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Entrainment And Horizontal Atmospheric Transport Of Microplastics From Soil, Sajjad Abbasi, Mahrooz Rezaei, Monireh Mina, Abdolmajid Sameni, Patryk Oleszczuk, Andrew Turner, Coen Ritsema Jan 2023

Entrainment And Horizontal Atmospheric Transport Of Microplastics From Soil, Sajjad Abbasi, Mahrooz Rezaei, Monireh Mina, Abdolmajid Sameni, Patryk Oleszczuk, Andrew Turner, Coen Ritsema

School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences

Soils are an important source of microplastics (MPs) to the atmosphere but the fluxes and mechanisms involved in MPs entrainment are not well understood. In the present study, a series of horizontally aligned sediment traps have been deployed at different heights within 1 m above the ground for a two-month period at various locations in an arid region (Sarakhs, Iran). MPs were isolated from sediments and were quantified and characterised according to size, colour, shape and polymer composition by established techniques. Most MPs were <250 μm in length, fibres were the most important shape, black and blue-green were the dominant colours, and polymer abundance decreased in the order polyethylene > nylon > polypropylene > polystyrene > polyethylene terephthalate. The distributions of sediment mass (range <0.01–9 g) and number of MPs (range = 0 to 21) were heterogeneous, both between sites and at the different heights sampled, and yielded median, vertically-averaged horizontal fluxes for the region of about 450 g m−2 d−1 and 2600 MP m−2 d−1, respectively. However, when data were pooled, the number of MPs normalised to sediment mass exhibited a significant inverse relationship with sediment mass, an effect attributed to the presence of ambient suspended MPs and sediment that are diluted by the suspension of soil and deposited MPs at higher wind speeds. The mechanisms of MP saltation and entrainment were not ascertained but a theoretical framework for threshold shear velocity based on regularly-shaped particles and density considerations is presented. Further experimental work is required to verify this framework, and in particular for fibrous MPs with different aerodynamic properties to soil particles.

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Impacts Of Polyethylene Microplastics On The Microalga, Spirulina (Arthrospira Platensis), Sajjad Abbasi, Sahar Amiranipour, Javad Karimi, Sasan Mohsenzadeh, Andrew Turner Jan 2023

Impacts Of Polyethylene Microplastics On The Microalga, Spirulina (Arthrospira Platensis), Sajjad Abbasi, Sahar Amiranipour, Javad Karimi, Sasan Mohsenzadeh, Andrew Turner

School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences

Microalgae play a critical role in the food web and biogeochemical cycling and produce compounds that are commercially exploited. However, their reactions and responses to microplastic contamination are not well understood. In this study, the widely distributed and commercially important cyanobacterium, Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis), was exposed to different concentrations (1–100 mg L−1) of low-density polyethylene microplastics (<5 μm) over a 20-d period. Various end-points were combined with different microscopic techniques in order to examine physiological and biochemical effects and interactions between the plastic and microalga. Growth rate and photosynthetic activity decreased with increasing microplastic concentration, and a maximum inhibition ratio of about 9% was calculated from optical density measurements. Plastic concentrations above 10 mg L−1 resulted in oxidative stress and the intracellular production of proline. Fragmentation and swelling of trichomes and attachment of microplastics was observed in the exposures, and microplastics appeared to adhere or aggregate around fragmented or fragmenting regions. The latter effect may indicate trichome weakening by microplastics or their concentration around cytosolic debris; nevertheless, it provides a potential mechanism for internalisation of small particles. Although unrealistically high concentrations of well-defined microplastics have been employed, relatively small disruptions at the population level incurred by lower concentrations could have more serious implications for ecosystem services and functioning.

