger

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Making disciples is a requirement for every Christian, given by Jesus as His mission. It would be advantageous for spouses to learn to disciple each other. This project will set forth specific guidelines for spouses making disciples of each other, using the Myers-Briggs Type Inventory. Focus will be given to spiritual growth as it relates to two areas within a marriage- communication and conflict resolution. Research will establish the importance of the Myers-Briggs Type Inventory in understanding personalities. Volunteers will be asked to take an assessment similar to the Myers-Briggs Type Inventory and turn in results; they will receive teaching …


A Field Theory Guided Quantitative Study Into Environmental Forces Impacting Christian Leadership And Instrument Development, Leonard Scott Momeny Jul 2020

A Field Theory Guided Quantitative Study Into Environmental Forces Impacting Christian Leadership And Instrument Development, Leonard Scott Momeny

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this descriptive quantitative study was to determine and then evaluate perceptions of Christian seminary students with recent ministry related leadership experience on the environmental factors and forces, both internal and external, that either enable or constrain the efforts of the modern Christian leader. Christian leadership study, much like general leadership study tends to focus directly upon the leader, thus ignoring the potential impact of environmental variables upon resultant leadership. For this knowledge gap to be properly investigated a new instrument, based upon work by Dr. David Dockery, was developed, refined, and utilized to investigate the perception of …


The Acts Model Designed To Make Disciples, Phillip Harold Stevens Jul 2020

The Acts Model Designed To Make Disciples, Phillip Harold Stevens

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Churches are in decline. Every relevant statistic reveals the church has a major problem, and if it is to continue to survive it must make changes. The church is not evangelizing, not making disciples, and not making an impact in our communities. Every year it is estimated that over 4,000 churches close each year. The organism founded by Jesus is being overcome. Winfall Baptist Church, located in Gladys, VA, was arguably a church on the decline. Members of the Winfall community believed the church building would one day end up becoming a hay barn. Based on Scripture, surveys of current …


Pastoral Stress: The Urgent Need For Self-Care, Remiel Lockwood Jul 2020

Pastoral Stress: The Urgent Need For Self-Care, Remiel Lockwood

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Pastors are called to the ministry of helps while also needing help. The care and counseling they offer others can also be beneficial to them. Unfortunately, they are often so busy helping others they may neglect themselves and their families. Consequently, what is meant to be a blessing becomes a curse. Pastors often suffer with the silent frustrations of their call, personal temptations, family pressures and career desires while struggling to hold it together. The pastor may be limited in who can be entrusted with the deep concerns of their hearts. Everybody needs someone they can talk with and the …


Resolving The Issue Of The Exodus Of The Second Generation Of Haitian Americans In Naples Haitian Church Of God, Frantz Elijah Machoule Jul 2020

Resolving The Issue Of The Exodus Of The Second Generation Of Haitian Americans In Naples Haitian Church Of God, Frantz Elijah Machoule

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The thesis project was an examination of how the Haitian evangelical churches in Southwest Florida, specifically, Naples Haitian Church of God (NHCG), which have been operated for decades under the first generation, where the second generation of Haitian American has yet to experience change. The project addressed the components of that cultural gap that kept the church in a state of redundancy and, therefore, constituted an impediment to its growth. This examination conducted for Naples Haitian Church of God, located in Southwest Florida, gave a true biblical interpretation of what God has called the church to be in this generation. …


Deep Doctrine And Passionate Proclamation: How Understanding The Relationship Between God's Sovereignty And Evangelism Increases Evangelistic Zeal, Christopher Lee Verser Jul 2020

Deep Doctrine And Passionate Proclamation: How Understanding The Relationship Between God's Sovereignty And Evangelism Increases Evangelistic Zeal, Christopher Lee Verser

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The gospel must be accurately communicated to a lost man for that individual to have the opportunity to be saved. It is the responsibility of Christians to be ambassadors of Christ and proclaim this gospel to all men. All Christians can grow in their zeal for evangelism. Many Christians have very little zeal for evangelism due to several reasons. This lack of evangelistic zeal can be increased by a robust understanding of the doctrine of God’s sovereignty and the relationship between God’s sovereignty and evangelism. In the Scripture, Christians are taught that doctrine directly affects behavior and action. The more …


Pastoral Burnout: Practical And Biblical Insights For Prevention And Rehabilitation Within The International Pentecostal Holiness Church, Jim Tunnell Jul 2020

Pastoral Burnout: Practical And Biblical Insights For Prevention And Rehabilitation Within The International Pentecostal Holiness Church, Jim Tunnell

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

With the excessive demands in pastoral ministry, the spectrum of ministry workload has become a stressful occupational peril that could trigger pastors to give in and ultimately abandon ministry altogether. Before and after secession, clergy, particularly pastors, experience a wide variety of maladies, including but not limited to physical and psychological distress, that may lead to intensive outcomes. As the number of resignations continues to rise, there is an emergent interest among leaders, particularly in the denominational sector, to determine the interposing contributing factors and to develop appropriate resources to be of assistance when pastoral burnout is recognizable. With the …