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Monitoring Of Drying Kinetics Evolution And Hygrothermal Properties Of New Earth-Based Materials Using Climatic Chamber Simulation, Athmane Azil, Karim Touati, Nassim Sebaibi, Malo Le Guern, Francois Streiff, S Goodhew, Moussa Gomina, M Boutouil Jan 2023

Monitoring Of Drying Kinetics Evolution And Hygrothermal Properties Of New Earth-Based Materials Using Climatic Chamber Simulation, Athmane Azil, Karim Touati, Nassim Sebaibi, Malo Le Guern, Francois Streiff, S Goodhew, Moussa Gomina, M Boutouil

School of Art, Design and Architecture

This study focuses on the drying kinetics of cob and light-earth layers comprising a hybrid walling system. Volumetric water content sensors are immersed and placed at different positions on the walls of a building to measure the drying kinetics. In addition, an experimental analysis of the effect of temperature, relative humidity (RH), and wind velocity variations on thermal conductivity in a climatic chamber under winter and summer conditions was conducted. The analysis of samples in laboratory aims to investigate the hygrothermal properties of cob and light-earth materials, and their dependency on the aforementioned parameters. The in situ drying kinetics of …

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An Analysis Of A Public Health Media Campaign In Switzerland, Eleanor Saskia Faulk-Antonakis Jan 2023

An Analysis Of A Public Health Media Campaign In Switzerland, Eleanor Saskia Faulk-Antonakis

Plymouth Business School Theses

This multidisciplinary, grounded theory study analyses public health media communication for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI) prevention in Switzerland. Health communication researchers measure the effects of media campaigns on populations to improve prevention. However, such effects may evade measurement due to complex interactions between audiences, media channels and ecology, message content, and targeting strategies. Competing theories explain media effects on health behaviours but there is a dearth of research examining upstream planning and stakeholder perceptions of media campaigns. In effect, interactions between communities, health officials, practitioners, and communication/media stakeholders are politically sensitive, and inaccessible to researchers. …

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Exploring The Impact Of Big Data Analytics Capability On Port Performance: The Mediating Role Of Sustainability, Xiaotian Xie Jan 2023

Exploring The Impact Of Big Data Analytics Capability On Port Performance: The Mediating Role Of Sustainability, Xiaotian Xie

Plymouth Business School Theses

Many ports are redefining business processes and operations by adopting digital technologies. These can help them to provide efficient and competitive port operations and meet the growing demand for comprehensive port logistics services. Digital technologies provide a harvest of immense amounts of data, known as Big Data. Port management needs the capability to store, process and analyse Big Data to provide meaningful information and thus to maximise organisational performance. Furthermore, one of the most important trends in port development is increased sustainability awareness by regulators and customers. Port managers can employ Big Data technology to reduce environmental pollution and use …

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Transformational Leadership And Employee Innovative Behaviour In The Egyptian Travel Agents: A Mediation – Moderation Model, Ahmed Hammad Jan 2023

Transformational Leadership And Employee Innovative Behaviour In The Egyptian Travel Agents: A Mediation – Moderation Model, Ahmed Hammad

Plymouth Business School Theses

The tourism industry is one of the largest and fastest growing industries in the world. Specifically, tourism is a vital industry in the Egyptian economy as it is an essential source of its national income. Unfortunately, since 2010, tourism has been severely affected in Egypt due to terrorist attacks, attacks against tourist areas, and recently, the devastating impact of COVID-19, impacting Egypt as a tourist destination. Accordingly, to encounter these challenges, frontline employees’ innovative behaviour (EIB) is significantly needed as they personally engage with clients and meet their needs, and so, their input is crucial to the tourism industry’s survival. …

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Exploring The Roles Of Service Supply Chain Performance Measurements In Thai Medical Tourism Industry, Sutinee Somabutr Jan 2023

Exploring The Roles Of Service Supply Chain Performance Measurements In Thai Medical Tourism Industry, Sutinee Somabutr

Plymouth Business School Theses

Medical tourism, a promising industry offering significant economic potential, particularly for Southeast Asian countries like Thailand, has generated a critical academic discourse. The medical tourism industry is complicated by its nature, combining aspects of healthcare, hospitality, and customer satisfaction within a service supply chain. A key academic challenge in this industry is the insufficient exploration and understanding of service supply chain (SSC) performance measurements. The rapid growth of the industry and the existing research gap make a detailed academic study necessary. Addressing this challenge, this study narrows its focus on the important roles and interrelationship of SSC performance measurements within …

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Spatial And Seasonal Variations In Dissolved Methane Across A Large Lake, Mike Peacock, Scott J. Davidson, Dolly N. Kothawala, Joel Segersten, Martyn N. Futter Jan 2023

Spatial And Seasonal Variations In Dissolved Methane Across A Large Lake, Mike Peacock, Scott J. Davidson, Dolly N. Kothawala, Joel Segersten, Martyn N. Futter

School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences

Lakes process large volumes of organic carbon (OC), are important sources of methane (CH4), and contribute to climatic warming. However, there is a lack of data from large lakes >500 km2, which creates uncertainty in global budgets. In this data article, we present dissolved CH4, OC bioreactivity measurements, water chemistry, and algal biovolumes at 11 stations across Lake Mälaren, the third largest (1,074 km2) Swedish lake. Total phosphorus concentrations show that during the study period the lake was classed as mesotrophic/eutrophic. Overall mean CH4 concentration from all stations, sampled five times to cover seasonal variation, was 2.51 μg l−1 (0.98–5.39 …

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Constraining Historical Earthquake Sequences With Coulomb Stress Models: An Example From Western Türkiye, M. L. Diercks, Z. K. Mildon, S. J. Boulton, E. Hussain, C. Alçiçek, C. Yıldırım, T. Aykut Jan 2023

Constraining Historical Earthquake Sequences With Coulomb Stress Models: An Example From Western Türkiye, M. L. Diercks, Z. K. Mildon, S. J. Boulton, E. Hussain, C. Alçiçek, C. Yıldırım, T. Aykut

School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences

Knowledge of earthquake source faults is crucial for the calculation of robust Coulomb stress models. However, source faults are often poorly constrained, especially for pre-instrumental events, and these historical earthquakes are commonly studied with little or no consideration of other nearby events. We introduce an approach using Coulomb Stress Transfer (CST) modeling to investigate historical earthquake sequences and constrain possible source faults. Using historical and instrumental records from the Büyük Menderes Graben, western Türkiye, we create an ensemble of earthquake sequences featuring multiple rupture scenarios for individual earthquakes, and model both coseismic and interseismic CST. We filter and evaluate the …

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Urban Streets: Remaking Human-Based Places, Mona Helmy Jan 2023

Urban Streets: Remaking Human-Based Places, Mona Helmy

Architectural Engineering

Over the past few decades, due to the emerging compactness of cities considering the increase in population, and consequently the increasing demand for fast mobility, many streets have lost their human dimension. They have been transformed into fast roads, giving priority to vehicles, and reducing the rights of pedestrians. This transformation has affected streets in terms of planning, design, function, and scale. The paper argues that remaking cities’ urban streets as human-based places seeks to achieve a better balance between urbanism, people, nature, and culture, thereby improving their urban life in general. Through a literature review, this article chronologically investigates …

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Urban Screens As A Tool For Placemaking, Mona Helmy Jan 2023

Urban Screens As A Tool For Placemaking, Mona Helmy

Architectural Engineering

Urban screens, as part of the lightscape of places, can play a fundamental role in placemaking. They have the flexibility to be positioned in various locations in spaces with various sizes, shapes, moods, and effects for functional or aesthetical reasons. They can be temporary or permanent, active, or interactive instruments for creating a dynamic, stimulating, and unique public realm atmosphere that engages people and encourages social interaction. This research aims to create a theoretical framework for urban screen typologies as tools for placemaking. It investigates, explores, analyzes, and discusses different approaches where urban screens are used as a main tool …

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Knowledge Management As An Approach For Enhancing The Performance Of Construction Firms: An Analytical Study, Ayman Ahmed Ezzat Othman, Marwa Abdelhafez, Essam Mahrous Jan 2023

Knowledge Management As An Approach For Enhancing The Performance Of Construction Firms: An Analytical Study, Ayman Ahmed Ezzat Othman, Marwa Abdelhafez, Essam Mahrous

Architectural Engineering

No abstract provided.

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A Distributional Synoptic Perspective On The So-Called "Historical Present" Tense Of Mark's Gospel, Oliver Glanz Jan 2023

A Distributional Synoptic Perspective On The So-Called "Historical Present" Tense Of Mark's Gospel, Oliver Glanz

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

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Remote Ambient Aerosols Found In The Southern Great Plains And Eastern North Atlantic: A Comprehensive Analysis Of Optical Behavior And Aerosol-Cloud Interaction, Daniel J. Bonanno Jan 2023

Remote Ambient Aerosols Found In The Southern Great Plains And Eastern North Atlantic: A Comprehensive Analysis Of Optical Behavior And Aerosol-Cloud Interaction, Daniel J. Bonanno

University of the Pacific Theses and Dissertations

The data presented in this thesis showcases the investigation of various aerosol types and the role they play in the hydrological system and global climate models. Long-range transport aerosols, including atmospheric soot, mineral dust, and ammonium sulfate, in addition to near-site sources such as secondary organic aerosols (SOAs), sea spray, aliphatic hydrocarbons, and other organics, are prioritized in the analysis of two separate remote field studies. Each of these campaigns revealed the juxtaposition between dry summer months and wet winter months, and the connection between seasonal variability and sample collection. Two spectromicroscopic techniques were used to elucidate chemical composition, morphology …

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The Cyclotron An Animated Motion Picture, Oliver A. Livoni Jan 2023

The Cyclotron An Animated Motion Picture, Oliver A. Livoni

University of the Pacific Theses and Dissertations

The study of the atom received great impetus from the invention of the cyclotron in 1932 by Dr. E. 0. Lawrence of the University of California. Many valuable discoveries and many possibilities for future investigations have resulted directly from its use. So important is the cyclotron that every high school and college student should have a knowledge of the basic principles of the machine and its operation.

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Identifying Success Strategies For Hmong American Students In Higher Education, Jason Xiong Jan 2023

Identifying Success Strategies For Hmong American Students In Higher Education, Jason Xiong

University of the Pacific Theses and Dissertations

Hmong Americans' postsecondary completion rates remain low when compared to other Asian ethnic groups. As the Hmong population continues to grow, so does the need for intervention to increase the total number of postsecondary graduates. Many Hmong Americans are first-generation college students and continue to face challenges and barriers that prevent them from being successful in higher education. “Forty-seven and a half percent of Hmong adults (25 years or older) reported having attended college, but not earning a degree” (National Commission on Asian American and Pacific Islander Research in Education, 2011). Without a college degree, Hmong Americans face limited resources …

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Relationships Between K-12 In-Service Teachers’ Personal Environmental Education Teacher Efficacy, Environmental Identity, And Concern For Implementation Of California’S Environmental Principles And Concepts, Dean Matthew Reese Jan 2023

Relationships Between K-12 In-Service Teachers’ Personal Environmental Education Teacher Efficacy, Environmental Identity, And Concern For Implementation Of California’S Environmental Principles And Concepts, Dean Matthew Reese

University of the Pacific Theses and Dissertations

Significant environmental impacts such as climate change, reduction in biodiversity, increasing food scarcity, impacts on water supply and availability, and exacerbation of human health problems are occurring and are expected to increase. Despite these environmental challenges the teaching of California’s environmental literacy standards, the California Environmental Principles and Concepts (CA EP&Cs), in the K-12 public education system is infrequent and inadequate. The purpose of this study was to use a mixed methods approach to examine relationships between environmental identity (EI), personal environmental education teacher efficacy (PEETE), and peak stage of concern (SOC) for implementing CA EP&Cs for K-12 in-service teachers …

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Targeting Ribonucleotide Reductase For Breast Cancer Treatment, Nahid Sultana Jan 2023

Targeting Ribonucleotide Reductase For Breast Cancer Treatment, Nahid Sultana

University of the Pacific Theses and Dissertations

Breast cancer is the second most common type of cancer in the world. Hormone receptor (HR) positive breast cancer (BC) is a prevalent disease accounting for approximately 2 million new cases globally. Almost 70-80% of breast cancer patients are women with a positive score for the estrogen receptor (ER). Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) which have a negative score for estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2 (HER2) is considered an aggressive histological breast cancer subtype with limited treatment options.Frequently, doxorubicin (DOXO)-based chemotherapy is utilized in this patient population due to the lack of …

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Exercise Behavior And Recreational Sports Participation Predicts Academic Success In University Students, Natalie Matian Jan 2023

Exercise Behavior And Recreational Sports Participation Predicts Academic Success In University Students, Natalie Matian

University of the Pacific Theses and Dissertations

Most universities offer fitness and recreational opportunities. Few prospective studies have measured the effect of those services on academic outcomes. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of exercise behavior and recreational sport participation on student success. We tracked 1,507 students at a private D1 university for 4 years. Upon completion of the 2017-2018 academic year, we exported a registry of every undergraduate student who accessed the university fitness center. We documented how often students swiped into the recreation facility and participated in group exercise classes, personal training sessions, and rock tower usage; these served as independent …

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Role Of Cysteine Redox State In Altering The Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition In Lung Cancer, Md Anisur Rahman Jan 2023

Role Of Cysteine Redox State In Altering The Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition In Lung Cancer, Md Anisur Rahman

University of the Pacific Theses and Dissertations

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition is a process by which cancer cells increase their capability for metastasis. EMT involves conversion of epithelial cells into a mesenchymal phenotype which makes cancer cells more invasive and motile. Lung cancer has the highest mortality rate among different types of cancers globally. Lung cancer exists in various types, the most prevalent of which is non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Several factors, including oxidative stress, can induce EMT in cancer cells. However, the mechanism of how reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced changes in cysteine redox state affect EMT remains elusive. Our studies aim to understand this mechanism by inducing …

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An Evaluation Of Prompting To Teach Children To Ask For Help In A Virtual Classroom, Katherine Griffith Brock Jan 2023

An Evaluation Of Prompting To Teach Children To Ask For Help In A Virtual Classroom, Katherine Griffith Brock

University of the Pacific Theses and Dissertations

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, many students have been forced to learn online. However, more information is needed about effective strategies for promoting active engagement in the online classroom, particularly the impact of peer modeling. This study investigated peer modeling and behavioral skills training to increase hand raising and question asking/answering behavior in six elementary school students. The study employed a multiple baseline across participants design, with data collected live during Zoom sessions by three research assistants, one acting as the teacher and two acting as peer models. Latency to speech was also coded subsequently to the live session …

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African American Males, The Achievement Gap And The Impact Of Social Skills And Classroom Climate On Educational Aspirations, Latoya Seawood Jan 2023

African American Males, The Achievement Gap And The Impact Of Social Skills And Classroom Climate On Educational Aspirations, Latoya Seawood

University of the Pacific Theses and Dissertations

There is a gap in the academic achievement of African American males when compared to their peers, this gap has been maintained for many years. The purpose of this study is to conduct a quantitative non-experimental secondary analysis utilizing a national data set focusing on African American male students from the 4th through the 6th grade. To test the hypothesis that, all things being equal, social skills positively affect academics in African American boys and that social information processing, school commitment, and work habits mediate this effect. In total, 60 African American male students in 4th through 6th grades who …

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Caregiver Acceptability Of Differential Reinforcement Procedures For Honest Reports Of Transgressions, Stephanie C. Bowar Jan 2023

Caregiver Acceptability Of Differential Reinforcement Procedures For Honest Reports Of Transgressions, Stephanie C. Bowar

University of the Pacific Theses and Dissertations

When measuring social validity, many researchers rely exclusively on subjective measures, such as questionnaires or surveys; however, these measures may fail to capture the variables that control later intervention adoption by stakeholders, and objective measures may capture these variables more accurately. Moreover, few researchers have investigated the adoptability of differential reinforcement (DR) interventions to increase children’s honesty about transgressions. We taught caregivers to implement the DR procedures reported in Lehardy et al. (2023) and measured the acceptability and adoptability of procedures using three measures: (1) a social validity questionnaire and rating scale immediately following training, (2) a concurrent-chains preference assessment …

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Self-Harm: Warning Signs, Risk Factors, And Prevention, Alina M. Baltazar Jan 2023

Self-Harm: Warning Signs, Risk Factors, And Prevention, Alina M. Baltazar

Faculty Publications

Rates of suicide and self-harm have been increasing in children and adolescents over the last 20 years (CDC, 2022). Suicidality and self-harm are preventable, treatable, and manageable. Parents and those who work with children, teens, and young adults are an important part in addressing this issue. This article reviews the current statistics of suicide and self-harm, role of trauma, risk-factors, causes, prevention, and treatment options. Practical tips and resources are included. The reader will better understand the phenomenon and know how self-harm and suicide can be prevented and treated.

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James White Library Celebrates Its 85th Anniversary, Margaret Adeogun Jan 2023

James White Library Celebrates Its 85th Anniversary, Margaret Adeogun

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

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Doktrine O Svetištu I Spasenju U Razvoju Crkve Adventista Sedmog Dana, Denis Fortin Jan 2023

Doktrine O Svetištu I Spasenju U Razvoju Crkve Adventista Sedmog Dana, Denis Fortin

Faculty Publications

The Seventh-day Adventist Church is no longer a young denomination within the large family of Christian churches. It has been one hundred and sixty years since the organization of our General Conference and many things have changed since the time of our pioneers. We have grown from a “little flock” of a few hundred believers in the northeastern part of the United States to an international community of close to twenty-five million members. Along with the numerical growth we have also experienced many doctrinal developments in our teachings. Our doctrines of the sanctuary and of salvation have changed since the …

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The Mediating Effect Of The Covid-19 Pandemic On The Relationship Between Technology And Organizational Performance: Evidence From Ghana Banking Industry, Manaseh Tsekpo, Williams Kwasi Peprah Jan 2023

The Mediating Effect Of The Covid-19 Pandemic On The Relationship Between Technology And Organizational Performance: Evidence From Ghana Banking Industry, Manaseh Tsekpo, Williams Kwasi Peprah

Faculty Publications

This study aimed to investigate the mediating effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the relationship between technology and organizational performance, using evidence from the Ghana banking industry. The study adopted a correlation and mediation research design, with 232 respondents conveniently sampled from eight indigenous Ghanaian Banks. The data were analyzed using correlation, regression, and mediation techniques. The results show that technology serves as a catalyst for improving organizational performance and alleviating the negative effects of COVID-19 on organizational performance. The findings also revealed that the COVID-19 pandemic highly mediates technology and organizational performance with a significant positive relationship between technology …

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An Organotypic Oral Mucosal Infection Model To Study Host-Pathogen Interactions, Samantha J. Gould, Andrew D. Foey, Vehid M. Salih Jan 2023

An Organotypic Oral Mucosal Infection Model To Study Host-Pathogen Interactions, Samantha J. Gould, Andrew D. Foey, Vehid M. Salih

School of Biomedical Sciences

Early in vitro oral mucosal infection models (OMMs) failed to consider the suitability of the model environment to represent the host immune response. Denture stomatitis (DS) is mediated by Candida albicans, but the role of Staphylococcus aureus remains uncertain. A collagen hydrogel-based OMM containing HaCaT and HGF cell types was developed, characterised and employed to study of tissue invasion and pro-inflammatory cytokine production in response to pathogens. Models formed a robust epithelium. Despite their inflammatory baseline, 24-h infection with C. albicans, and/or S. aureus led to tissue invasion, and significantly upregulated IL-6 and IL-8 production by OMMs when compared to …

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The Relationships Between Supervisor-Subordinate Guanxi, Perceived Supervisor Autonomy Support, Autonomous Motivation, And Employee Job Satisfaction: Evidence From International Hotel Chains In China, Jinhua Zhang, Rong Huang, Qian Chen, Guoqing Zhao Jan 2023

The Relationships Between Supervisor-Subordinate Guanxi, Perceived Supervisor Autonomy Support, Autonomous Motivation, And Employee Job Satisfaction: Evidence From International Hotel Chains In China, Jinhua Zhang, Rong Huang, Qian Chen, Guoqing Zhao

Plymouth Business School

This research aims to assess the structural relationships between supervisor-subordinate guanxi, perceived supervisor autonomy support, autonomous motivation, and employee job satisfaction at international hotel chains’ operations in China. The theoretical model was developed and tested by an online questionnaire method. This study administered an online survey to employees working at international hotel chains in China, and a total of 328 valid responses were used for data analysis which was completed through SPSS Statistics 24.0 and SmartPLS 3.3.3. The results reveal that: there is a significant relationship between autonomous motivation and employee job satisfaction; perceived supervisor autonomy support exerts a significant …

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What’S Really Down The Hospital Plughole?, J. Butler, M. Upton Jan 2023

What’S Really Down The Hospital Plughole?, J. Butler, M. Upton

School of Biomedical Sciences

As reported in recent articles in this journal and others, hospital wastewater plumbing systems (WPS) are increasingly being highlighted as an important source of nosocomial infections [ [1] , [2] ]. Potential interventions to mitigate these risks include changes in patient management through to engineering solutions and modifications to plumbing infrastructure, with recent calls to improve building guidance to mitigate the impact of suboptimal designs on patients and healthcare staff [ [3] ]. The WPS is a complex interlinked system of pipework that is intermittently filled with water containing a multitude of solutes and solids. The interface between this system …

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